酚醛树脂对人工林杉木木材的浸注性及其改善的研究

研究了低分子量酚醛树脂对杉木木材的浸注性及树脂在木材内的分布状态，并对苯醇抽提前处理法、常压浸渍和真空浸注的效果进行了评价。无论抽提处理与否，常压浸渍的树脂水溶液充填率为理论最大浸注量的10％左右，而真空浸注可达到90％以上，真空浸注效果明显；无论是常压浸渍还是真空浸注，抽提处理后树脂的浸注性有很大改善，但常压浸渍的效果不是非常明显。软X射线解析样品纵向树脂分布状态结果表明：无论是否经过抽提处理，在常压浸渍的情况下，树脂主要分布在样品的端部，而经过真空浸注处理，树脂注入的深度增加，尤其经过抽提处理后树脂可达到样品中心。由此可见，抽提处理和真空浸注并用，使树脂的分布状态有很大改善。另外，抽提处理后样品之间树脂分布的差异也趋于减小，即树脂在样品间的分布状态也有改善。用实体显微镜观察树脂在木材细胞腔内的充填状况结果表明：沿着样品纵向从端部到中心树脂充填率呈下降趋势，而且抽提处理的充填率比未抽提处理的高。     

聚酰胺-胺添加比例对超支化聚合物改性脲醛树脂的影响

将聚酰胺-胺作为改性剂添加至低摩尔比脲醛树脂(UF树脂)中,以提高低摩尔比UF树脂的固化速度,增强树脂的胶合强度。通过在UF树脂合成过程中添加不同比例的聚酰胺-胺,考察聚酰胺-胺对不同摩尔比UF树脂的影响,包括树脂性能和所制备板材的力学强度。结果表明:聚酰胺-胺添加比例为2%~3%时,UF树脂的固体含量增加、固化时间缩短、固化温度降低,并且这种优势在低摩尔比UF树脂中的改善效果更为显著。改性后的UF树脂制备板材的内结合强度增大,即使是摩尔比为1.1的UF树脂,所制板材的内结合强度也远大于国标要求。聚酰胺-胺改性UF树脂在固化特性和所制板材性能上的优异表现可以在保证板材力学性能的前提下明显提高板材生产效率,降低生产能耗,这种改性是非常有前途的。     

角蛋白/聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚协同改性脲醛树脂的性能

探究角蛋白和聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(PEGDGE)协同改性对脲醛(UF)树脂理化性能的影响,从而改善UF树脂游离甲醛含量高、韧性不足的缺陷,减少传统石油基化学物质的使用及降低环境污染的风险。使用还原法从废弃羽毛中提取角蛋白,并与PEGDGE分别替代部分尿素与甲醛缩聚交联形成改性UF树脂,通过表征树脂基本理化性能,以及傅里叶红外光谱、凝胶渗透色谱、拉伸测试和热力学分析评价树脂官能团变化、相对分子质量分布、力学强度和热力学性能。结果表明：角蛋白和PEGDGE的协同改性使UF树脂的黏度提升37.1%;角蛋白中氨基、羧基和PEGDGE中的环氧基分别参与UF树脂的缩聚过程,形成化合键连接;角蛋白和PEGDGE协同改性使UF树脂的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别提升了24.6%和35.3%;TG分析表明,角蛋白和PEGDGE协同改性使UF树脂出现第4热解峰,表明生成的醚键或者PEGDGE本身链段的断裂,同时,改性UF树脂的残碳量也有所降低;DSC分析表明,PEGDGE的添加使改性UF树脂的ΔH₁相比于UF树脂的ΔH₁明显增加约79.4%,但角蛋白和PEGDGE的协...     

热固性树脂真空加压浸注工艺条件的研究

以西南桦和械木为研究对象，探索不同种类的热固性树脂和不同浸注条件与树脂浸入量和改性材尺寸稳定性的关系。研究结果表明，不同树脂，甚至同一树脂对不同树种的木材具有不同的浸注性，其浸入量随加压浸注时间的延长而增加；木材心边材对树脂的接收能力有所不同；木材性能的改善程度因树种和树脂浸入量而异。     

高浓度甲醛和大豆蛋白增强低摩尔脲醛树脂研究

以高浓度甲醛制备摩尔比1.1∶1的脲醛树脂(UF),以降解后的大豆蛋白(DS)为改性剂,并在UF"碱-酸-碱"制备工艺的三个阶段分别加入不同比例的DS进行改性,以增强脲醛树脂的胶合强度。研究结果表明:1相对于普通低摩尔脲醛树脂,高浓度甲醛制备的脲醛树脂固体含量和黏度显著提高,游离甲醛变化不大,但胶合强度提高64%。2高浓度甲醛和DS制备UF:在第一个阶段,加入5%或10%的DS制备的UF胶合强度进一步提高近7%,游离甲醛变化不大;在第二个阶段,加入DS制备的UF胶合强度很低且树脂稳定性差;在第三个阶段,加入DS制备的UF黏度显著提高,游离甲醛有所降低,仅加入量为10%时制备的UF胶合强度有所提高。313C-NMR和FT-IR测试结果表明:在第二个阶段,加入DS制备的UF缩聚反应受阻碍,大量的小分子尿素游离,最终导致树脂较差的稳定性和胶合性能;在第三个阶段,加入的DS主要捕捉树脂未反应的游离甲醛,但最终树脂的交联度不高;在第一个阶段加入DS制备的UF醚键含量有所降低,二羟甲基和亚甲基桥键含量明显增加,树脂具有较高的交联度和缩聚度。4 DMA分析表明:单纯高浓度甲醛制备的UF具有较高的初始胶合强度,但是热稳定性差。高浓度甲醛和DS在第一个阶段改性制备的UF具有较高的热机械性能和较好的热稳定性。     

低甲醛释放量脲醛树脂的制备与性能研究

讨论了可用于制备低甲醛释放刨花板与胶合板的脲醛（UF）树脂制备参数，该UF树脂制备经过4个pH值（1.5,9.0,4.5,8.0)阶段，最后阶段加入尿素的量对UF树脂游离甲醛的含量有着重要的影响。在弱酸阶段随着甲醛与尿素摩尔比和pH值的下降，通过亚甲基键连接的尿素和高分子质量树脂含量增加，而通过亚甲基醚键连接的尿素的含量下降；在碱性条件下甲醛与尿素摩尔比相同的树脂，较高的pH值可以降低游离甲醛的含量和释放量，当添加2%-5%的胶粘剂时，可提高低摩尔比的UF树脂对木材的胶合性能当甲醛与尿素摩尔比达到1：1时，刨花板与胶合板的甲醛释放量可达E1级标准要求。     

稻草中密度纤维板用改性脲醛树脂的研究

对比三聚氰胺、二甲基硅油、硅树脂和偶联剂KH-550四种改性剂改性的脲醛(UF)树脂性能的差别及其对稻草中密度纤维板性能的影响,并进行经济评价,最终确定适用于稻草纤维板的改性UF树脂的工艺条件,同时借助于红外光谱(FT-IR)和差热扫描分析(DSC)研究最佳改性UF树脂的结构和固化特性.结果表明,三聚氰胺改性脲醛(MUF)树脂不论是对树脂性能、板性能改善还是从成本分析方面均为稻草纤维板最佳的胶黏剂,FT-IR显示出与未加三聚氰胺相比,加入三聚氰胺后树脂的羟甲基含量降低了10 %,DSC分析则表明其峰值温度有较大幅度的提高,但放出的热量较少.加入三聚氰胺改性的UF树脂其表面张力变小.     

改性超支化聚合物对脲醛树脂性能的影响

采用"碱-酸-碱"合成工艺,在树脂合成反应末期加入不同比例的尿素及改性超支化聚合物,合成了2种脲醛树脂(UF0和UF1),测试了2种脲醛树脂的基本性能及其所制胶合板的力学性能,并借助差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和热重分析仪(TG)对树脂的固化性能及耐热性能进行了表征和分析。试验结果表明:加入改性超支化聚合物的UF1树脂具有较低的固化温度,有利于提升树脂的固化速度,且树脂具有较好的热稳定性;胶合板的2h耐冷水胶合强度可以提升近50%,树脂中游离甲醛含量明显下降,而对树脂的固体含量及黏度影响不大。~(13)C NMR结构分析表明,改性超支化聚合物的加入可以有效提升树脂中亚甲基桥键(—CH_2—)和尤戎环(Uron)的比例,对树脂耐冷水性能的提升具有重要作用。     

低甲醛释放脲醛树脂固化反应历程的研究

在采用^13C NMR对3种典型脲醛（UF）树脂化学构造进行分析的基础上,分别利用扭辫分析法（TBA）和差示扫描量热法（DSC）对不同固化体系、不同种类UF树脂固化反应过程中的动态粘弹性和固化特性进行了研究。结果表明,树脂合成配方不同,其化学结构明显不同。不添加固化剂时,树脂相对刚性率在升温过程中几乎不增长,当温度达到128℃时其相对刚性率急剧下降,几乎不发生缩聚交联反应,表现出热塑性树脂的特性,在温度超过135℃时才开始固化交联反应。树脂相同而固化体系不同时,UF树脂的固化反应历程不同。相同升温速率下,不加任何改性剂的UF树脂固化起始温度稍低一些,固化反应比较剧烈,放出热量最多。加入三聚氰胺和改性剂M的2种树脂固化反应进行得比较平稳,放出的热量较少。     

采用DSC对低毒脲醛树脂固化特性的研究

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对不同固化体系下的低毒脲醛(UF)树脂的固化特性进行了研究。试验结果表明:在不同固化体系下,低毒UF树脂的固化反应起止温度和所需的活化能是不同的。在固化体系C下,低毒UF树脂的固化反应的起始温度低,放出的热量多,固化反应所需活化能最低,说明固化体系C对低毒UF树脂的固化反应促进效果较好。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.