Serological studies of parainfluenza type 3 virus, bovine adenovirus type 3 and bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in beef calves

Six serum samples were taken at monthly intervals from birth to weaning from each of 41 newborn calves in the autumn and spring calf crops of a beef cow--calf herd. The serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titres to parainfluenza type 3 virus (PIV-3), virus-neutralization (VN) antibody titres to bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV-3) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were determined using microtitration techniques. There was serological evidence of a significantly higher incidence of infection with BAV-3 in the fall calves than in the spring calves. Serological responses to BAV-3 were not detected in calves with VN titres of greater than 1/256. Serological evidence of subclinical infection with PIV-3 occurred mainly in late February or early March during a period of marked environmental temperature fluctuations. Serological evidence of a high incidence of infection with BRSV was obtained for both the fall and spring calf crops. Serum antibody appeared to be unable to prevent infection with BRSV. An association between infection with BRSV and clinical pneumonia was found in 3 out of 9 calves. BAV-3 infection was related to pneumonia in only 1 instance; however, there was simultaneous evidence of BRSV infection in this calf. PIV-3 infection was found to be related to pneumonia in only 1 instance. There was serological evidence of infection with BAV-3 in association with the occurrence of diarrhea in 3 calves.     

The pathogenesis of sequential infection with parainfluenza virus type 3 and Pasteurella haemolytica in sheep

Conventionally-delivered colostrum-deprived lambs were inoculated with either parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI₃) alone or PI₃ followed, 6 days later, by Pasteurella haemolytica (P.h.). Six out of 20 lambs died or were killed in extremis within 3 days of the inoculation of P.h.; the remainder were selected at random and killed from 1 to 28 days after the inoculation of P.h.Extensive pneumonic lesions developed in a large proportion of lambs inoculated with both agents but in none of those inoculated with the virus alone. Histologically, the pneumonic lesions fell into two categories: necrotic lesions, demarcated by a zone of either oat-cell or neutrophil infiltration, and a milder, purulent bronchopneumonia. Bacterial numbers tended to be higher in necrotic lesions than they were in purulent lesions. Virus titres in nasal secretions, on the day of inoculation of P.h. (day 6), also were higher in animals that developed necrotic lesions than they were in those that developed milder lesions. Nevertheless, titres were similar in both groups on day 4.Necrotic lesions persisted for at least 21 days as residual encapsulated abscesses which still contained viable P.h. whereas the milder, purulent bronchopneumonia was not detected later than 3 days after the inoculation of P.h..     

Aerosol stability of bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus.

Aerosols of bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus were generated with a Devilbiss 40 nebulizer from Eagle's minimum essential medium and nasal secretion from a non-infected calf and stored in a rotating drum at temperatures of 6 degrees C or 32 degrees C and relative humidities of 30% or 90%. The aerosols were sampled at seven minutes, one, two and three hours after the start of generation with an all glass impinger (AGI-30) and titrated for infectivity in cell cultures. Physical decay was determined by a rhodamine tracer technique. Media, temperature or relative humidity had little effect on the survival of parainfluenza type 3 virus during spraying (zero to seven minutes). During aging of aerosols at 32 degrees C and 30% relative humidity, parainfluenza type 3 virus was less stable in Eagle's minimum essential medium than in nasal secretion from a noninfected calf, but at 6 degrees C and 30% relative humidity, the virus was more stable in Eagle's minimum essential medium. At 32 degrees C, the virus was less stable during aging at 90% relative humidity than at 30% relative humidity. The virus was consistently more stable during aging of aerosols at 6 degrees C than at 32 degrees C.     

Molecular characterization of a Korean bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 isolate

Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3) was isolated from Korean native cattle that presented clinical signs of mild pneumonia. The complete genome of a representative isolate (12Q061) was sequenced. The newly identified strain, which was found to be distinct from the previously reported genotypes A (BPIV-3a) and B (BPIV-3b) and closely related to the Chinese strain SD0835, was tentatively classified as genotype C (BPIV-3c). Our results suggest a relationship between BPIV-3 genetic variation and the geographic location of its isolation. Identification of these new BPIV-3 genotypes may facilitate the development of improved diagnostic methods and vaccines. This is to our knowledge the first report of the identification and molecular characterization of BPIV-3 in Korea.     

Cytotoxic interactions between bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus and bovine alveolar macrophages

This paper describes an investigation of the cytotoxic activity of bovine alveolar macrophages for parainfluenza type 3 (PI-3) virus-infected target cells, using 51Cr release assays. Alveolar macrophages from uninfected calves were shown to be capable of killing PI-3 virus infected cells without the presence of antibody or complement (antibody-independent cell-mediated cytotoxicity). The level of killing was shown to vary from animal to animal with specific lysis values ranging from <5% to 70%. Presence of PI-3 virus antiserum was shown to inhibit, rather than enhance macrophage cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that bovine alveolar macrophages do not always exhibit antibody-dependent lysis in all cases. Following intranasal and intratracheal inoculation of calves with PI-3 virus, the level of cytotoxicity by macrophages lavaged from the lungs of the calves increased substantially, and by Day 5 post inoculation, levels of 95% to 98% specific lysis were recorded. After Day 5, the killing ability decreased rapidly to low levels. Cell-free lavage fluids, collected from PI-3 virus infected and control calves at various times throughout the experiment, were incubated with aliquots of an alveolar macrophage population from an uninfected donor calf, which initially showed a low level of killing, and were subsequently added to PI-3 virus infected target cells. The recorded levels of cytotoxicity, mirrored those which were seen with the initial macrophage effector cells from the infected and control animals, suggesting that macrophage cytotoxicity was largely controlled by extracellular factors.     

牛miR-29b影响牛病毒性腹泻病毒感染BALB/c小鼠的作用

前期研究发现高表达miR-29b能显著抑制牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)在体外的复制,而miR-29b过表达是否影响BVDV在体内的复制尚未见有报道。研究设计扩增牛pre-miR-29b基因片段的引物,以MDBK基因组为模板,PCR扩增pre-miR-29b并克隆至慢病毒载体pLL3.7。将阳性质粒pLL3.7-pre-miR-29b与包装质粒共转染HEK-293T细胞,包装慢病毒并测定慢病毒滴度,同时包装pLL3.7空质粒的慢病毒作为阴性对照。将4～5周龄BALB/c小鼠随机分成5组,每组6只,连续2次尾静脉注射2.5×10~7 IU慢病毒悬液pLL3.7-pre-miR-29b或pLL3.7,并于慢病毒注射后96 h通过滴鼻途径攻毒BVDV毒株NADL(1.68×10~5 TICD_(50)/只),于攻毒后不同时间(0,2,4,10,15 d)处死BALB/c小鼠,采集心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、小肠和血液,提取总RNA,使用荧光定量RT-PCR检测不同组织中BVDV拷贝数;同时制备病理组织切片观察各组织病变情况。结果显示,成功构建pLL3.7-pre-miR-29b质粒;成功包装pLL3.7-pre-miR-29b和pLL3.7慢病毒;使用荧光定量RT-PCR检测发现,pLL3.7-pre-miR-29b感染能显著性降低BVDV拷贝数;与pLL3.7-pre-miR-29b感染的处理组相比较,pLL3.7感染的对照组中各组织病变情况较为严重。结果表明,BALB/c小鼠体内过表达miR-29b能明显抑制BVDV的复制,减轻BVDV感染造成的病变,为以后研发抗BVDV的有效策略和方法提供了理论依据。     

Immunogenicity of bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus proteins encapsulated in nanoparticle vaccines,following intranasal administration to mice

Stimulation of long lasting, protective immunity to respiratory viruses is often difficult to achieve with conventional respiratory vaccines. Polymeric nanoparticles, incorporating viral proteins have been shown to offer sustained release of antigen, with consequent prolongued stimulation of the respiratory immune system. In this paper the efficacy of two nanoparticle vaccines (poly-lactide-co-glycolide, PLGA; polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA), incorporating proteins of bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (BPI-3) was investigated. As a preliminary to experiments in calves, it was considered essential to demonstrate immunogenicity of the experimental vaccine in mice. Mice immunised with PLGA nanoparticles, containing BPI-3 proteins, developed higher levels of virus-specific antibody than mice immunised with the PMMA vaccine or with soluble viral proteins alone. Immunoblotting using serum from the vaccinated mice, demonstrated strong reactions against the major BPI-3 proteins.     

牛副流感病毒3型核衣壳蛋白基因的真核表达

根据牛副流感病毒3型(BPIV-3)内蒙09株(NM09)全基因组序列(GenBank登录号:JQ063064)设计特异性引物,利用RT-PCR方法扩增出牛副流感病毒3型分离株的核衣壳蛋白(N)基因,通过NheI和NotI限制性内切酶位点亚克隆至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1/Zeo(+),获得真核重组质粒pcDNA3.1-N。采用Superfect转染试剂将重组质粒转染至BSR细胞中,转染后的BSR细胞经间接免疫荧光试验和RT-PCR方法检测,重组质粒pcDNA3.1-N在BSR细胞中能正确表达N蛋白。本研究结果为BPIV-3新型疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

新疆阿克苏地区牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒与牛副流感病毒3型感染的检测

为调查阿克苏地区是否存在牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)与牛副流感病毒3型(BPIV-3)的感染,从阿克苏两个规模化奶牛场采集1月龄以内可疑发病犊牛鼻液样品18份,采用双抗体夹心ELISA方法检测两种病毒的抗原,PCR方法检测牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒gD基因,RT-PCR方法检测牛副流感病毒3型的gM基因。结果表明,ELISA方法检测IBRV和BPIV-3的感染率分别为22.22%和0%;PCR方法检测IBRV的感染率为72.22%;RT-PCR检测BPIV-3的感染率为44.44%;同时患有两种病毒的检出率为22.22%。说明在阿克苏地区存在IBRV与BPIV-3的感染,且存在两种病毒的双重感染。     

In vitro stimulation of bovine circulating lymphocytes by parainfluenza type 3 virus.

Bovine circulating lymphocytes from animals sero-positive to parainfluenza-3 virus (PIV-3) could be stimulated by PIV-3 antigen in a microculture system. A semiautomatic multiple sample harvester was used to collect the lymphocytes from the microplates. Ultraviolet-killed PIV-3 induced better stimulation values than formalin or heat-treated virus. The highest stimulation values were obtained after a stimulation time of three to five days.     

Isolation and genetic characterization of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 from cattle in China

Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) is one of the most important of the known viral respiratory pathogens of both young and adult cattle. However BPIV3 has not been detected or isolated in China prior to this study. In 2008, four BPIV3 strains were isolated with MDBK cells from cattle in China and characterized by RT-PCR, nucleotide sequence analysis, transmission electron microscope observation, hemadsorption and hemagglutination tests. Nucleotide phylogenetic analysis of partial hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene for four isolates and the complete genome for the SD0835 isolate implicated that the four Chinese BPIV3 strains were distinct from the previously reported genotype A (BPIV3a) and genotype B (BPIV3b) and might be a potentially new genotype, which was tentatively classified as genotype C (BPIV3c). This is the first study to report the isolation and genetic characterization of BPIV3 from cattle in China.     

Concurrent infection of lambs with parainfluenza virus type 3 and Pasieureiia haemolytica

When conventionally reared lambs were infected with Pasteurella haemolytica 6 days after exposure to parainfluenza virus type 3, 79% of the animals developed severe pneumonic lesions. Uninoculated lambs or those receiving virus or bacteria alone had significantly lower levels of pneumonia (25%, 21% and 12% respectively). Because 25% of the uninoculated lambs had severe pneumonic lesions it could not be determined whether the combined infection had actually caused the pneumonia or merely aggravated existing lesions. However, it was apparent that neither agent alone was capable of increasing the prevalence or severity of pneumonia in the flock.     

山羊副流感病毒3型人工感染山羊的致病性

为了明确新分离的山羊副流感病毒3型(CPIV3)JS2013株的致病性,本试验采用动物感染试验的方式研究该病毒在本属动物体内的复制、排毒以及组织病理损伤等情况。通过病毒血症、临床症状、病理组织学检测、HI抗体及中和抗体检测综合分析病毒对山羊的致病性。结果表明,攻毒后的山羊出现以喷嚏、咳嗽、流鼻涕、眼分泌物增多以及呼吸困难为主的临床症状;攻毒后1d即可检出病毒血症,持续到攻毒后7d,且从攻毒后1~7d可以从鼻拭子中检测到排毒。剖检观察攻毒组山羊肺组织出现增生实变、肿大,组织病理学检测发现肺组织出现肺泡间隔增宽、肺泡结构消失、炎性细胞浸润等变化。HI和中和试验表明,山羊感染后7d开始出现血凝抑制抗体,14d出现中和抗体,并持续升高至28d。以上结果证实CPIV3JS2013株对山羊具有较强的致病性,为后续研究奠定基础。     

牛副流感病毒3型双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法的建立

为建立牛副流感病毒3型(BPIV3)双抗体夹心ELISA(DAS-ELISA)检测方法,本研究采用纯化的病毒分别免疫小鼠与家兔,制备鼠抗BPIV3单克隆抗体(MAb)与兔抗BPIV3多克隆抗体(PAb)。以纯化的兔抗BPIV3 PAb作为包被抗体,鼠抗BPIV3 MAb作为检测抗体,采用棋盘滴定法确定DAS-ELISA的最适工作条件。结果显示,纯化的兔抗BPIV3 PAb与鼠抗BPIV3 MAb的效价分别为1:25 600和1∶12 800,均可与BPIV3病毒蛋白特异性结合。建立的DAS-ELISA方法捕获抗体最佳包被浓度为10μg/m L,37℃孵育1 h;检测抗体最佳工作浓度为2.5μg/m L,37℃孵育1 h;TMB室温显色30 min。判定的临界值为0.451。本研究建立的DAS-ELISA方法与牛轮状病毒、牛冠状病毒、牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒、牛呼吸道合胞体病毒均无交叉反应,特异性较强。检测下限为10~3TCID_(50)。批间和批内变异系数均小于10%,具有良好的重复性。利用该方法和RT-PCR对75份牛鼻拭子临床样品进行检测,两者符合率为94.6%。本研究建立的检测BPIV3的DAS-ELISA方法适用于兽医基层临床样品的大规模检测。