不同浓度镉胁迫下水稻冠层光谱特征及其预测评价

以南粳44和两优培九两个水稻品种为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度镉胁迫下水稻冠层光谱特征及植株各器官镉含量间的定量关系。结果表明,两水稻品种整株、茎、叶和穗各器官镉含量均随着镉胁迫处理浓度的增加而加大,且茎中含量最高;不同浓度镉污染胁迫下的水稻冠层反射光谱曲线在可见光红光波段也存在差异,随着镉处理浓度增大,光谱曲线反射值降低,去除包络线后归一化深度加大,红边位置在两个品种中有不同程度的红移。通过构建植被指数NDVI（x）与水稻器官中镉含量的多种关系模型,比较了模型预测的显著性,分别构建了适用于两个水稻品种各器官的镉胁迫遥感监测的预测模型,南粳44分别为y整珠=86．207x2-56．633x＋9．7361,y茎=157．65x2-101．89x＋17．317,y叶=21．619x2-14．192x＋2．5283以及y穗_4．701lzz_1．4549x＋0．1628;两优培九分别为y茎=41．495x2-29．34x＋5．1829,y茎=53．364x2-36．778x＋6．3612,y叶=22．981x^2-15．768x＋2．7588,y茎=36．347x^2-25．477x＋4．4473。进而说明,地面高光谱遥感对水稻重金属镉污染及其胁迫水平有较好的响应,可通过水稻冠层光谱的差异性分析,实现水稻镉污染的快速、无损伤探测。     

氮磷互作水稻冠层氮素敏感光谱筛选研究

基于连续两年的水稻氮磷互作盆栽试验,于水稻拔节、抽穗、灌浆等主要生育时期同步测定了冠层反射光谱和水稻植株总氮含量,系统分析了350~1 330 nm波段范围内任意两波段组合而成的差值(DVI)、比值(RVI)及归一化(NDVI)光谱指数与植株总氮含量的关系,筛选了可用于氮磷互作环境下的最佳光谱指数,建立了估算模型,并与已有的水稻氮光谱反演指数进行了比较。结果表明:氮磷交互下水稻冠层光谱受氮素的影响明显高于磷素,呈现随施氮量的增加可见光区反射率下降,近红外区上升的规律;但对磷肥的响应受施氮水平的影响,施磷在缺氮情况下提高了可见光区和近红外区的反射率,不缺氮情况下却使可见光区反射率降低。与植株总氮含量相关性较好的波段组合基本不受植被指数构造形式的影响,表现较为稳定,主要分布在近红外(780~1 330 nm)/可见光(750~770 nm)区域、红边(640~700 nm)区域和可见光(450~500 nm)区域。但施磷与不施磷处理的总氮光谱指数敏感波段组合区域有所变化,施磷处理的敏感区域要小于不施磷处理,且相关性决定系数有所降低。存在对施磷不施磷处理都比较敏感的光谱指数区域,拔节、抽穗和灌浆期分别以RVI(FD719,FD740),NDVI(FD419,FD552),DVI(FD707,FD713)表现最佳,建模决定系数分别为0.87、0.80、0.87,几乎不受氮磷交互作用的影响,验证模型均方根误差分别为1.98、3.68、3.47。已有的氮光谱反演参数中则以m ND705、PRI、NDVI705表现最好,但其预测精度明显受磷肥作用的影响,尤其是在拔节期,不施磷处理下的精度要远低于施磷处理,且整体精度均低于本研究新选的氮光谱指数。因此,氮磷互作对水稻氮光谱反演指数的波段组合及预测精度产生影响,要提高氮素光谱诊断精度,需要根据情况选择适宜的光谱指数。     

基于主动冠层光谱仪的莴苣生物量及氮素营养状况估测

[目的]研究冠层光谱技术在蔬菜氮素营养诊断中应用的可行性和提高其准确性的方法,为推进蔬菜氮素营养管理与施肥推荐提供快速无损检测技术.[方法]以茎菜类蔬菜—莴苣(Lactuca sativa L.)为研究对象进行田间试验.设置5个化肥年施用梯度:0、108、162、216、270kg/hm2,在莴苣幼苗期、莲座期、茎形成...     

基于高光谱的寒地水稻叶片氮素含量预测

为快速、无损和准确地诊断水稻营养状况,开展了基于高光谱成像技术的寒地水稻叶片氮素含量预测研究。以不同施氮水平下的水稻叶片为研究对象,利用高光谱成像技术,分析拔节期水稻叶片光谱,采用全波段高光谱数据、连续投影算法及分段主成分分析(segmented principal components analysis,SPCA)与相关分析(correlation analysis,CA)相结合的方法建立多种回归分析模型,并对模型进行检验和筛选。结果表明:随着施氮水平提高,水稻叶片反射率在可见光区域降低,在近红外区域升高。在校正集决定系数上,基于多元逐步回归分析的全波段模型较好,校正集决定系数为0.821,校正集均方根误差RMSEC=0.079;在预测集决定系数上,基于SPCA-CA结合多元回归分析的多变量单波段指数、差值指数、双差值指数模型较好,预测集决定系数为0.869,预测集均方根误差RMSEP=0.085。该研究结果为快速检测水稻叶片氮素含量及水稻生长期间精确施肥管理提供了参考。     

基于冠层光谱特性的水稻叶片含水率模型

基于水稻叶片含水状况与冠层光谱反射率存在关联,尝试构建水稻叶片含水率模型。在水稻生长的孕穗期,同时测量室外水稻冠层光谱反射率和叶片含水率,依据水稻叶片含水率与各光谱波段反射率之间的相关性系数,选取高相关性系数对应的光谱特征波段。采用遗传算法对BP神经网络的初始权值进行优化处理。分别应用BP神经网络和GA-BP-Network、传统多元线性回归方法建立预测模型。试验表明,GA-BP-Network模型的预测含水率值与真实值平均误差率为3.9%,最大误差率为6.1%,均比BP神经网络、传统多元线性回归预测模型有了很大的改善,提高了预测水稻叶片含水率的准确性。     

基于数码相机的水稻冠层图像分割及氮素营养诊断

利用数码相机对作物进行快速准确的营养诊断,需要对图像中作物冠层部分与非冠层部分进行有效的分割。该文依据绿色植被和土壤在可见光区域反射光谱的差异,提出了根据数字图像绿色通道和红色通道差值的大小设定阈值对图像进行分割的方法。阈值设定为10～20之间时对水稻冠层图像有较好的分割效果,拔节期和孕穗期获得最佳图像分割效果的阈值分别为10与20。分割后图像中提取的特征参数与SPAD值、叶片含氮量等指标间具有良好的相关关系,其中红光标准化值NRI与两者间的相关系数达到-0.87和-0.65。该方法能准确地分割水稻冠层图像,且简便易行,对绿色植被的图像分割具有普适性,有较高应用价值。     

基于成像光谱技术预测氮素在土壤剖面中的垂直分布

可见—近红外(vis-NIR)高光谱成像技术应用于土壤科学是当前数字土壤研究的新方向。本研究考察了该技术预测土壤剖面氮素垂直分布的可行性。深达1 m的土壤整段剖面(1 000 mm×170 mm×65 mm)采自湖北崇阳县,成像光谱仪配备了25μm狭缝,视场角13.1°的35 mm焦距镜头和1 004×1 002像素的面阵CCD,拍摄得到剖面vis-NIR高光谱影像(400~1 000 nm共753个波段)。对获取的影像先通过几何校正解决影像形变问题,再采用监督分类方法识别提取有效土壤像素,剔除阴影裂缝等无效像素。最后利用室内土样vis-NIR反射光谱建立的土壤全氮校正模型,对3个土壤整段剖面的高光谱影像数据进行全氮(TN)预测制图。结果表明,vis-NIR成像光谱技术对土壤整段剖面TN含量预测效果达到甚至优于经标准制样处理后所建模型精度。但存在纵向局限性,其良好地还原了浅层土壤氮素的分布规律,0~600 mm为较佳预测深度。     

基于水稻冠层NDVI的土壤盐碱化信息预测研究

通过测定不同盐碱化程度土壤上覆植被光谱特征和土壤的盐碱化指标,探讨了通过上覆植被光谱与土壤盐碱化信息的关系。试验结果表明,水稻冠层归一化植被指数（NDVI）从返青期到孕穗期逐渐增大,孕穗期达到最大,然后开始下降;水稻全生育期冠层NDVI与土壤表层全盐、电导率（EC）呈显著相关（相关系数平均分别为0.608 2和0.623 9）,孕穗期相关性达到最强;除返青期外,其它时期水稻冠层NDVI与土壤Na＋＋K＋呈极显著相关关系（平均相关系数为0.564 8）;全生育期水稻冠层NDVI与土壤HCO3-,Cl-,SO24-,Ca2＋和Mg2＋的相关性很差或不稳定,所以从分蘖期到乳熟期,根据冠层NDVI可以较准确地估测土壤全盐、EC和Na＋＋K＋,但不能准确估测土壤中的其它监基离子。     

基于小麦冠层无人机高光谱影像的农田土壤含水率估算

精准监测农田土壤含水率（soil moisture content,SMC）有助于提高中国水资源利用率以及农业可持续发展水平,为实现国家农业经济的稳定发展及可持续发展目标打下坚实的基础。为了探索基于无人机遥感数据进行准确、快速的土壤含水率监测的方法,该研究选取新疆阜康绿洲田块为研究区,使用无人机（unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV）高光谱传感器采集田块尺度小麦冠层光谱信息,进行SMC定量估算和制图。对小麦冠层光谱进行savitzky-golay（SG）平滑,利用7种不同的小波基函数（bior4.4、coif4、db4、fk14、haar、rbio3.9、sym4）对光谱信息进行连续小波变换（continuous wavelet transform,CWT）处理,并采用遗传算法（genetic algorithm, GA）对小波系数进行特征提取,最后结合偏最小二乘回归（partial least square regress,PLSR）、支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）、人工神经网络（artificial neural network,ANN）、随机森林（radom forest,RF）以及极端梯度提升（extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost）估算SMC并实现其空间制图。结果表明：基于GA的特征波段选择方法可有效提高SMC的估算精度。使用全波段小波系数构建模型的精度R2在0.20～0.44之间,而使用特征小波系数的R2为0.25～0.82。与其他小波基函数相比,采用db4特征小波系数的估算精度最优,PLSR、SVM、ANN、RF和XGBoost模型估算SMC的R2分别为0.82、0.72、0.79、0.76和0.45。基于PLSR和ANN最优模型进行SMC空间制图,结果表明基于CWT和机器学习结合模型能够有效估算小田块尺度SMC。该研究基于无人机高光谱数据实现了SMC精确估算,为农田尺度SMC监测提供了有效手段。     

基于冠层上下部温差的冠层阻力计算

为了研究交替隔沟非充分供水下玉米冠层阻力的计算方法,于2009—2010年在中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所作物需水量试验场进行了田间试验.根据实测资料分析了玉米气孔阻力与各环境因素的关系,基于 Jarvis (1976)多因子冠层阻力模型,引入冠层上、下部温差变量(ΔTc),提出了交替隔沟非充分供水下玉米冠层阻力的计算方法,即基于ΔTc的冠层阻力法,并分别与Jarvis(1976)、Ortega-Farias(2004)和Brisson et al(1998)法作对比研究,验证其准确性.结果表明,Javias(1976)、Ortega-Farias(2004)、基于ΔTc的冠层阻力法和Brisson (1998)的日平均冠层阻力计算结果分别为355.93、318.75、300.61和253.42 sm-1.其中,Ortega-Farias(2004)法和Javias(1976)法模拟结果分别偏高9.70%和22.50%;Brisson(1998)法模拟结果偏低12.78%;基于ΔTc的冠层阻力法计算结果比实测值偏高3.46%,二者的相关性最好,其计算结果与实测值间的平均绝对误差(MAE)、标准差(SD)和拟合度(d1)值分别为2.42、6.77和0.89,R2为0.86,计算精度优于Jarvis(1976)、Ortega-Farias (2004)和Brisson et al(1998)模型.基于冠层上、下部温差的冠层阻力计算法,考虑了作物、土壤、气候3大因素,模型的模拟范围、数据获取和精度都优于其他方法,能够较准确地表达交替隔沟非充分供水下的玉米冠层阻力.     

镁(Ⅱ): 水溶态镁在中国粘土上的吸附及复合物形成的稳定常数

Techniques for measurement of the N status of rice can be an aid to making manaement decisions with economic and environmental implications.A field experiment was conuced to identify spectral variables most sensitive to N deficiency detection in rice canopy with the possibiliy for their use as a management tool. Spectral and agronomic measurements were collected in the evaluation experiment of N status from rice canopy under vive N treatments in a silt loam soil ,Nitroen fertilization effects were seen across the entire wavelength measured .Red refectance decreased and near infrared reflectance increased with increasing N fertilizer application.Spectral differences between treatments were seen throughout the test period.The naer infrared refectnce/red reflectance ration (RVI) differed mored between treatment than between single bands.Variations in canopy reflectances due to other environmental factors were reduced by the use of RVI.In the spectral variables examined ,the RVI separated the treatments most effectively,and three or four treatments can be separated.Differences in spetral responses betwenn the treatments were attributable to leaf area index ,leaf chlorophyll concentration and phtomass,wich all changed with N fertilization.     

四环素在土壤中的吸附与解吸以及镉在其中的影响

采用批平衡实验方法,研究了四环素（TC）在褐土和红壤中的吸附和解吸,以及Cd2＋对四环素在两种土壤上吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明,四环素在褐土和红壤中的吸附可以用Freundlich等温吸附方程拟合,所得lgKf分别为3.039和3.169,这表明四环素在红壤中的吸附能力较强。此外,四环素在两种土壤上的解吸过程都存在滞后现象,所得lgKf,des分别为3.292和3.877,这将可能威胁到土壤环境和人体健康。常见重金属Cd2＋的存在会促进四环素在两种土壤上的吸附,在红壤中表现显著（P〈0.05）;同时红壤中四环素的lgKf,des有所增加,而在褐土中的变化不大。     

Predicting phosphorus sorption isotherm parameters in soil using data of routine laboratory tests

Knowledge of phosphorus(P) sorption dynamics across different soil types could direct agronomic and environmental management of P. The objective of this study was to predict P isotherm parameters for a national soil population using data of routine laboratory tests. Langmuir and Freundlich sorption parameters were calculated from two different ranges(0–25 and 0–50 mg P L~(-1)) using an archive of representative agricultural soil types from Ireland.Multiple linear regression(MLR) identified labile forms of aluminium(Al) and iron(Fe), organic matter(OM), cation exchange capacity(CEC), and clay as significant drivers. Langmuir and Freundlich sorption capacities, Freundlich affinity constant, and Langmuir buffer capacity were predicted reliably, with R~2 of independent validation 0.9. Sorption isotherm parameters were predicted from P sorbed at a single concentration of 50 mg P L~(-1)(S_(50)). An MLR prediction of P sorption maximum in the 0–50 mg P L~(-1) range was achieved, to an accurate standard, using S_(50), OM, and Mehlich-3 Fe(R~2 of independent calibration and validation being 0.91 and 0.95, respectively). Using Giles' four shapes of isotherms(C, L, H, and S), L non-strict-and C-shaped isotherm curves accounted for 64% and 27% of the soils, respectively. Hierarchical clustering identified a separation of isotherm curves influenced by two ranges of Mehlich-3 Al. Soils with a low range of Mehlich-3 Al(2.5–698 mg kg~(-1)) had no incidence of rapid sorption(C shape). Single point indices, Al, or available soil data make the regression approach a feasible way of predicting Langmuir parameters that could be included with standard agronomic soil P testing.     

基于多种光谱仪的水稻前期植株氮积累量监测

为了明确水稻穗肥施用前地上部植株氮积累量与各光谱仪冠层光谱参数的定量关系,进而为水稻精确追氮提供决策依据。基于不同品种和不同施氮水平的7个水稻田间试验,于分蘖期和拔节期利用ASD Fieldspec FR2500高光谱仪、Cropscan MSR-16多光谱仪和Greenseeker RT100主动光谱仪同时采集冠层光谱反射率,并同步取样测定地上部植株氮积累量,研究基于不同光谱仪构建的植被指数与植株氮积累量之间的关系。结果表明,部分植被指数与水稻地上部植株氮积累量关系密切,基于3种光谱仪构建的水稻地上部植株氮积累量监测模型的稳定性和适用性有较大差异。对于ASD高光谱仪,虽然基于差值植被指数（760,740）能较好估测植株氮积累量,拟合模型决定系数R2为0.79,但模型检验效果较差,其R2和均方根误差分别为0.15和2.11 g/m2;对于Cropscan多光谱仪,差值植被指数（760,710）能较好反演植株氮积累量,拟合模型的R2为0.94,模型检验的R2和均方根误差分别为0.94和0.76 g/m2;Greenseeker主动光谱仪的归一化植被指数（770,660）对地上部植株氮积累量的反演效果最好,拟合模型的R2为0.97,模型检验的R2和均方根误差分别为0.97和0.62 g/m2。研究结果可为水稻前期植株氮积累量监测过程中的光谱仪选择提供参考,为水稻精确追氮管理提供技术支撑。     

熟污泥改性黄土对镉的吸附解吸特征

使用序批实验方法,研究熟污泥改性黄土对镉(Cd)的吸附解吸特征。结果表明:Cd初始添加浓度大于20 mg/L,供试改性黄土对Cd的吸附等温线发生显著变化;Freundlich型吸附等温式是描述供试改性黄土对Cd吸附过程的最佳模型。各土样对Cd的解吸量与吸附量的关系可以用幂函数很好地描述。随着土样中熟污泥含量的增加,Cd的吸附固定作用增强。有机质成分是影响供试土样Cd固定能力最大的因素。     

New frontiers in elucidating the kinetics and mechanisms of metal and oxyanion sorption at the soil mineral/water interface

An understanding of the kinetics and mechanisms of metal and oxyanion sorption on soil minerals and soils is fundamental in assessing the speciation, mobility, and bioavailability of metals and oxyanions in natural systems. Traditionally, sorption has been studied using macroscopic equilibrium approaches. It is now well recognized that the kinetics of metal and oxyanion sorption/release must be understood if accurate predictions are to be made about metal/oxyanion fate/mobility and soil remediation. This paper covers aspects of kinetic models and their applicability to heterogeneous systems and the rates and mechanisms of rapid and slow metal and oxyanion sorption reactions. With some metals (e.g. Co, Ni, Zn) residence time affects the rate of metal release while with other metals such as Pb, there is little effect of residence time. To definitively understand the dynamics of sorption mechanisms, one must employ molecular scale approaches. Over the past decade, with the advent of cutting‐edge molecular‐scale in‐situ analytical techniques, significant advances have occurred in determining the speciation and sorption/release mechanisms of metals and oxyanions in the subsurface environment. These frontiers in environmental science have major impacts on: soil remediation strategies, development of predictive models, and contaminant/bioavailability assessments. Frontiers in metal sorption at the soil mineral/water interface are highlighted in this review.     

改性油菜秸秆生物质炭吸附/解吸Cd2+特征

该研究选用蒸汽爆破油菜秸秆,对其进行羟基磷灰石和KMnO4浸渍处理,再用壳聚糖和NaOH溶液改性所获得的生物质炭改性,以比较表面特性变化和吸附/解吸Cd~(2+)的特征。结果表明,改性处理可有效地在生物质炭表面负载相应官能团,如羟基磷灰石处理使生物质炭表面磷酸盐增多,比表面积提高至225.68 m2/g;而壳聚糖、KMnO4和NaOH处理,则引入了-NH2和-OH、-COOH等酸性含氧官能团。尽管改性生物质炭表面电荷减少,但Cd~(2+)吸附容量却提高了13%～315%,其吸附行为可用Langmuir等温吸附式拟合,并符合Pseudosecondorder吸附动力学方程。改性后,生物质炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附主要为专性吸附,其初始吸附速率提高了65%～379%,而解吸率降低了17%～91%,表明对Cd~(2+)的吸附更快且更加稳定,具有良好的应用潜力。     

Immobilization of heavy metals in soils amended by nanoparticulate zeolitic tuff: Sorption‐desorption of cadmium

Immobilization of Cd in contaminated soil is a technique to improve soil quality. Zeolites are potentially useful additives to bind heavy metals. This study examines the influence of decreasing the grain size of raw zeolitic tuff to the nano‐range on Cd sorption‐desorption isotherms in a sandy soil. The aim was to evaluate the feasibility of using nanoparticulate zeolitic tuff as a sequestering agent for Cd in soil. Sorption and desorption of Cd on zeolitic nanotuff was investigated in batch experiments. The sandy soil was amended with zeolitic nanotuff, synthetic Al oxide nanoparticles, or raw zeolitic tuff. After a 48 h sorption step, three desorption steps were induced using the sequential dilution method. The measured sorption‐desorption data were adequately described by the Freundlich equation. A nonlinear two‐stage one‐rate model matched well with measured Cd sorption‐desorption isotherms of zeolitic nanotuff, raw zeolitic tuff, Al oxide nanoparticle, and control soil. The batch experiments demonstrated the strong influence of pH on Cd sorption. Zeta‐potential measurements of zeolitic nanotuff indicated that electrostatic interaction was important for sorption. Soil amended with zeolitic nanotuff showed the lowest hysteresis index based on the differences obtained from sorption‐desorption isotherms regarding the amount of Cd sorbed. The index decreased with increasing metal concentration. For soil amended with nanoparticulate zeolitic tuff, the estimated Freundlich coefficient was 4 orders of magnitude higher than in the control soil and 2 orders of magnitude higher than the soil amended with raw zeolitic tuff. In addition, this sorbent decreased the amount of Cd released after three desorption steps by up to 12 and 7 times compared to the control soil and the soil amended with raw zeolitic tuff, respectively. The effect on Cd sorption of grinding the raw zeolitic tuff to the nanorange was considerably more pronounced than the effect of raw zeolitic tuff.