水稻抗病基因Xa21转入3个粳稻品种的抗性初步分析

 通过农杆菌介导转化,将已克隆的水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21转入我国辽宁省3个粳稻品种:沈农606、辽粳454、辽粳294,共获得独立转基因系205个。通过PCR、GUS染色和Southern blot分析,证明Xa21基因已经整合到3个粳稻栽培品种的基因组中。通过温室接种菲律宾白叶枯病小种6的代表菌系PXO99,T₀代转基因水稻除了3-34表现部分抗性外,其它的转基因材料均表现高度抗病,表明Xa21转基因水稻已经获得抗性;温室接种T₁和T₂代试验表明,单拷贝整合的转化体呈现3:1分离,同时单拷贝3-34材料也表现部分抗性和感病3:1分离,证明已整合的Xa21基因能稳定遗传;同时对3-34部分抗性机制进行了分子生物学检测,证明GUS基因全部丢失、Xa21基因部分丢失并导致部分抗性。获得部分抗性材料,对于深入研究Xa21基因的功能区和研究抗病分子机制具有重要的意义。     

cryIA(b)基因及其介导的抗性在转基因水稻中的遗传

研究了cryLA(b)基因及其介导的抗虫性在转基因水稻自交或回交后代中的遗传规律和遗传稳定性。结果表明：cryLA(b)基因及其连锁的bar基因作为一个显性遗传位点遵循孟德尔遗传分离规律；在T1代群体中遵循3：1的分离规律，T2代稳定纯合；在BC11～BC4代群体中遵循1：1的分离规律，BC群体自交的BCF9群体中遵循3：1分离规律。cryLA(b)基因及其介导抗性已稳定地遗传至T7代和BC4代。室内及田间抗虫性鉴定显示，不同世代的转基因植株均保持稳定的高度抗虫性。     

转基因水稻对稻瘟病的抗性研究

 采用苗期初筛、复筛、抗谱测定和田间自然诱发试验等不同鉴定方法,对经分子检测证明已整合有碱性几丁质酶基因和β-1,3-葡聚精酶基因的22个转化系的转基因水稻植株进行稻瘟病抗性鉴定研究,筛选出对稻瘟病的抗性比原种对照七丝软占有明显提高的一系列转基因水稻品系,其中表现高抗的有来自F4-9转化株系的7个品系。高抗材料的R7代品系,经室内抗谱测定及田间病圃试验结果,仍然表现高抗稻瘟病。本研究通过转基因技术,成功地将优质感病品种改良成高抗品系,研究结果证明了利用基因工程手段培育抗病水稻新品种是一个非常有希望的育种途径。     

Expression of human protoporphyrinogen oxidase in transgenic rice induces both a photodynamic response and oxyfluorfen resistance

A human protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) coding sequence under the control of a ubiquitin promoter was introduced into rice to determine whether transgenic rice overexpressing the human Protox gene exhibits resistance against a peroxidizing herbicide. The transgenic rice lines (H3, H4, H5, H6, H9, and H10) transcribed the human Protox mRNA, whereas hybridizing RNA band was not detected in wild-type rice, indicating that the human Protox gene had been successfully transmitted into transgenic rice plants. The transgenic lines H9 and H10 showed growth retardation and light-dependent formation of necrotic lesions. Compared with wild-type rice plants, rice with a human Protox gene had increased Protox activity and content of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX, and reduced chlorophyll. The photosynthetic efficiency in lines H9 and H10, as indicated by F_v/F_m, was not different from that of wild type. The two transgenic lines had decreased levels of antheraxanthin, lutein, and β-carotene and similar levels of neoxanthin and violaxanthin as compared with wild-type plants. The staining activities of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase were higher in transgenic lines than in wild type. Line H9 germinated in the presence of 20 μM oxyfluorfen, whereas 2 μM oxyfluorfen inhibited the germination of wild-type seeds. Thus, the transgenic rice plants exhibited enhanced resistance to oxyfluorfen.     

酵母pac1基因介导对葡萄B病毒的抗性

为明确广谱性抗病毒基因—酵母pac1基因对葡萄B病毒(Grapevine virus B,GVB)的抗性效果,通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化,将pac1基因导入西方烟37B,对转基因植株进行PCR鉴定及Southern blot分析,通过病毒摩擦接种观察症状以及实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测植株体内病毒含量,并对转基因植株抗病性进行初步鉴定。结果表明,目的基因pac1成功导入并整合至西方烟37B基因组,共获得10个转基因株系。不同株系的T1代烟草中阳性植株比例为16.7%~72.7%,表明目的基因可成功遗传到子代。接种病毒后转基因植株普遍延迟发病,但后期症状与非转基因对照相似,其中仅1个转基因株系B6具有不表现典型症状等抗性反应。接种植株病毒含量检测中,所有转基因植株均检测到病毒存在,但表现为抗病的B6株系中病毒含量显著低于非转基因对照,表明该转基因植株虽不能完全抵抗GVB侵染,但对GVB具有耐病性。     

转苏云金杆菌毒蛋白基因水稻抗螟性的离体叶片测定法

提出了转苏云金杆菌ｃｒｙｌＡｂ基因水稻抗螟性的快速离体叶片测定法,并用该方法评价了转ｃｒｙ１／Ａｂ基因水稻对二化螟、三化螟和大螟的抗性程度。结果表明,３种螟虫蚁螟取食纯合株系ＰＲ１６及分离株系ＰＲ１８、ＰＲ５７或ＰＲ５８中抗性植株中片后,食叶量与对照和分离株系中的非抗性植株相比极显著下降,接虫后第４ｄ的幼虫死亡率高达１００％。该方法评价转ｃｒｙ１／Ａｂ基因水稻对３种螟虫的抗性结果与活化成株测定法评     

Bt籼稻对褐飞虱取食、产卵行为的影响

比较了褐飞虱在2个Bt籼稻纯合品系，即TT9-3、TT9-4，及亲本对照IR72上的取食和产卵行为。结果表明，在选择性条件下，褐飞虱于稻株上的着虫比率在Bt籼稻与对照间无显著差异，而稻株中部和整个叶鞘的取食刺探痕数、产卵选择比率和产卵量则均以Bt籼稻显著为低。在非选择性条件下，稻株叶鞘上的取食刺探痕数在Bt籼稻与对照间无显著差异，而排泄的蜜露量则多以Bt籼稻尤其是TTP9-4显著为少。可见，供试的2个Bt籼稻品系不利于褐飞虱的取食或产卵，表现有抗褐飞虱的能力。     

Modifying Myxococcus xanthus protoporphyrinogen oxidase to plant codon usage and high level of oxyfluorfen resistance in transgenic rice

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) of Myxococcus xanthus (Mx Protox) is a 49-kDa membrane protein that catalyzes conversion of protoporphyrinogen IX (Protogen IX) into protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX). Upon heterologous expression in transgenic rice plants, Mx Protox is dually targeted into plastids and mitochondria, increasing resistance against the herbicidal Protox inhibitor oxyfluorfen. Here, we describe the chemical synthesis of the Mx Protox gene by assembling several small synthetic DNA fragments derived by ligation-PCR. Codon usage in the resulting 1416-bp gene was modified to correspond to that of the Arabidopsis Protox gene, a change that resulted in a decrease in G+C content from 71 to 49%. The modified Mx Protox gene was used to generate transgenic rice plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Integration, expression, and inheritance of the transgenes were demonstrated by Southern, Northern, and Western blot analyses. In plants transformed with the modified, low G+C-content Mx Protox gene, levels of Protox expression and enzyme activity were low compared to the levels observed for plants transformed with the native Mx Protox gene. Nonetheless, like the native gene, the modified gene conferred a high level of resistance to the herbicide oxyfluorfen in a seedling growth test.     

转基因水稻对病原菌侵染的反应和防卫基因的表达分析

 为了阐明OsBTF3基因在水稻对白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)和细菌性条斑病菌(X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, Xoc)侵染抗/感反应中的功能,本研究以OsBTF3过量表达和RNAi转基因株系为材料,比较分析了T1代株系对病菌侵染的抗感病反应,定量测定了防卫基因的表达动态。结果表明,与野生型对照株相比,无论过量表达株系,还是RNAi株系对Xoo和Xoc侵染均表现为更加感病的反应; 经Xoo接种后,过量表达和RNAi株系OE37和RNAi株系RI30防卫基因的表达发生了不同程度的变化。因此,OsBTF3增量/减量表达对水稻抗/感病性具有重要的调控作用,这种作用可能并不依赖于水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸(JA)介导的信号途径。     

Potato <Emphasis Type="Italic">R1</Emphasis> resistance gene confers resistance against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis> in transgenic tomato plants

Tomato is challenged by several pathogens which cause loss of production. One such pathogen is the oomycete Phytophthora infestans which is able to attack all the aerial parts of the plant. Although a wide range of resistance sources are available, genetic control of this disease is not yet successful. Pyramiding R-genes through genetic transformation could be a straightforward way to produce tomato and potato lines carrying durable resistance to P. infestans. In this work the R1 potato gene was transferred into tomato lines. The tomato transgenic lines were analyzed by using q-RT-PCR and progeny segregation to determine the gene copy number. To test the hypothesis that R1 represents a specifically regulated R-gene, transgenic tomato plants were inoculated with P. infestans isolate 88133 and IPO. All the plants containing the R1 gene were resistant to the late blight isolate IPO-0 and susceptible to isolate 88133. These results provide evidence for specific activation of the R1 gene during pathogen challenge. Furthermore, evidence for enhancement of PR-1 gene expression during P. infestans resistance response was obtained.     

Development and characterisation of transgenic rice expressing two Bacillus thuringiensis genes

BACKGROUND: Transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) were first commercialised in 1996. The risk that pests have the potential to evolve resistance to Bt toxins is one of the most serious challenges to this technology. Gene stacking, pyramiding two Bt genes into one variety, is considered to be an effective insect resistance management (IRM) strategy. In this study, insect‐resistant rice expressing two Bt genes was developed by sexual crossing, and then characterised. RESULTS: Homozygous rice lines of two pyramided Bt genes were obtained in the F₃ generation. Quantification of Bt toxin showed that protein concentrations of Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac and Cry2A in the two‐gene lines were comparable with their single‐gene parents, while the expression of cry1C gene decreased after gene stacking. Four two‐gene lines showed higher activity to striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) than parental lines in the laboratory bioassay. All pyramided lines and their hybrids exhibited excellent efficacy against stemborers and leaffolders in field evaluation, while most pyramided lines had no significant differences from original variety in yield under spraying of insecticide. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that the two‐gene lines have commercial potential and could serve as a valuable IRM strategy. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

小麦纹枯病抗性及抗性遗传的初步研究

 从一个多亲本的复式杂交后代中,选育了4个高抗纹枯病的小麦新品系,编号为MN-3、7、18和19。抗病性鉴定证明,在对照品种绵阳19病株率100%,发病等级4~5级的情况下,这4个新品系的病株率和发病等级分别在3.65%~6.98%和0~1之间。这4个品系与高感纹枯病的小麦品种绵阳19杂交,在F2代群体中植株符合抗:感=3:1的分离比率,在隐性亲本的测交后代中符合1:1的分离比率;在这4个品系之间的杂交后代群体中未观察到抗性的分离。试验结果指出,4个品系均含有同一个抗小麦纹枯病的单显性抗病基因,该基因被命名为Ses 1。本研究指出了小麦抗纹枯病育种的可能性,并为进一步研究小麦宿主和纹枯病菌原的相互关系及其遗传学提供了材料。     

转雪花莲凝集素酶基因枸杞对蚜虫的抑制作用

利用农杆菌介导法将雪花莲外源凝集素酶基因导入枸杞叶片,获得了完整的转基因植株。对36个经PCR检测为阳性的转基因株系进行了两年抗蚜虫筛选试验,结果表明:蚜口密度抑制率在13.19%～95.4%,平均蚜口密度抑制率为78.59%。     

水稻恢复系华占抗稻瘟病遗传分析及基因鉴定

 华占是近年来我国新选育的恢复系,广泛应用于杂交稻育种中,其配组的杂交稻组合对稻瘟病均表现出良好的抗性。本研究利用来源于华南稻区的62个稻瘟病菌株对恢复系华占、明恢63和广恢998进行抗病性鉴定,结果表明:华占对接种菌株的抗谱达到95.2%,对稻瘟病表现出广谱抗性。为进一步了解该恢复系所含的抗稻瘟病基因,以高感稻瘟病品种丽江新团黑谷为母本,以华占为父本,构建了丽江新团黑谷(LTH)/华占的F₂抗病遗传分析群体。利用对华南水稻品种具有致病谱较广的稻瘟病代表菌株GD00-193a对随机选择的1 000个来源于LTH/华占的F₂个体及其F₁个体进行抗病遗传分析,结果发现F₁个体表型全为抗病,1 000个F₂个体的抗/感比率符合3∶1的显性单基因分离比,说明华占至少含有一个显性抗稻瘟病基因。利用均匀分布于水稻12条染色体的250对SSR引物,通过分离群体分析结合隐性群体分析法将华占的一个抗稻瘟病基因定位于水稻第6染色体的Pi2/Pi9/Pi50区域。通过Pi2等位基因的测序分析,结果表明华占含有Pi2抗病基因。本试验结果为华占在杂交稻上的应用及其配组组合的品种布局提供重要依据。     

Marker‐free,tissue‐specific expression of Cry1Ab as a safe transgenic strategy for insect resistance in rice plants

BACKGROUND: Rice is the major food resource for nearly half of the global population; however, insect infestation could severely affect the production of this staple food. To improve rice insect resistance and reduce the levels of Bt toxin released into the environment, the Cry1Ab gene was conjugated to the rice rbcS promoter to express Bt toxin in specific tissues of transgenic plants. RESULTS: Eight marker‐free, T₂ lines were separated from the T₀ cotransformants. Using RT‐PCR, high levels of Cry1Ab expression were detected in the leaf but not in the seed. The Cry1Ab protein level ranged from 1.66 to 3.31 µg g^?1 in the leaves of four transgenic lines, but was barely detectable in their seeds by ELISA. Bioassays showed that the mortality rate of silkworm larvae feeding on mulberry leaves dipped in transgenic rice flour and pollen was less than that of the positive control (KMD), and that their average weight was higher than that of KMD, suggesting that the Cry1Ab protein was not expressed in the seed and pollen. CONCLUSION: The transgene conferred a high level of resistance to insects and biosafety to the rice plants, which could be directly used in rice breeding. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Potential gene flow from transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) to different weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) accessions based on reproductive compatibility

BACKGROUND: The possibility of gene flow from transgenic crops to wild relatives may be affected by reproductive capacity between them. The potential gene flow from two transgenic rice lines containing the bar gene to five accessions of weedy rice (WR1–WR5) was determined through examination of reproductive compatibility under controlled pollination. RESULTS: The pollen grain germination of two transgenic rice lines on the stigma of all weedy rice, rice pollen tube growth down the style and entry into the weedy rice ovary were similar to self‐pollination in weedy rice. However, delayed double fertilisation and embryo abortion in crosses between WR2 and Y0003 were observed. Seed sets between transgenic rice lines and weedy rice varied from 8 to 76%. Although repeated pollination increased seed set significantly, the rank of the seed set between the weedy rice accessions and rice lines was not changed. The germination rates of F₁ hybrids were similar or greater compared with respective females. All F₁ plants expressed glufosinate resistance in the presence of glufosinate selection pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of gene flow between different weedy rice accessions and transgenic herbicide‐resistant rice may differ owing to different reproductive compatibility. This result suggests that, when wild relatives are selected as experimental materials for assessing the gene flow of transgenic rice, it is necessary to address the compatibility between transgenic rice and wild relatives. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

蛋白酶抑制剂基因真空渗入法转化不结球白菜获得抗虫性材料

菜青虫及小菜蛾是危害白菜生产的主要害虫，为了获得新的抗虫白菜种质，以生长45天、花苔抽出时的“49菜心”Brassica rapa ssp．chinensis var．utilis Tsen et Lee为材料，通过根癌农杆菌介导的真空渗入法，将马铃薯蛋白酶抑制剂基因（pin Ⅱ）导入该植物基因组中。在142株处理株的后代种子中，采用除草剂Basta筛选，获得41株生长良好的抗性植株。经氯酚红试验、PCR以及植物基因组Southern杂交鉴定，证实目的基因已经整合入植物基因组中。对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L．进行了转基因材料离体叶片的连续饲喂，调查了自1龄幼虫至化蛹、羽化的动态变化。结果表明。受试的转基因植株对小菜蛾的生长发育有明显的抑制作用。     

我国新育成水稻品种(材料)抗病虫性与米质的评价研究

1997～2000年间 ,鉴定了 332份我国新育成的水稻品种 (材料 )对稻瘟病、白叶枯病、细菌性条斑病、白背飞虱和褐飞虱的抗性 ,并分析其米质。筛选出中抗上述一种水稻病虫害的品种 (材料 )共计 397份·次 ,双抗和三抗的品种 (材料 )分别为 76、19个 ,四抗品种有K89-B5 ,五丰占 2号 ,中组 74 ,中组 75 ,中组 84和中鉴 96-3共 6个 ;4项主要优质米指标均达到了农业部部标准优质二级米以上有 33个。优质一级米的品种 (材料 )有巨丰占 ,CR99,92-34,94-308,辽 947,吉 98-2806和龙粳 8号 7个。改进或完善了水稻育种新品种 (材料 )的抗病虫性鉴定方法 ,制订了相应的评价标准和指标 ,还讨论了改良水稻品种的抗病虫性与提高稻米品质等问题。