甲壳糖固定化脂肪酶活力和稳定性的测定

方法：采用甲壳糖和0．25％戊二醛固定脂肪酶,并测定固定化脂肪酶的活性和稳定性;结果：pH在6．5-7．0之间时,固定化脂肪酶活性最高;在40℃时,游离脂肪酶和固定化脂肪酶均表现最高活力,但是固定化脂肪酶活力在30-50℃之间差异不显著,而游离脂肪酶活力在30-50℃之间差异显著。固定化脂肪酶在0．9％NaCl溶液中逐步释放的,前5次回收重复使用固定化脂肪酶,其活力基本变化不大（P〉0．05）,结论：甲壳糖和0．25％戊二醛交联作为载体固定脂肪酶最高活性的最适pH和最适温度均比游离脂肪酶的范围大。     

固定化生姜蛋白酶的制备及其性质研究

本试验以海藻酸钠为载体、戊二醛为交联剂,制备固定化生姜蛋白酶,对固定化条件进行优化并对固定化酶与游离酶的部分酶学性质进行研究。结果表明,固定化生姜蛋白酶的最佳条件是海藻酸钠浓度为2%,CaCl2的浓度为2%,戊二醛的浓度为3%,在此条件下制备的固定化酶活力为53.48 U/g。固定化酶的最适温度是60℃,最适pH值为6.0,与游离酶相比没有发生改变,但固定化酶与游离酶相比对温度和酸碱适应范围更加宽泛。     

丝素蛋白膜作为葡萄糖氧化酶载体的研究

采用戊二醛共价交联法将葡萄糖氧化酶（GOD）固定在丝素膜上，探讨了酶的固定化方法，研究了固定化酶膜的动力学性质，并与包埋法制备的酶膜进行了比较。共价法可获得高活力的酶膜（534u／cm2），固定化过程中使用甲醇或戊二醛处理对酶活力有轻微影响。固定化GOD最适pH值向中性偏移（pH7．0），最适温度为50℃，热稳定性提高，表观米氏常数比溶液酶降低，酶膜的贮存稳定性良好。     

牛乳中荧光假单胞菌耐热性脂肪酶的活性影响因素

以新鲜牛乳中分离到的荧光假单胞菌为研究对象,对其分泌产生的耐热性脂肪酶进行纯化,并研究不同温度、pH值、Ca2+质量浓度对该脂肪酶活性的影响.结果表明:经过初步纯化的脂肪酶分子质量为55 kD,纯度为91.5％,并且发现该耐热性脂肪酶在50℃、30 min,63℃、30 min,72℃、20 s,90℃、10 min,121℃、0.1 MPa、20 min处理之后,相对酶活力分别为75.02％、86.21％、73.25％、17.62％、13.63％;并且该脂肪酶的最适温度为63℃,最适pH值为8.0;在荧光假单胞菌体外,Ca2+质量浓度对荧光假单胞菌脂肪酶的活力并无显著影响.     

家蚕丝素固定化葡萄糖异构酶的制备方法及其理化性质

脱胶蚕丝用稀碱溶液处理后制成多孔的碱化丝素 ,分别经物理吸附和戊二醛交联方法制得固定化酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ。每克固定化酶Ⅰ的总活力为 791 0 4U ,活力回收率为 5 2 0 6 % ,活力表现率为 72 2 7% ;每克固定化酶Ⅱ的总活力为 811 39U ,活力回收率为 5 3 6 7% ,活力表现率为 72 97%。蚕丝经高浓度氯化钙溶液溶解、脱盐等处理后制成丝素粉末 ,经吸附后用戊二醛交联固定了葡萄糖异构酶 ,制成固定化酶Ⅲ。每克固定化酶Ⅲ的总活力为 84 4U ,活力回收率为 5 5 2 7% ,活力表现率为 72 4 2 %。经对固定化酶性质的研究表明 :碱化丝素和丝素粉末均能较好地固定葡萄糖异构酶 ;最适温度比游离酶升高了 15℃ ;最适pH没有变化 ,有较强的抗蛋白质变性剂 (8mol/L尿素溶液中的活力在 80 %以上 )能力 ;各固定化酶的Km值在 4× 10 -2 ～ 5× 10 -2 mol/L范围内。实验还发现Co2 + 和Mg2 +离子为固定化酶的激活剂 ,Fe3 + 和Ca2 + 离子为抑制剂。     

绵羊瘤胃微生物CMCase酶促反应最适条件研究

试验系统地测定了绵羊瘤胃微生物细胞内和细胞外羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)酶促反应的最佳条件,包括最适pH值、底物用量、酶量、反应时间和反应温度。结果发现:当pH值介于4.5～6.0之间时,CMCase活力无显著差异,其中胞外CMCase在pH值为5.5时活力最高,胞内CMCase在pH值为5.0时活力最高;随着底物用量的增加,酶活力极显著增加(P<0.01),并在10mg时达到最大值;酶量在0.25ml时,胞内CMCase活力达到最大值,而胞外CMCase则在0.5ml时最高;随着反应时间的延长,CMCase活力均逐渐下降,无论是胞外还是胞内CMCase,反应10min时即达到最高活力,且在胞外同其它组比较差异极显著(P<0.01),在胞内显著高于反应30～60min时的活力;胞内和胞外CMCase活力均在45℃时最高。     

家蚕丝素固定化糖化酶的研究

茧丝经高浓度的氯化钙溶液处理或用稀碱溶液处理后,制成了粉末状丝素和碱化丝素,并以此为载体,用戊二醛为交联剂固定了糖化酶。经对固定化酶性质和动力学参数等的研究表明：丝素能较好地固定糖化酶;每克干粉末状丝素固定化酶的活力约为１８２２ Ｕ, 固定化酶的最适ｐ Ｈ 值比游离酶增加了１０ 到１２５ 个单位,最适温度比游离酶降低了５ ～１０ ℃;固定化酶具有较长的操作半衰期（１４ ～１８ｄ） ;通过米氏常数的测定,粉末状丝素固定化酶的 Ｋｍ １ ＝ ２ ．５３ ×１０ －５ , 碱化丝素固定化酶的 Ｋｍ ２ ＝３１５ ×１０ － ５ 。实验还发现： 在制备 固定化糖化 酶时, 酶的最适 浓度为 ８ ｍ Ｌ／ Ｌ,戊 二醛的 最适浓 度为０３ ％ 。     

脂肪酶产生菌的筛选、诱变及产酶条件的研究

从长春市油脂厂采集的土壤样品中分离到1株脂肪酶活力较高的白地霉1522(其发酵液酶活力为35U/mL)。以此为出发菌株,经紫外线、氯化锂、盐酸羟胺、亚硝基胍等诱变筛选后,获得1株高活力脂肪酶产生菌N79(其发酵液酶活力达80U/mL)。对诱变株N79最适培养条件的研究表明,其最适培养基组成为:蛋白胨4%,山梨醇0.75%,橄榄油0.5%,MgSO4·7H2O 0.1%;产酶最适发酵条件是,培养液起始pH为6.0～6.5,发酵温度为26～30℃,通气量为每250mL三角烧瓶中盛培养液30mL,发醇时间为32～36h。在量适培养条件下,其发酵液酶活力可达到105-115U/mL。白地霉N79的发酵液经硫酸铵盐析制得脂肪酶粗制品,它在聚乙烯醇橄榄油乳化液系统中,水解橄榄油的最适pH为7.8,最适温度为42℃,在pH4-8、4℃下存放24h及pH7.5、40℃下保温15min,酶活力不变。     

咪唑类离子液体辅助固定化纤维素酶降解小麦秸秆试验

为了研究咪唑类离子液体在固定化纤维素酶降解小麦秸秆中的作用,试验采用小麦秸秆为原料,经离子液体预处理后,用壳聚糖固定的纤维素酶进行降解,计算产糖量。结果表明:0.25 g小麦秸秆(60目)用5 mL 1,3-二甲基咪唑磷酸二甲酯盐([Mmim]DMP)60℃超声处理30 min后,加入20 mL p H值4.8的柠檬酸缓冲液及固定化酶3.5 g,酶解温度为50℃,酶解时间为15 h,酶降解小麦秸秆产糖量最高,平均为2.76%。说明使用[Mmim]DMP预处理小麦秸秆可使固定化纤维素酶降解小麦秸秆的产糖量明显提高。     

枯草杆菌分泌淀粉酶的变化规律及酶学特性

枯草杆菌是工业上应用最广泛的产酶菌之一,主要用于淀粉酶和蛋白酶的生产。试验测定了枯草杆菌在不同时间分泌淀粉酶的变化规律,及不同温度和pH预处理对淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明,枯草杆菌在振荡培养24h后所产淀粉酶的活力最高(P<0.01),其最适温度为25~30℃,最适pH为5.0~7.0。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein