中国连栋温室采暖期的确定及采暖能耗分布

该文利用中国多年气候资料,参照建筑设计标准,采用气象学中的五日滑动平均法,计算了不同地区在不同温度界限下日平均温度小于等于该界限温度的持续时间,并同中国连栋温室实际采暖期相比较,确定了中国大型连栋温室采暖期的计算方法;利用日本度时法计算了中国各地大型连栋温室的期间热负荷,进而计算采暖能耗。结果表明：以当地累年逐日平均气温≤10℃的持续日数作为连栋温室的采暖期和实际情况相符。分析结果表明,从南方部分地区采暖期为0 d到青海、西藏大部分地区365 d,说明中国连栋温室对热量的要求南北差异极大。通过计算中国各地的采暖能耗,表明各地最大采暖耗煤量出现在1月,其次为12月和2月,北方1月平均耗煤量占年耗煤量的30％左右,12月占20％以上,2月占20％以下,年耗煤量在中国范围内也存在极大差别。大型温室采暖期的确定及采暖能耗的计算可为中国连栋温室采暖设计标准化提供依据,为温室节能提供参考。     

温室设计必要通风量估算方法的确定及参数取值分析

估算必要通风量是温室通风设计确定通风机风量和数量、通风口尺寸和位置等硬件设施的前提,但实践中,通过比较满足排热、除湿和增加二氧化碳(carbon dioxide)CO_-2三方面需求而确定必要通风量的方法繁琐,缺少气象数据,温室受热面积修正系数、蒸腾蒸发热量损失系数、室外水平面太阳总辐射照度、室外计算温度、室内设计温度等参数难以确定。为解决这些问题和使农业行业标准《温室通风设计规范》修订版中推荐的必要通风量计算方法更具有操作性,该文分析了3种必要通风量计算方法与通风能力设计时最大必要通风量的关系;借鉴美国空气调节室外计算参数获得方法并采用中国可获得的气象数据,统计得出中国各地12个月份的室外水平面太阳总辐射照度和室外计算干球温度,解决了温室通风设计中无法针对不同使用期估算必要通风量的问题;另外通过分析中国温室主要结构形式、温室受热面积修正系数、蒸腾蒸发热量损失系数、当地气象以及作物叶面积指数等参数之间的关系,明确了温室受热面积修正系数等参数的取值方法。研究表明:通风能力设计时必要通风量应采用排除热量满足温度要求的方法计算。温室受热面积修正系数取值:连栋温室可在1.0~1.3范围内取值,夏季可取1.0~1.1,春秋季可取1.2~1.3,温室规模小、所在地纬度高的地区取较大值;日光温室可在1.0~1.5范围内取值,夏季可取1.0~1.2,春秋季可取1.3~1.5,其中所在地纬度高的地区可取较大值。蒸腾蒸发热量损失系数取值:可根据当地室外含湿量,育苗期在0.65~0.90之间选取,栽培期在0.80~1.15之间选取。     

基于CFD模型的大跨度温室自然通风热环境模拟

大跨度温室作为一种新型南北走向的钢骨架覆膜温室,解决了传统日光温室土地利用率低、空间狭小的问题。为了研究在自然通风条件下大跨度温室的温度和气流场的分布规律,以及不同室外风速条件下通风口开度对大跨度温室温度和气流场的影响,利用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)软件构建三维稳态大跨度温室模型,模拟自然通风条件下大跨度温室内的温度场和气流场,并采集典型晴天下通风口开启50%时大跨度温室内13个测点的温度,将各测点的测量值与模拟值进行比较,最后利用已验证模型模拟分析通风口开度(25%、50%、75%、100%)在不同室外风速(1、2、3、4 m·s~(-1))条件下的大跨度温室温度和气流场。验证结果表明:模型模拟值与实测值的绝对误差在0.2~2.8℃,均方根误差为1.6℃,最大相对误差为9.9%,平均相对误差为4.1%,表明模拟值与实测值吻合良好。模拟结果显示,温室顶部温度高,底部温度低;室外冷空气从西侧通风口进入,温室内西侧温度低于东侧;温室内平均风速从南到北逐渐减小;温室中部风速明显小于东西两侧。大跨度温室上通风口及侧通风口全开时,温室内温度分布较均匀。温室通风口开度一定时,温室内通风率与室外风速呈显著线性正相关。考虑温室内温度及风速对作物的影响,以降温为主要目的时,建议通风口开度取75%~100%,若室外风速大于3m·s-1且室内温度能满足作物生长,则建议通风口开度75%。     

地热温室热负荷的计算

地热温室是地热能农业利用的主要内容。地热温室热负荷的计算是设计地热温室的主要依据,它影响温室蔬菜的正常生长与地热能利用的规模。 地热温室热负荷应根据温室蔬菜的生态要求,当地的气象条件及外围护结构,通过传热计算而得到,而不能只参考其他地方的数据来决定。合理选择室外计算温度是地热温室热负荷计算的关键。本文提出用保证率法来确定地热温室的室外计算温度。这样,不但能保证温室蔬菜的正常生长,而且也扩大了地热能的利用范围。本文以雄县地热温室为例,说明地热温室热负荷计算的方法,并将计算值与实测值进行对比。结果表明,本文所用的方法是可行的。     

温室环境分析中冬季室外气温日变化及数学表达

在温室热环境准确的动态分析中室外逐时气象数据是不可缺少的,但系统完整的室外逐时气温气象观测资料相对较少,为此,该文研究了2009－2011年冬季1月份室外气温的日变化规律。根据连续2 a的观测数据,分析了华北5省区2009－2011年1月份室外气温的逐时变化情况,并归纳出根据日最高气温和日最低气温采用温度逐时变化系数计算逐时气温的方法。结果表明,该方法所得的室外逐时气温模拟结果与实测温度较为吻合。在此基础上,采用傅立叶级数展开的方法,给出了推算冬季任意时刻室外气温的数学表达式。该文为温室环境的精确模拟分析提供详尽的室外温度数据。     

日光温室土墙体温度变化及蓄热放热特点

为研究日光温室土墙体温度变化规律及蓄放热特性,以泰安市下挖式土墙日光温室为研究对象,在温室北墙布置5个测试层,通过各测试层最冷季节(30 d)温室内气温、墙体温度、室外气温及室外太阳辐照度测试数据,分析了土墙日光温室内部温度及墙体内温度的分布规律。结果表明:各测试层墙体表面及0.1~0.6 m处测点的温度均呈现出随温室气温周期性变化的规律,且随着墙体厚度的增加温度的波动幅值逐渐减小,相位明显后移;0.7 m以后测点的温度幅值趋于稳定,处于稳态向室外的导热过程。基于墙体温度分布规律,对墙体白天的蓄热量、夜间的放热量及墙体夜间放热效率进行了计算,得出墙体夜间放热效率为43%,表明土墙白天蓄积热量的43%用于改善夜间温室内热环境。对墙体蓄热和放热量计算,综合评价墙体的平均放热效率,可以为土墙日光温室结构优化及热负荷计算提供指导,为各地土墙温室轻简化技术研究提供理论基础。     

连栋玻璃温室采暖热负荷计算方法

采暖热负荷是温室采暖系统设计中最基本的参数,为了研究随着内保温幕等设备的普及应用和温室密闭性的改善,现行标准体系下计算出的温室热负荷是否仍旧适用,该研究比较了中国和美国的共6个标准中的采暖热负荷计算方法,并以北京地区连栋玻璃温室为例进行采暖热负荷的定量分析。研究表明,基础墙传热热损失约占围护结构总热损失的0.1%,地面热损失占温室总热负荷的1%左右,两者均不是影响温室采暖热负荷的主要因素。计算表明,按照6个标准分别计算出的温室单位面积采暖热负荷最小为230.10 W/m²,最大为305.24 W/m²,相互之间差异较大,而且与温室实际配置散热器的散热量139.61 W/m²相比整体存在明显差距。在考虑内保温幕保温作用后温室的单位面积采暖热负荷最小为101.56 W/m²,最大为176.69 W/m²,如剔除中国民用与工业建筑中由于没有考虑玻璃拼缝造成冷风渗透热损失偏低的最小值,温室专用标准的热负荷计算方法基本符合实际情况。为此,研究提出在温室采暖热负荷计算中应充分考虑温室保温幕...     

基于热平衡模型的温室地表水源热泵系统供暖设计与试验

为降低长江三角洲温室冬季供暖能耗,提出一种采用温室运行热负荷预测技术进行开放式温室地表水源热泵供暖系统（surface water-source heat hump system,SWSHPS）的供暖设计方法。结合温室的工程运行实际和各种环境因素,建立了温室热平衡预测模型。并采用MATLAB/SIMULINK模块进行了8种温室环境条件下的能量数值模拟,计算了温室不同覆盖材料和保温幕状态的能耗,当室外空气温度为0℃时,纳米掺锑二氧化锡涂膜玻璃温室比普通浮法玻璃温室可减少能耗23%,夜间开启保温幕比收拢可减少能耗22%。最后进行了温室冬季供暖试验,试验结果表明：室内空气温度垂直分布较均匀,能够满足设计要求,1月份系统平均制热性能系数（coefficient of performance,COP）值为2.3。基于热平衡预测模型设计的温室地表水水源热泵供暖系统是可行的。     

轻简柔性墙体装配式日光温室能耗分析

轻简装配式日光温室的柔性墙体一般不具备蓄热能力,为评估其地区适应性,该研究以太阳辐射为主要指标,结合气候条件和日光温室发展选择中国17个城市,利用热平衡方程和日光温室热环境模拟软件RGWS-RHJPJ V1.2,计算最冷月室外最低温度下温室的采暖热负荷和冬至日的采暖需求量,并以主动蓄放热系统供热为例,分析轻简装配式日光温室太阳能热利用效果。研究结果表明：在所选城市中,轻简装配式日光温室采暖热负荷的范围为50～150 W/m2,随着城市地理纬度的升高,采暖热负荷增大,以冬至日为例,约20%城市轻简装配式日光温室的采暖需求量在0～2 MJ/(m2·d),约50%在2～4 MJ/(m2·d),仅10%大于6 MJ/(m2·d);对轻简装配式日光温室采暖热负荷影响最大的参数是南屋面保温被传热系数,其次是温室的换气次数;在拉萨和昌都,主动蓄放热系统对轻简装配式日光温室采暖需求量的满足率为100%。轻简装配式日光温室的采暖热负荷和采暖需求量在中国不同气候区差异较大,且主动蓄放热系统的加温效果在地区间差异也很大。研究结果对中国轻简装配式日光温室的建造、供暖设计具有一定的参考价值。     

利用BP神经网络对江淮地区梅雨季节现代化温室小气候的模拟与分析

为对江淮地区现代化温室内梅雨季节的小气候进行模拟与分析，在建立相应的BP神经网络模拟模型的基础上，进一步研究了外部温度、湿度、风速、太阳总辐射和天窗开度5个因素对温室内温度、湿度、风速的影响。研究发现可以使用BP神经网络对梅雨季节的小气候进行模拟，模型具有较高的精度，是对物理模型的有益补充；梅雨季节室内湿度受室外湿度的强烈影响，在5个输入因素中所占比重为51.7%；室内风速主要受室外风速和天窗开度的共同影响，受室外温度的影响较小，所占比重仅为10%；室内温度主要受室外温度和太阳辐射的影响，二者所占比重分别为46.2%和27.9%。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.