Physio-Biochemical Changes in Jujube Fruits(Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Lingwuchangzao) at Mature Stage

The changes of physiological and biochemical indices in jujube fruits during the late development were investigated from 6-year-old jujube trees (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Lingwuchangzao). The results showed that the flesh firmness decreased slowly from white-green stage to full-red stage,being significantly related with the developmental maturity of jujube fruits negatively,the correlation coefficient reached -0.980 3**. The contents of ascorbic acid and titratable acid in jujube fruits were significantly related with the developmental process of jujube fruits negatively or positively,the correlation coefficients were -0.973 1** and +0.974 6**,respectively. The contents of soluble solids,total sugar,and sucrose increased with jujube ripening,while the relative sweetness of jujube fruits showed the same variation pattern,the correlation coefficients were 0.996 6**,0.988 0**,and 0.982 8**,respectively. Before white-green stage during fruit development,the accumulation of monosaccharide was predominant in jujube fruits,following a fast accumulation of sucrose,indicating that the main component of sugars is sucrose at the crisp-ripe stage. Furthermore,the starch content of the flesh reached the peak at about thirty percentage of jujube maturity,being 51.54 mg/100 g.FW. The respiratory rates varied between 10 mg/(kg.h) and CO2 26 mg/(kg.h) after fruit turning red and before softening,indicating a non-climacteric respiratory type.     

PbPH5, an H+ P-ATPase on the tonoplast,is related to malic acid accumulation in pear fruit

Organic acid content is one of the most important factors influencing fruit flavors. The predominant organic acid in most pear cultivars is malic acid, but the mechanism controlling its accumulation remains unclear. In this study, by comparing gene expression levels and organic acid contents, we found that the expression of PbPH5, which encodes a P_3A-ATPase,is highly correlated with malic acid accumulation in four different pear species, with correlation coefficients of 0.932**,0.656*...     

Changes of the Main Carotenoid Pigment Contents During the Drying Processes of the Different Harvest Stage Fruits of Lycium barbarum L

The test analyzed the regularity of biosynthesis and degradation of the main functional components, such as zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and esterified carotenoids in the fruit of Lycium barbarum L. in order to provide theoretical basis for improvement of processing condition, appearance quality, and preservation of carotenoids. RP-HPLC was adapted to assay the changes of the main carotenoids of the different harvested stage fruit during the drying processing. Quantification was realized using external standard with gradient elution. The results showed that zeaxanthin and β-carotene contents in fruits increased dramatically, 2-22 times that of fresh fruits at the beginning of the drying period. In the middle of drying period, degradation occurred to a some extent, and the fall fruit degraded to a large extent. At the end of drying period, zeaxanthin and β-carotene contents increased to a little extent until a balanced state is obtained. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate content had a total degradation to more than 40% at the beginning of the drying period, and increased a little at the middle period, then reached a balanced state finally. The total carotenoid content analysis showed that the summer fruit had higher carotenoid content than the fall fruit. The experiments demonstrated zeaxanthin and β-carotene contents in fruits increased and zeaxanthin dipalmitate decreased during the drying process, which had an effect on the production appearance.     

Changes of Reactive Oxygen Species and Related Enzymes in Mitochondria Respiratory Metabolism During the Ripening of Peach Fruit

The fruits of peach cultivar Yuhua 3 were used as materials to investigate the changes of active oxygen and related enzymes in mitochondria respiratory metabolism during ripening of peach fruit, involving their influence on the proceeding of peach fruit senescence. The results showed that the large decrease in firmness occurred between maturity II and IV. The decrease in firmness coincided with an increase in respiratory intensity. Obvious peaks of respiratory intensity lagging to the rapid change of fruit firmness could be shown during peach ripening. Reactive oxygen species （ROS） had a cumulative process and positively correlated with respiratory intensity. During peach ripening, the content of Ca^2＋ increased, the activities of succinic dehydrogenase （SDH）, cytochrome C oxidase （CCO）, H＋-ATPase, and Ca^2＋-ATPase decreased varying in different degree at the later step of ripening. These suggested a close relationship existed between ROS metabolism and mitochondrial respiration, namely, both ROS metabolism and mitochondrial respiration probably played important roles in ripening and senescing of peach fruit.     

Studies on Amylase and Degradation of Starch and Pigment of Tobacco Leaf During Process of Flue-Curing

The changes in the activity of amylase and amylase-isoenzyme and the degradation of starch and pigment of tobacco leaf during flue-curing were studied by using the electricheated flue-curing barn designed and made by the Henan Agricultural University. The temperature and humidity of the barn were controlled automatically. The results indicated that starch in tobacco leaf decreased rapidly and leveled off after 48h of cutting, in the meantime, the content of soluble sugar increased accordingly and reached a peak at the stage of color-fixing. Both of them had a rapid-changing stage in the first 36 hours of yellowing. The changes of starch and soluble sugar contents had highly significant negative-correlation at 1% level (rNC89=-0.8962**, rYY85=-0.9704**). The activity of amylase increased with the proceeding of curing and reached a peak after 36 hours of curing, then decreased. But the activity of amylase kept at a high level when the humidity of curing-environment was very low, even if the tobacco leaf had been dried. The rapid degradation of starch showed a significantly negative correlation with the increase of activity of amylase at 5 % level (rNC89=-0.8495*, rYY8*=-0.7839*). The degradation of starch and pigment had the same regulation and had highly significant correlation at 1% level (rNC89=0.9649**, rYY85=0.9428**). There were mainly three amylase-isoenzyme bands -A, B, C respectively, in tobacco leaf during flue curing. They were identified as α-AMY, -AMY, R-AMY, and the activity of β-AMY was the highest. The changes in amylase activity and contents of starch and pigment were affected by the tobacco leaf moisture and environmental humidity during curing.     

Dynamic Changes in the Calcium Content of Several Apple Cultivars During the Growing Season

Dynamic changes in calcium content were investigated in eight apple cultivars. The results showed that the calcium concentration in leaves and shoots increased with fruit development. The cultivars displayed only a small difference in the calcium concentration during the early stage of development, the difference became very significant at the late stage of development, especially in shoots. In shoots, for example, calcium content was highest in Starkrimson （19 638.6 mg kg^-1） and lowest in Fuji （8 751.3 mg kg^-1）. Calcium concentration was highest in young fruits and was found to decrease with the growth of fruit, and was characterized by a dramatic drop at the rapid expansion stage. There was a significant difference among cultivars. Young Starkrimson fruits contained the highest calcium concentration of 506.52 mg kg^-1 among cultivars tested, followed by Pink Lady and Fuji. The calcium concentration in mature fruits from high to low is as follows： Starkrimson, Sansa, Pink Lady, Senshu, Gala, Fuji, Red General and New Century. In this study, it was found that eight cultivars continuously assimilated calcium during the whole growing season, especially at the young stage when fruit took up 35-46% of total calcium. The calcium content in fruitlets was low in all cultivars; in the expansion stage, there was rapid absorption of about 30% of total calcium, whereas in the ripening fruit, content of calcium was reduced. The calcium accumulation increased with fruit growth in stalk, similar to that in fruit.     

Changes of Aroma Components in Hongdeng Sweet Cherry During Fruit Development

To study the changes of aroma components in sweet cherry during fruit development, the aroma components in sweet cherry fruit from the green stage, the color stage, the commercial stage, and the ripe stage were collected using head-space solid phase microextraction （HS-SPME）, and were analyzed using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrophotometer （GC- MS）. A total of 37 compounds were identified from the sample extracts. Aldehydes, alcohols, and esters were the major constituents. The aroma components behaved differently during the fruit developmental period. C6 aldehydes and aromatic aldehydes were the main aldehydes in the sweet cherry fruit. The contents of C6 aldehydes increased quickly to 84.16% in the color stage, then decreased as ripening proceeded, and then, the contents decreased to 59.20 and 55.58% at the commercial stage and the ripe stage, respectively. The aromatic aldehydes （benzaldehyde） increased as ripening proceeded, and the maximum was found at the ripe stage. Alcohols of sweet cherry fruit included C6 alcohols and aromatic alcohols. The content of （E）-2-hexen-l-ol increased as ripening proceeded. The maximum was found at the commercial stage; alcohol was only found at the ripe stage. Ester components included ethyl acetate, butanoic acid ethyl ester, hexanoic acid ethyl ester, which increased as the fruit ripened. Hexanal, （E）-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde, （E）-2-hexen-l-ol, ethyl acetate, and hexanoic acid ethyl ester were the characteristic aroma components of sweet cherry fruit. These aroma components started to form drastically at the color stage, and the main aroma was formed at the commercial stage, which then turned bad at the ripe stage because of the presence of alcohol. So the optimal harvest time of sweet cherry was at the commercial stage.     

Studies on the Developmental Genetics of Tiller Number in Three-line Indica Hybrid Rice

Following NC Ⅱ design, the developmental genetic behavior of tiller number (TN) in three-line indica hybrid rice was studied using additive-dominance developmental genetic models and the corresponding statistical methods. The results showed that dominance effects were predominant for TN. The expression of those additive effects were affected by environment and genotype interaction, but the expression of dominance effects were not affected. Heterosis was the strongest in the middle developmental periods of TN. Additive effects and dominance effects were selectively expressed throughout in the entire tillering developmental stage.Analysis of genetic correlation between TN at different stages and the productive panicles indicated that a close correlation appeared earlier in the populations with higher heterosis than in those with less heterosis. Utilization of heterosis at the middle tillering stage might enhance the final biomass but reduce the percentage of productive panicles.     

Accumulation of Carbohydrate and Regulation of 14-3-3 Protein on Sucrose Phosphate Synthase （SPS）Activity in Two Tomato Species

To explore the differences of carbohydrate metabolism in two tomato species and discuss the possible regulation of 14-3-3 proteins on the sucrose phosphate synthase （SPS） activity, we determined the contents of soluble sugar and starch through high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The activities of sugar-metabolizing enzymes were assayed in desalted extract, and the relative expression levels of related genes in sugar metabolism were determined though real-time RT-PCR. The results indicated that glucose and fructose were mainly accumulated during the maturation of the fruit because of the high acid invertase （AI） and neutral invertase （NI） in Micro-Tom （Solanum lycopersicum） fruit, while in Solanum chmielewskii fruit, SPS which went along with the change of sucrose content led to the rapid sucrose increase during the fruit ripening. TFT1 and TFT10, belonging to 14-3-3 protein in tomato, were likely to down-regulated SPS activity during young and intumescence period.     

灵武长枣果实发育成熟期生理生化变化

笔者对灵武长枣在采前发育成熟期的果肉硬度、水溶性糖、酸和维生素C、淀粉含量等变化规律以及采后呼吸强度的变化进行研究,旨在为灵武长枣果实发育生理、采后贮藏保鲜、新品种选育和栽培管理提供科学依据。     

Physio-Biochemical Changes in Jujube Fruits(Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Lingwuchangzao) at Mature Stage

The changes of physiological and biochemical indices in jujube fruits during the late development were investigated from 6-year-old jujube trees (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Lingwuchangzao). The results showed that the flesh firmness decreased slowly from white-green stage to full-red stage, being significantly related with the developmental maturity of jujube fruits negatively, the correlation coefficient reached -0.980 3**. The contents of ascorbic acid and titratable acid in jujube fruits were significantly related with the developmental process of jujube fruits negatively or positively, the correlation coef-ficients were -0.973 1** and + 0.974 6** respectively. The contents of soluble solids, total sugar, and sucrose increased with jujube ripening, while the relative sweetness of jujube fruits showed the same variation pattern, the correlation coefficients were 0.996 6** , 0.988 0** , and 0.982 8**, respec-tively. Befcre white-green stage during fruit development,the accumulation d moncsaccharide was predom/nant in jujube fruits, following a fast accumula-tion of sucrose, indicating that the main component of sugars is sucrose at the crisp-ripe stage. Furthermore, the starch content of the flesh reached the peak at about thirty percentage of jujube maturity, being 51.54 mg/100 g · FW. The respiratory rates varied between 10 mg/(kg·h) and CO2 26 mg/(kg·h) after fruit turning red and before softening, indicating a non-climacteric respiratory type.     

中宁圆枣果实发育成熟期生理生化变化

以10年生的中宁圆枣为试材,研究了果实发育后期(白熟期￣全红期)生理和生化变化特性,结果表明:(1)中宁圆枣果肉硬度变化具有明显的2个阶段,从白熟期至初红期,果肉硬度大幅度降低;从初红期至全红期,硬度维持在12.0￣12.5kg/cm2。(2)果实抗坏血酸含量与果实发育成熟度呈极显著的负相关关系,相关系数r=-0.9686;果实可滴定酸含量与果实发育成熟度呈极显著的正相关关系,相关系数r=0.9254。(3)果实发育成熟期,可溶性固形物、总糖、蔗糖和果糖含量均与果实发育成熟度呈极显著的正相关关系,葡萄糖含量和果实发育成熟度呈显著的正相关关系。(4)中宁圆枣果实在白熟期前以积累单糖为主,果实糖份累积总体表现为“果糖 蔗糖”型。(5)随着果实发育成熟,果实相对甜度不断增加。果实总糖、可溶性固形物、蔗糖和果糖含量与果实相对甜度呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.9940、0.9827、0.9750和0.9259;葡萄糖含量和果实相对甜度呈显著正相关关系,相关系数r=0.9117。     

自制保鲜剂对灵武长枣低温贮藏保鲜效果的研究

以可溶性固形物含量24.3%的灵武长枣为试材,研究了冷藏过程中果实品质变化及贮藏保鲜效果。结果表明,保鲜剂浸果极显著降低了霉烂果率,显著减缓了贮藏中后期果肉硬度下降和维生素C氧化分解,明显抑制了果肉蔗糖水解,显著提高了贮藏中后期脆好果率。但保鲜剂浸果对可溶性固形物、还原糖、总糖和果胶含量没有明显影响。脆好果率与果肉硬度、抗坏血酸含量和蔗糖含量均呈极显著正相关性,拟合曲线为二次多项式,相关系数分别为0.9266、0.9937和0.9971。果肉抗坏血酸含量和果肉硬度均与蔗糖含量呈极显著正相关性,相关系数分别为0.9894和0.9343。     

北京地区6个鲜食枣品种果实品质分析

【目的】为了系统研究北京地区主栽鲜食枣品种的果实品质,对果实的外观品质和内在营养组分进行综合评价分析。【方法】以6个北京地区主栽鲜食枣品种为试材,用《农作物种质资源鉴定评价技术规范·枣》(NY/T2326-2013)中的方法测定果实外观品质,2,6-二氯酚靛酚滴定法测定维生素C的含量,蒽酮比色法测定总糖含量,NaOH中和滴定法测定总酸含量,高效液相色谱仪测糖组分和有机酸成分。【结果】6个枣品种的果实品质存在明显差异,果实形状、果皮颜色、果肉颜色、果形指数差异明显。红螺脆枣的果个最大,果实纵径45.15mm,横径29.55mm,单果重最高,单果重18.94g。总糖含量、糖酸比、Vc含量差异明显,蜂蜜罐枣的含糖量最高,总糖含量37.15%,糖酸比最高,糖酸比值464.38。鸡心脆枣和郎家园枣每100g果肉中Vc含量分别为618.43mg和604.36mg。可溶性糖的主要成分是葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖,且均以蔗糖含量最高;有机酸组分有苹果酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸,苹果酸的含量最高。     

西瓜果实发育过程中番茄红素、瓜氨酸和 VC等功能物质含量的变化

 【目的】对不同品种西瓜果实发育过程中番茄红素、瓜氨酸和VC等功能物质含量的动态变化进行分析,以探讨西瓜功能物质的变化规律,旨在为西瓜品质改良、功能西瓜育种提供依据。【方法】本研究以不同西瓜品种为对象,对不同发育阶段果实中番茄红素、瓜氨酸和VC等功能物质含量进行测定。【结果】（1）红瓤西瓜果实番茄红素在果实发育过程中的积累呈“S”型曲线变化;幼果番茄红素含量较低,着色期急剧增加,完熟期达到峰值。（2）西瓜幼果瓜氨酸含量较低,随果实发育瓜氨酸缓慢积累,果实膨大期含量有所减少,随后大幅度增高,接近完熟达到峰值,过熟期含量缓慢减少。（3）幼果期总VC含量较高,随着果实发育有所积累并达到第1个峰值,果实膨大期迅速下降到最低值,随后迅速积累,完熟期达到第2个峰值,过熟期缓慢下降;还原型VC和氧化型VC也符合同样规律,即西瓜果实发育过程总VC、还原型VC（AA）和氧化型VC（DHAA）的含量均呈“M”曲线变化,第2峰值大于第1峰值;达到峰值时,不同品种西瓜果实还原型VC﹕氧化型VC≈1—2﹕1。【结论】西瓜果实中番茄红素和VC含量在完熟期达到峰值,瓜氨酸含量在接近完熟期达到峰值。     

靖安椪柑果实发育阶段糖、酸组分含量变化

以靖安椪柑果实为实验材料,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定其发育阶段果实糖、酸组分含量。结果表明:柑橘果实糖分以蔗糖为主,其次为果糖和葡萄糖。果实总糖和蔗糖含量均随发育时间变化呈上升趋势,并在盛花后200 d(即果实成熟期)达到最大,果糖和葡萄糖含量伴随着果实成熟呈现迅速上升转变为缓慢上升的态势,且在后期略有下降。靖安椪柑果实有机酸含量以柠檬酸为主,奎尼酸次之,苹果酸含量最低。总有机酸和柠檬酸含量均在发育阶段呈先上升后下降的趋势,并在盛花后第120天达到最大值,且与可滴定酸含量的变化趋势相同,奎宁酸和酒石酸含量随发育时间变化呈递减的趋势,而苹果酸含量在整个发育阶段含量均低于0.052 mg/g,变化不明显。此研究旨在更好地了解靖安椪柑果实发育阶段的糖酸含量变化规律,为靖安椪柑糖酸代谢机制和品质调控提供理论依据。     

环剥对灰枣果实中糖积累及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

【目的】研究环剥后枣果实发育过程中糖分含量的变化与蔗糖代谢相关酶活性之间的关系,改善枣果实品质提供理论依据。【方法】以5a生灰枣为对象,测定环剥后果实发育过程中糖分含量的变化和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性。【结果】(1)灰枣环剥和对照的果实在整个发育过程中,果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖的含量变化基本一致,其积累随着果实的发育总体呈上升趋势。环剥明显提高了灰枣果实果糖、葡萄糖和果实发育后期的蔗糖含量。果实成熟期蔗糖显著高于果糖和葡萄糖的含量,灰枣果实以积累蔗糖为主。(2)环剥有助于提高环剥口愈合前(7月15日)果实内中性转化酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶、蔗糖合成酶的活性。果实全红期至实成熟,环剥处理果实的蔗糖合成酶合成方向(SSs)活性显著高于对照,是环剥处理果实蔗糖含量高与对照的主要原因。【结论】环剥有利于果实果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖的积累,SSs活性对环剥处理果实的蔗糖代谢起主要调节作用。     

新疆厚皮甜瓜果实可溶性糖积累规律及其差异分析

[目的]研究新疆厚皮甜瓜果实可溶性糖积累规律,为新疆厚皮甜瓜高糖品种培育及栽培管理奠定基础.[方法]以可溶性糖含量具有明显差异的3份新疆厚皮甜瓜为材料,从授粉后10 d至果实完全成熟,采集心部和边部果肉,利用高效液相色谱仪测定可溶性糖含量.[结果]材料HH、HL和LL成熟期心部果肉总糖含量依次为110.8、88.0和7...