厦门园林中棕榈科植物引种现状及其展望

福建厦门棕榈科植物资源甚为丰富,现有40多属,约200种,是我国棕榈科植物种类较多的地区之一.对这些棕榈科植物的属种分布进行了系统调查,结合棕榈科植物在厦门园林绿化中的引种栽培现状,认为厦门的地理、气候环境极其适合棕榈科植物生长,可广泛运用于各类园林绿化,道路美化.     

四川棕榈科植物引种栽培及园林应用现状

棕榈科植物在构成我国南方城市的植物景观和园林绿化中起着重要的作用,近几年棕榈科植物在四川城市园林绿化中的应用也越来越多。本文介绍了四川棕榈科植物的引种栽培及在园林中的应用现状,并对今后的发展提出了一些建议。     

贵州野生兰科植物引种栽培试验研究

对10个属、8种野生兰科植物进行引种栽培试验研究,结果显示:兰属、兜兰属栽培存活率较高(80%~100%);白芨属白芨、小白芨的存活率分别为90%和88%;石斛属存活率较低(43%~79%);鹤顶兰属鹤顶兰的存活率也较低(33%)。引种的10个属兰科植物,石斛属整体开花率较高(44%~100%);兰属开花率在50%左右;兜兰属开花率较低(23%~50%)。38种兰科植物经过1a栽培试验,共发现3种病虫害,为介壳虫、根腐病和花叶病。     

湖南杜鹃属植物种类及引种适应性初探

在对湖南杜鹃属植物的野外调查、资料收集、标本鉴定的基础上,对其在湖南省森林植物园的引种栽培适应性进行研究。湖南产杜鹃属植物57种1变种,隶属5亚属8组14亚组,其中映山红亚属数量最,多达21种,占36.21%;湖南省森林植物园引种保存湖南杜鹃属植物38种,其中杜鹃亚属2种、常绿杜鹃亚属11种、马银花亚属8种、羊踯躅亚属1种、映山红亚属16种。引种栽培效果表明:马银花亚属在引种栽培中适应性最强,8种均表现为优良;原生分布海拔低的物种适应性高于相对海拔高的物种。分析探讨湖南杜鹃属植物在长沙地区的适应性,提出杜鹃属植物异地保育和开发建议。     

福州市棕榈科植物寒害调查初报

福州地处我国东南沿海,早在“五口通商”时期就开始引种棕榈科植物,迄今已记录的棕榈科植物有26属57种。但是,福州市每年的冬季均有低温寒潮霜冻。特别是1991年12月26日—30日的罕见强寒潮的影响,许多种类受害死亡。为了更好地了解棕榈科植物耐寒力,摸清影响寒害轻重的规律,我们对其中19属33种能在室外越冬的棕榈科植物作一初步寒害调查,结果整理如下:     

浅议我国棕榈科观赏植物栽培应用现状与展望

一、回顾过去 成果卓著 1.建立了我国棕榈科植物科研生产基地。棕榈科植物主产于热带及亚热带地区,全科约有250属3500种,而我国仅产约20属70余种,主要分布于广东、广西、福建、海南、云南、台湾、及港澳地区。由于该科大部分种类喜温暖耐寒性差的特点,其主要栽培应用区域也集中在上述华南、西南各省份。栽培种类以引进国外种为主,挖掘本国野生种为辅。自五十年代以来,华南、西南几大植物园开始棕榈科植物引种栽培,成果卓著。     

棕榈科植物主要病虫害防治

棕榈科(Palmae)植物约有210属2800种,分布于热带、亚热带地区,主产热带亚洲及美洲,少数产于非洲。我国原产及引种栽培的共约250种,主要分布在云南、海南、广东、广西和福建等省地。 随着棕榈植物的广泛栽植,其病虫害种类及其危害的严重性也逐渐增加,成为棕榈栽培与管理中不可忽视的问题。现对发生严重的几类病虫害提出防治措施。     

四川省竹类引种的研究

本文报导四川竹类引种的概况,作者曾同有关人员自7省引入竹种20属、130种。其中:省外、国外10属、56种。在四川省林科院成都林业试验场,作栽培驯化试验后,又引至灌县、长宁、纳溪等县栽培的生长调查数据;并按在我国引种10个县(市)的7个气候因子,运用因子分析方法,作气候区划。再结合四川省的地形地势、地质、土壤、气候、植被、竹类分布和竹子引种成效,作竹类引种初步区划,提出区划为4个竹类引种分区意见,以便分别制定适宜的引种栽培措施,使竹类生长适合本地的生态环境,为进一步发展竹类资源,提供科学依据。     

布迪椰子及其繁殖栽培技术

布迪椰子(Butia capitata Becc.)又名冻子椰子,为棕榈科冻椰属常绿植物,原产于南美洲的巴西、乌拉圭。其树体单干笔直,形态优美,并且耐旱、耐热、耐寒,为已知棕榈科植物中耐寒能力最强的品种之一。近年来,布迪椰子在我国华南、华东地区已有引种栽培并在园林中应用,表现良好。同     

华南的短期绝对低温是引种热带棕榈成败的关键

全世界已知的棕榈科植物约有210属3000多种,分布于热带亚热带地区。热带亚洲及澳洲的种类最多,约有100多属,1300多种,其次分布美洲约有60多属,800多种,少数产于非洲。欧洲仅1属,1种。我国约有28属,100余种(含常见栽培种),产西南至东南部各省区。现在华南植物园引种棕榈种类约有71属,260种(包括未定名种)。 由于地理隔绝,棕榈植物的寡种属有近百种之多,其中绝大部分生于高温多湿的热带雨林区,混生于丛林之中或阴蔽于林荫之     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.