Identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pestalotiopsis bicilita,Diplodia seriata</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diaporthe eres</Emphasis> causing fruit rot in withered grapes in Italy

Pestalotiopsis biciliata, Diplodia seriata and Diaporthe eres were recovered from severely diseased bunches of withered grapes for Amarone wine production. To our knowledge this post-harvest disease has never been seen before in withered grapes. Fruit rot occurred with bunches containing decayed berries partially or totally covered by whitish mycelium. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses of fungal isolates from symptomatic fruits enabled species delimitation. Pathogenicity tests revealed that the three species are able to infect grape berries confirming that they are casual agents of fruit rot. This study provides preliminary insights on this post-harvest disease that might have important implications in grape quality.     

Grape berry skin features related to ontogenic resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Botrytis cinerea</Emphasis>

This work investigated the structural and biochemical changes during grape berry development which account potentially for the onset and increase in susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea. Using the cv. Sauvignon blanc, we quantified at seven developmental growth stages from herbaceous to over-mature berries: (1) fruit ontogenic resistance using three strains (II-transposa), (2) the morphological and maturity fruit characteristics and (3) preformed biochemical compounds located in the berry skin. From the mid-colour change stage onwards, susceptibility of unwounded fruit increased sigmoidally in both rot and sporulation severities at the berry surface. A principal component analysis identified a very close connection between fruit susceptibility and the level of fruit maturity. Berry susceptibility was significantly and positively correlated with the phenolic compounds in the skin cell walls and negatively correlated with the total tannin content in the skin and with water activity (Aw) at the fruit surface. On the berry, Aw decreased from 0.94 at bunch closure to 0.89 at berry maturity, with a relatively low value (0.90) at the stage of mid-colour change. Using artificial media, different Aw levels led to significant differences in mycelial growth (Aw ≤0.95 resulted in the lowest growth rate ≤0.34 mm day⁻¹). Thus, besides the level of fruit maturity, both water activity on the fruit and the total tannin content in the skin may affect fungal growth and berry colonisation. The potential of these variables for use as indicators of grape berry susceptibility as well as associated mechanisms for the development of disease are discussed.     

Assessment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia anomala</Emphasis> (strain K) efficacy against blue mould of apples when applied pre- or post-harvest under laboratory conditions and in orchard trials

The yeast Pichia anomala strain K was selected in Belgium from the apple surface for its antagonistic activity against post-harvest diseases of apples. The efficacy of this strain against P. expansum was evaluated in the laboratory in three scenarios designed to mimic practical conditions, with different periods of incubation between biological treatment, wounding of fruit surface, and pathogen inoculation. Higher protection levels and higher final yeast densities were obtained when the applied initial concentration was 1 × 10⁸ cfu ml⁻¹ than when it was only 1 × 10⁵ cfu ml⁻¹. The protection level correlated positively with the yeast density determined in wounds and was influenced by apple surface wetness. In orchard trials spanning two successive years, biological treatment against P. expansum, based on a powder of P. anomala strain K (1 × 10⁷ cfu ml⁻¹), β-1,3-glucans (YGT 2 g l⁻¹), and CaCl₂.2H₂0 (20 g l⁻¹), was applied to apples pre- or post-harvest under practical conditions and its effect compared with standard chemical treatments. The first year, the highest reduction (95.2%) against blue decay was obtained by means of four successive fungicide treatments and the next-highest level (87.6%) with pre-harvest high-volume spraying of the three-component mixture 12 days before harvest. The second year, the best results were obtained with post-harvest Sumico (carbendazim 25% and diethofencarb 25%) treatment and post-harvest biological treatment, both by dipping the apples, 88.3 and 56.3% respectively. A density threshold of 1 × 10⁴ cfu cm⁻² of strain K on the apple surface seemed to be required just after harvest for high protective activity, whatever the method and time of application. In the case of pre-harvest biological treatments, variations in meteorological conditions between the 2 years may have considerably affected strain K population density and its efficacies.     

Epidemiology of Toxin-Producing Fungi and Ochratoxin a Occurrence in Grape

Fungi responsible for ochratoxin A (OTA) production have been studied especially on cereals, where Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus ochraceus are to be considered the main producers. Until 1998, these fungi were also believed to be responsible for the production of the toxin in grape, but OTA-producing A. carbonarius and A. niger were identified in dried vine fruits in 1999. Further studies pointed out that mycoflora potentially responsible for the presence of OTA in grapes are present in the field. Aspergilli are dominant to Penicillia, and among these Aspergilli section Nigri. A. carbonarius probably plays an important role because of the high percentage of positive strains and the amount of OTA produced. Aspergilli section Nigri are present on grape bunches early in the season and their frequency increases during later growth stages. At early veraison and ripening, the incidence of colonised berries is more related to the year than to the growth stage, but not to visible symptoms, since it is normal to isolate fungi from intact berries. Differences in ochratoxin content of berries have been detected between years, when the same vineyards, managed in the same way, showed high levels (1999) or the absence (2000) of the toxin. The results suggest that meteorological differences between years and grape-growing areas are responsible for differences in OTA levels, but the data are at present insufficient to draw firm conclusions.     

臭氧对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的室内毒力及其安全性评价

为明确臭氧对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga的毒力及对韭菜和土壤环境安全性的影响采用室内生测法测定了臭氧对3龄幼虫、蛹和成虫的毒力,并测定了臭氧水对韭菜种子的影响及对土壤环境的安全性。结果显示,臭氧对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊3龄幼虫和蛹均有较高的毒力,LC_(50)分别为3.79 mg/L和4.95 mg/L;对其成虫的毒力稍弱,LC_(50)为61.52 mg/m~3。臭氧水浓度为4.50 mg/L时对韭菜种子萌发和幼苗生长促进效果最显著,发芽率、根长和芽长较对照分别显著增加了22.29%、14.11%和4.75%。4.50 mg/L臭氧水处理土壤后,细菌、真菌和放线菌数量较对照分别显著下降了91.91%、85.71%和59.99%;土壤pH提高了2.07%,速效钾含量显著上升了313.19%,有效磷、氨态氮、有机质的含量分别下降了4.69%、18.75%、35.44%。表明臭氧对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊3种虫态均有杀伤作用,且对韭菜种子萌发和幼苗生长有良好的安全性,但对土壤环境有一定影响。     

葡萄叶提取物对葡萄霜霉病的防治作用及有效成分分析

为探究葡萄叶提取物对葡萄霜霉病的防治作用,测定了葡萄叶提取物及其有效物质对葡萄生单轴霉Plasmopara viticola孢子囊和游动孢子的抑制作用以及对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果,观察了其对葡萄生单轴霉在叶片中扩展、产生孢子囊能力的影响,并对葡萄叶提取物组成成分进行了分析。结果表明,葡萄叶提取物对葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊的形成和萌发均有明显的抑制作用。当葡萄叶提取物浓度为10 mg/mL时,其对孢子囊形成的抑制率为82.4%,葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊和游动孢子的萌发率仅为7.6%和1.1%,均显著低于无菌水处理。荧光显微观察发现,葡萄叶提取物可以抑制葡萄生单轴霉在叶片内的扩展。当葡萄叶提取物浓度为10 mg/mL和50 mg/mL时,对葡萄霜霉病的室内防治效果分别为80.1%和100.0%;且浓度为10 mg/mL的葡萄叶提取物对葡萄霜霉病的田间预防效果为67.8%,与烯酰吗啉处理无显著差异。液质联用技术检测显示,葡萄叶提取物中含有白藜芦醇和紫檀芪,其对葡萄生单轴霉均有显著的抑制作用,且紫檀芪的抑制效果强于白藜芦醇。     

Fusarium solani endo-polygalacturonase from decayed muskmelon fruit: purification and characterization

Fusarium solani is one of the more important fungal pathogens involved in pre- and post-harvest decay of muskmelon fruit. Production of polygalacturonase (PG), by F. solani was studied in vitro and in vivo . The fungus produced at least 14 PG isozymes with pIs of 4.5 to 9.5 in shake culture using pectin as the sole carbon source. When glucose and pectin were used in combination as the carbon source, total PG activity decreased substantially as compared to pectin alone, suggesting that glucose may suppress PG production in vitro . Only one PG isozyme, designated as PG1, was detected in extracts from infected fruit tissue. PG1 from decayed fruit was purified to homogeneity by protein extraction, ultrafiltration, gel filtration chromatography, and cation exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of PG1 was estimated at 38 kDa based on SDS-PAGE with a pI of 9.5 according to IEF-PAGE. PG1 exhibited only endo-PG activity based on viscosity reduction and thin layer chromatography analysis of products released by enzymatic action. The optimum pH for PG1 activity was 6. TheK_m and V_maxof PG1 using polygalacturonic acid as the substrate were 1.34 mg ml^-1and 0.30 unit μg protein^-1, respectively. PG1 effectively macerated fruit tissue which suggests that it may play an important role in decay of muskmelon fruit caused by F. solani .     

Ochratoxin a in Grapes and Wine

The mycotoxin ochratoxin A is a potent nephrotoxin and a possible human carcinogen. It occurs in a variety of plant products, including wine, grape juice and dried vine fruits. Several surveys have shown that the range of ochratoxin A contents detected in wine produced in Europe varied between 0.01 and 3.4gl^–1. Both incidence and concentration of the toxin were higher in wines from southern regions and increased in the order white < rosè < red. In Italy, field trials were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to study fungi associated with grapes and their ability to produce ochratoxin. Aspergillus and/or Penicillium strains were present on grapes, starting from setting in a few vineyards. The highest level of grape colonisation was found at early veraison in 1999 and at ripening in 2000. In both years, 95% of strains belonged to the genus Aspergillus. Aspergillus niger aggregate was dominant, with about 50% of the ochratoxin-positive strains identified as A carbonarius. Other authors have confirmed the relevance of these fungi and underlined the contribution of A. carbonarius to the ochratoxin contamination of wine. This species is very invasive and colonises and penetrates berries, even without skin damage. It emerges that temperature, rain and relative humidity are the main factors that influence ochratoxin production in grapes.     

Effects of exogenous methyl jasmonate and light condition on grape berry coloration and endogenous abscisic acid content

Suitable postharvest treatment methods were investigated to improve the color of grape berries. Culture solutions containing jasmonic acid (JA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and prohydrojasmon (PDJ) enhanced the skin coloration of grape berries (‘Pione’) harvested at the initial stage of coloration. MeJA vapor treatment under sealed conditions increased anthocyanin accumulation in grape berries (‘AkiQueen’ and ‘Pione’) harvested at the early stage of skin coloration. Furthermore, promoting skin coloration by MeJA vapor treatment was as effective in mature clusters as it was in detached berries. These effects were confirmed in light conditions but not in constant darkness. Our results showed that postharvest MeJA vapor treatment improved skin coloration in grapes. In addition, postharvest treatment with MeJA was found to have no effect on the endogenous abscisic acid content of grape berry skins. Therefore, we suggest that MeJA vapor treatment can be a useful and labor-saving method for the horticultural industry.     

Molecular Approaches to Assist the Screening and Monitoring of Postharvest Biocontrol Yeasts

Nineteen yeast isolates obtained from the surface of several fruits and vegetables grown in Southern Italy and Israel were compared by molecular analysis using arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA technique (RAPD-PCR). Genetic analysis made it possible to distinguish between closely-related genitically different strains which had the same morphological characteristic, and to discard isolates which were genetically identical. Following PCR characterisation, 6 isolates were selected and tested for their biocontrol activity against major postharvest pathogens (Penicillium digitatum on grapefruit, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger on table grape and B. cinerea and R. stolonifer on cherry tomato). All the isolates showed a good biocontrol efficacy on both wounded and non-wounded fruits. Furthermore, the preharvest application of the most effective antagonist (LS15) on table grape resulted in a significant reduction in grey mold ranging from 28.3% to 38.2% compared to the untreated control. The RAPD-PCR technique was also useful for identifying and monitoring the survival of the antagonist after field application.     

The Use of a Radioimmunosorbent Assay for Botrytis cinerea1

A radioimmunosorbent assay was developed for Botrytis cinerea which can be used to detect as little as 100 ng of Botrytis mycelium (dry weight). Of 22 fungi tested in the assay, all significant reaction was restricted to members of the Sclerotiniaceae. No reaction was obtained with representative isolates of Aspergillus, Alternaria or Peiticillium. Other Botrytis species gave the most reaction relative to B. cinerea. and related genera such as Monilinia and Sclerotinia yielded small reactions. The assay can be used to detect fi. cinerea infection of grape berries when as little as 0.1 % of homogenate from infected fruit is mixed with homogenate from sound fruit to simulate a minor infection. The assay of free run juice from various lots of grapes was highly correlated with visual assessments of infection in the field. Pursuant to various theories concerning bloom time infection, the assay was used to analyse the B. cinerea content of immature berry tips and floral debris; however, no evidence of such colonization was obtained.     

Acidified peel of litchi fruits selects for postharvestPenicillium decay

Litchi fruits are fumigated after harvest with sulfur dioxide (SO₂) to prevent their rapid browning. SO₂ blocks enzymatic activity but bleaches the fruits and, if this process is followed by dipping the fruit in dilute hydrochloric acid, the appealing red color is regained. Hot water brushing (HWB) is among the alternative methods that were developed to replace the use of SO₂. HWB reduced fungal population size on the surface of the fruit peel after treatment but did not eliminate fruit infection after storage. Whereas untreated fruits were infected with a variety of fungal species,Penicillium sp. was the only fungus that developed on the pericarp after storage in fruits that had been dipped in 1.5M HCl. Fruit treated by HWB followed by handling and storage under sterile conditions suffered greater decay than fruit stored under non-sterile conditions but with more ventilation. APenicillium sp. isolated from litchi grew well in liquid medium acidified to the pH range reported for SO₂ and HCl-treated litchi fruits. Morphological analysis identified fungal isolates asP. aurantiogriseum. Internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis of five isolates suggested a sequence similarity toP. commune. Our data support the hypothesis that dipping litchi fruit in hydrochloric acid eliminates infection by common opportunistic fungi and selects forPenicillium species that tolerate low pH. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting April 30, 2004.     

Effects of three esca-associated fungi on Vitis vinifera L.: IV. Diffusion through the xylem of metabolites produced by two tracheiphilous fungi in the woody tissue of grapevine leads to esca-like symptoms on leaves and berries

Two naphthalenone pentaketides (scytalone and isosclerone) and α-glucans (pullulan) are produced in vitro and in planta by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch) and Togninia minima (Tmi), two tracheiphilous fungi associated with the ‘esca’ disease of grapevines. The possible role of such fungal metabolites in inducing symptoms on leaves and berries was studied in a vineyard of Vitis vinifera cv. Italia located in southern Italy. During early spring, pruning off two to four branches per vine allowed samples of xylem sap to be collected. Vine bleeding, assessed as ml day⁻¹ vine⁻¹, reached its maximum at bud burst and stopped within 28 days. The total amount of sap collected from healthy vines was about a quarter of that from esca-affected vines. During the same period, the leaf water potential of diseased vines increased progressively (i.e. showed less negative values), indicating a dysfunction in water and nutrient supply to the new growth. Both fungi were isolated from the xylem sap and from the woody tissue of branches and the trunk of diseased vines. Conidia isolated from the sap showed a high germination rate (>90%). Bioactive concentrations of the two pentaketides were detected in xylem sap, leaves and berries at various stages of seasonal growth. Exopolysaccharides, including pullulan, were found in the xylem sap. Absorption of culture filtrates of Pch and Tmi, as well as weak solutions of purified preparations of scytalone, isosclerone or pullulan, on detached leaves and berries caused symptoms similar to those shown by the esca-affected vines in the field.     

The response of phenolic compounds in grapes of the variety ‘Chardonnay’ (Vitis vinifera L.) to the infection by phytoplasma Bois noir

The study was carried out on phytoplasma susceptible grapevine variety ‘Chardonnay’ (Vitis vinifera L.). The changes in total and individual phenolics, with a focus on hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols and flavonol contents, were studied in phytoplasma-symptomatic and non-symptomatic berries of Bois noir (BN) infected and uninfected vines. Evident responses to BN infection at veraison have been monitored in a decreased accumulation of caftaric and coutaric acids, p-coumaroyl hexose, procyanidin B1, procyanidin trimer as well as of quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide and quercetin-3-O-xyloside. At berry softening BN infection statistically increased the content of total phenolics, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavanols, but decreased the flavonol contents, especially at phytoplasma-symptomatic berry skins. Later, at harvest, the BN infection caused an additional significant decrease of coutaric acid and p-coumaroyl pentose contents, moreover of procyanidin B1 and procyanidin dimmers (1, 2, and 3), trimer, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and of most identified quercetins, except of quercetin-3-O-xyloside. At harvest, non-symptomatic berries from infected plants showed similar dynamics in the total phenolic content compared to berry skins from uninfected plants, but in total flavanols and flavonols content similarity to those symptomatic was observed. The latter decreases grape quality and its antioxidant potential. The Bois noir disease showed specific, local and growth-phase-induced responses regarding the content of phenolics in berry skins, where in particular the differences between phytoplasma-symptomatic and non-symptomatic grapes have to be underlined.     

羊草和脱硫石膏对内蒙古河套地区盐渍化土壤的改良效果

为了解脱硫石膏和耐盐植物改良与培肥盐渍化土壤的作用与效果,在内蒙古河套地区硫酸盐盐渍化土壤上设置田间试验,测定施用脱硫石膏(30 t·hm-2)与不施用脱硫石膏并种植羊草后土壤盐分及基础理化性质的变化。结果表明:春季灌溉可大幅度降低土体p H值、电导率(EC)和盐分离子浓度,施用脱硫石膏可加快降低土壤碱度,主要盐分离子Na+和SO42-分别降低了80%和39%以上,但EC略有提高,导致养分淋失;羊草对脱硫石膏有良好的反应,生物量提高了30%,但全磷含量降低了22%,全氮、全钾含量没有显著变化;种植羊草降低Na+和SO42-含量至3.38 mg·kg-1和132.27 mg·kg-1,且土壤有机质和碱解氮含量分别提高了12%和37%,同时施用脱硫石膏效果更好一些。说明脱硫石膏与羊草之间具有一定的相互作用,可加速盐渍化土壤改良的进程,但需要注意的是应适当增加施用P、K肥料,以补充养分不足。     

新疆库尔勒市近地面臭氧变化特征及其影响因素

高浓度臭氧对人体健康造成伤害,还会影响植物生长;臭氧也是一种重要的温室气体,影响全球气候变化。利用库尔勒市2010年7月1日至2012年6月30日连续自动地表臭氧浓度观测数据,结合相应气象要素资料,对地表臭氧质量浓度的日、周、月、季节与不同天气条件下日变化特征进行了分析,探讨影响臭氧变化的主要因素。结果表明：① 臭氧浓度日变化具有明显的单峰型日变化规律,夜间变化平缓,白天变化剧烈。② 臭氧浓度变化具有周末效应。最高值出现在星期日,最低值出现在星期三。③ 最高月平均浓度为82.1 μg•m^-3,最低月平均浓度为19.2 μg•m^-3,2011年1-12月变化规律明显,以6月为中心分布非常对称,两边逐渐降低。④ 春、夏季臭氧质量浓度较高,秋季和冬季明显低于春季和夏季,与沿海内地大中型城市变化特征基本一致。⑤ 4个季节中臭氧浓度日变化剧烈的是夏季和春季,秋季其次,变化最小的是冬季。不同天气情况下,日变化最剧烈的是晴天,其次为沙尘天气,阴天和雨天日变化平缓。⑥ 臭氧浓度日变化与PM₁₀质量浓度日变化具有明显的相反变化趋势,但在时间变化上有一定的滞后性,臭氧浓度变化明显早于PM₁₀的变化。⑦ 晴天少云的天气情况下臭氧浓度明显要高于阴雨（雪）天,相对湿度、风速、风向、日照时数同时影响近地面臭氧浓度的变化,臭氧污染的发生是多种因素共同作用的结果。     

旱区“环状毛细芯渗灌”对葡萄生长发育和果实品质的影响研究

"环状毛细芯渗灌"是利用毛细现象的原理,在已有的毛细直芯基础上增加一个毛细环,通过毛细芯浸润方式给植物根部供水的节水渗灌方法。试验在宁夏自治区永宁县玉泉营农场的红地球(Vitis vinifera L.cv.red globe)葡萄园内进行,灌溉方式为环状毛细芯渗灌与常规沟灌(CK);毛细芯渗灌的灌水次数分为一次和两次,每次灌满一桶水(100L),水由毛细芯慢慢渗出,常规沟灌的灌水次数为两次;环状毛细芯的埋藏深度分为两种:30cm深和土壤表面(0cm深)。试验结果表明,处理0*1(环状毛细芯表面渗灌、一次灌水)下副稍增长量最大,与常规沟灌存在显著差异(P0.05)。在相同灌水量下,处理0*1副稍增长量高于处理30*1(地下30cm深的环状毛细芯渗灌、一次灌水)。处理0*2(表面渗灌、两次灌水)叶中脉长势最好。处理0*2、0*1相比于其它处理果实粒径增长量最大,处理0*1横径增长速度比CK提高了55.6%,这说明环状毛细芯渗灌有效促进了葡萄果实的增长。在相同灌水量下,表面渗灌下葡萄粒径的长势明显好于30cm深的渗灌。处理30*2(地下30cm深的环状毛细芯渗灌、两次灌水)百粒重比相同灌水量下的CK提高了30%。常规沟灌下脯氨酸含量最高,处理30*2脯氨酸含量最低;在相同灌水量下,表面渗灌下脯氨酸含量高于30cm深的渗灌,这说明30cm深的毛细芯渗灌能较好地减轻植物的水分胁迫。处理30*2与30*1的可溶性固形物较高,处理30*1的糖酸比最高;在相同灌水量下,30cm深的渗灌下葡萄糖酸比高于表面渗灌。从最终产量和果实品质的角度看,处理30*2是旱区葡萄着色期~成熟期最好的组合。     

Grey Mould Damage and Control in Hungary1

Grey mould is one of the most important fungal diseases of grapevine, and for this reason the successful control of Botrytis cinerea determines the result of grape growing. As far as damage is concerned, the most important infection occurs at the end of flowering and just before ripening. The conidia of the fungus infect the berries through wounds, which may be caused by hail or storms, or by chewing insects, or also, most importantly, by physiological berry splitting. This occurs when a long dry period in summer is followed by a rainy autumn at ripening time. The prevention of wounds is one of the most important aspects of control. For the first half of the year, we propose using the traditional contact fungicides against grey mould. The use of benzimidazole-type systemic fungicides is proposed only for the last two treatments, because they have a low persistence and because in this way we avoid the development of resistance to these systemic fungicides.     

灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)采后致病性研究

 灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)是引起葡萄采后病害的主要病原真菌之一。葡萄灰霉菌可在田间潜伏侵染,采后由健康果实携带进入销售市场,该菌的显著致病症状为果实软腐和脱落。灰霉菌与葡萄的其它采后致病菌,如链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)、镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)、芽枝霉(Cladosporium sp.)、青霉菌(Penicillium sp.)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus nigar)和粉红单端孢菌(Trichothecium roseum)相比,不仅表现出明显的潜伏侵染优势,而且具有较强的低温(4℃)条件下的致病优势。4℃低温下灰霉菌在寄主葡萄体外和体内分泌多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活力均显著高于以上各菌,而在25℃下无显著差异,这一结果与该2种温度下灰霉菌接种果实后的症状表现一致。     

Modelling short-term effects of sulphur dioxide. 3. Effects of SO2 on photosynthesis of leaf canopies

The effect of short-term exposure of SO₂ on the photosynthesis of a Faba bean crop was analysed with mobile equipment in the field. Canopy photosynthesis was only affected at high radiation levels and reduced by 4–6% during fumigation with 800 g SO₂ m^–3.The experimental data were used to evaluate the performance of a model for the effects of SO₂ on leaf canopy photosynthesis. The model contained a calculation procedure for canopy photosynthesis, extended with a submodel for SO₂ uptake by leaves and effects of SO₂ on leaf physiology. Diurnal photosynthesis and the effect of SO₂ on canopy photosynthesis were approximated very closely with the model. Possibilities for the application of this approach in crop growth models (operating at a time step of integration of 1 day) are presented and evaluated.Samenvatting Het effect van SO₂ op de fotosynthese van een tuinbonengewas is gemeten met mobiele apparatuur. Gewasfotosynthese werd alleen beïnvloed (4–6% reductie) bij hoge stralingsnivo's tijdens begassing met 800 g SO₂ m^–3.De experimentele gegevens zijn gebruikt om een model voor de effecten van SO₂ op de gewasfotosynthese te evalueren. Het model bestaat uit een rekenprocedure voor de fotosynthese van gewassen dat is uitgebreid met een submodel voor de opname en effecten van SO₂ op de fotosynthese van bladeren. De dagelijkss gang van de fotosynthese en de effecten van SO₂ op de fotosynthese werden nauwkeurig gesimuleerd met het model. Mogelijkheden voor de toepassing van het model in gewasgroeimodellen, die met een tijdstap van één dag werken, wordt gepresenteerd en geëvalueerd.