四川省某河流水环境容量模型及测算分析

以四川省绵阳市某河流为研究对象,通过对该河流水质现状的分析,根据2005年现场实测的数据,采用建立的一维水环境容量计算模型来测算和分析该河流的水环境容量.结果表明:该河流水环境容量COD为2 081.55t/a,NH3-N为203.9 t/a,所排放的COD量、NH3-N量没有超过该流域容量,出水水质达到水质保护目标Ⅲ类标准.该项目的研究为实施污染物总量控制提供基础资料,为该流域水污染控制的管理和决策提供了科学依据.     

动态水环境容量研究——以潇河流域为例

传统的水环境容量以90%设计枯水流量为计算条件,存在水文计算条件单一、水环境容量不易管控等缺点。考虑河道流量与入河污染物影响下的水环境容量逐月变化,提出了基于水文过程与污染源变化条件下的动态水环境容量与入河污染管控计算方法。以山西潇河流域晋中段为例,计算了研究流域两水功能区的逐月水环境容量及其余量,运用MIKE11模型计算了逐月允许的动态入河污染负荷。研究结果表明:(1)2019年水功能区A的COD和氨氮水环境容量阈值分别为138.37~216.54 t和6.38~14.19 t,7-10月水环境容量较大;水功能区B的COD和氨氮水环境容量阈值分别为417.67~821.05 t和9.32~29.49 t,5-8月份水环境容量较小。(2)在满足水功能区目标水质的基础上,2019年水功能区A允许的入河负荷均大于现状入河量,汛期COD和氨氮容量余量较多;水功能区B在1月、2月应削减氨氮0.003、0.086 t;削减COD 0.05、0.143 t,4-7月份允许的污染负荷大于实际入河量,余量较多。计算的动态水环境容量能够客观反映变化水文条件下的水环境容量及其余量实际,给出了满足河道水质目标前提下的入河污染物允许阈值,为流域水环境保护与管理提供重要参考和新思路。     

QUAL 2K模型及其在乐安河CODCr和NH3-N水环境容量的应用研究

利用QUAL2K综合水质模型对乐安河流域CODCr、NH3-N进行了水质模拟,根据水质模拟结果,采用解析法、功能区段首控制法定量计算出了乐安河各功能控制区段的CODCr、NH3-N水环境容量。     

表流型人工湿地工程对微污染水源地水质改善的比较研究

采用工程数据,研究了常规型表流湿地工程和复合型表流湿地工程对CODMn和NH3-N的去除效果。结果表明,常规型表流湿地工程和复合型表流湿地工程对CODMn的平均去除率分别为12%和14%,对NH3-N的平均去除率分别为28%和69%。湿地内植物系统对CODMn的去除效果有限,是去除NH3-N的主要动力,尤其是沉水植物系统。     

浅析天津水环境容量评价

本文采用水文学一维模型对天津海河干流屈家店至二道闸段的水环境容量进行评价。结果表明:天津水环境容量为COD184075.7 t/a,NH_3-N 5632.0 t/a。由于天津近岸海域水环境容量大,相对河流水环境容量就较小,再面对庞大的城市污染源,河流的纳污容量尤显不足。     

喀斯特山区河流水环境容量核算与污染控制的单元化研究——以清水江流域鱼梁江河段为例

以喀斯特山区清水江流域鱼梁江河段为研究对象,在查明地下水排泄与河流环境容量及其水质之间关系的基础上,采用Daniel趋势检验法和水量—水质同步估测模型等分析了流域水质变化及其污染负荷和核算了多水文情势下的水环境容量等。结果表明,流域污染负荷为:氨氮(NH_3-N)312.85 t/a,总磷(TP)274.91 t/a,氟化物(F~-)311.82 t/a,主要为城镇生活和工业污染排放且具明显空间分布特征。控制单元Ⅰ的F~-浓度显著下降,水环境容量未超载;控制单元Ⅱ和Ⅲ的TP、F~-和NH_3-N浓度均显著下降,前者水环境容量均超载,后者TP为过载状态;控制单元Ⅳ主要污染物浓度无明显升降趋势,但TP和F~-出现超载,TP严重超载为枯竭状态;控制单元Ⅴ的TP和F~-浓度显著下降,水环境容量均为超载状态,亟待实施NH_3-N、TP和F~-污染物总量控制和精准削减措施。     

藕塘异位净化鱼塘水环境试验研究

为实现南方平原湖区养殖池塘水质改善和养分循环再利用,将养殖池塘和种植池塘通过田间工程联系起来构成一个复合系统,并进行了莲藕不同生育期的滞留和面流试验。结果表明,养殖水在藕塘滞留可有效消减其中的TP、TN、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、NO-2-N和CODMn,其去除率随滞留时间的延长而增加;鱼塘水通过藕塘表面流处理,对TP和TN的去除率表现为休眠期成株期结藕期,对NH+4-N、NO-3-N、NO-2-N和CODMn的去除率表现为成株期休眠期结藕期;在藕塘表面流处理鱼塘水时,TP、TN、NO-3-N、NH+4-N的去除率随运行时间的增加而增加,系统运行6h后去除率分别达到13.89%、11.43%、11.02%和5.73%;与对照鱼塘相比,与藕塘联合运用的鱼塘水质明显要好,其中TP、NO-3-N、TURB和SD等水质指标有极显著改善,TN、NH+4-N和CODMn等指标得到显著改善。鱼塘养殖和藕塘种植可以结合,鱼塘水通过藕塘异位处理可以得到改善,并使鱼塘水中养分得到再利用。     

浑太河流域动态水环境容量设计水文条件研究

针对动态水环境容量特点,结合水体污染负荷控制要求,探讨满足不同水质管理目标的水容量总量计算的水文条件设计方法。研究借鉴国内外容量总量计算设计水文条件确定原则,针对多类型水文数据及控制性水工程调控情景,给出符合浑太河流域水体类型特点,满足流域水量和水体污染物变化过程连续性的设计水文条件。合理确定断面的设计流量是计算水环境容量的关键。在确定流域典型污染物分期、分区设计参数的基础上,结合水环境容量时空变动特点,动态计算水环境容量。浑太河流域COD水环境容量总量为144 626 t,枯水期、平水期、丰水期水环境容量分别占总量的16.2%、35.4%、48.4%;氨氮水环境容量总量为9 776 t,枯水期、平水期、丰水期水环境容量分别占总量的16.2%、35.4%、48.4%。动态水环境容量结果的合理性成为判定设计水文条件可靠性的主要依据。     

气浮/改性凹凸棒土/膜组合工艺处理微污染地表水

采用气浮/改性凹凸棒土(M-ATP)/微滤膜组合工艺处理有机物与营养物质高的微污染地表水,重点探究了组合工艺对浊度、色度、CODMn和NH+4-N四类污染物的处理效能。由试验结果可知,组合工艺对地表水的感官污染物、有机物和营养物质具有较好的祛除效果,对浊度、色度、CODMn和NH+4-N的平均去除率分别可达93.2%、80.2%、73.5%和57.7%。同时可知,气浮、M-ATP和膜在浊度的处理过程中均起到了重要作用;气浮和膜在色度的去除过程中起到了重要作用,气浮和M-ATP在CODMn和NH+4-N的去除过程中起到了重要作用。此外,在为期3个月的运行周期内,表现出了较好的抗膜污染性,真空表读数变化较小,试验初期装置的跨膜压差(TMP)约为2.1 k Pa,试验末期约为4.7 k Pa。     

南水北调中线MBR-AOP系统处理农村生活污水的试验研究

在南水北调中线湖北十堰水源区,采用膜生物反应器(MBR)与高级氧化消毒(AOP)技术相结合的组合工艺MBR-AOP系统处理农村生活污水,考察了该工艺对CODCr、BOD5、NH3-N和浊度的降解效果,实验结果表明,在水温大于20℃、pH在6～8的条件下,工艺对CODCr、BOD5、NH3-N和浊度的降解效果好,平均降解率分别为96.4％、95.1％、94.3％和99.1％,出水CODCr为8.6～26.2 mg/L,BOD5为5.2～17.2 mg/L,NH3-N为1.8～3.9 mg/L,浊度均小于1 NTU,水质优于生活污水排放标准(GB 18918-2002)和农田灌溉水质标准(GB 5084-2005).     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。