红螯螯虾胚胎发育过程中的生化成分变化

采用生物化学方法对红螯螯虾胚胎发育过程中主要生化成分(糖类、蛋白质及氨基酸、脂类及脂肪酸)进行了测定和分析,以期了解胚胎形态发生与营养需求的关系。结果显示：红螯螯虾胚胎发育过程中糖类总体含量很低。总蛋白与总氨基酸(TAA)的含量在胚胎发育过程中均呈下降趋势。在必需氨基酸(EAA)中亮氨酸（Leu）和精氨酸（Arg）的含量较高,而在非必需氨基酸中谷氨酸（Glu）和天冬氨酸（Asp）的含量较高。总脂在胚胎发育过程中的含量总体呈下降趋势,其中性脂和磷脂的主要脂肪酸均为C16:0、C18:0 、C18:1ω9和C18:3ω3。研究认为：在红螯螯虾胚胎发育过程中,糖类主要参与多种特异复合物的合成以及甲壳构建,这些特异复合物在细胞分化中起着重要的信号传递作用。蛋白质和脂类都是红螯螯虾胚胎发育过程中主要的结构和能源物质,蛋白质主要在早期被利用而脂类主要在晚期起作用。饱和脂肪酸（SFA）和单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）(C16:0,C18:0,C16:1ω7 和 C18:1ω9)主要作为能源物质被消耗而高不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）(20:5ω3和22:6ω3)在胚胎发育过程中对于构建细胞膜以及调节中枢神经系统的发育起重要作用。     

不同生长时期红螯螯虾肌肉和肝胰腺内氨基酸和脂肪酸变化分析

为了研究不同生长时期红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)肌肉和肝胰腺内脂肪酸和氨基酸的动态变化,选取90 d (第二性征未发育)、140 d (第二性征发育成熟)和180 d (性腺发育成熟)的红螯螯虾,分别测定其肌肉和肝胰腺内氨基酸和脂肪酸的含量。结果显示,90 d红螯螯虾肌肉中的必需氨基酸总量显著高于其他2个时期(P<0.05);而红螯螯虾肝胰腺内必需氨基酸总量和非必需氨基酸总量均随着日龄增加而逐渐下降。比较不同生长时期肌肉中脂肪酸含量发现,随着日龄增长,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量呈下降趋势;而单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,140 d含量最高[(25.69±0.42)%];多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量呈上升的变化趋势。肝胰腺中SFA含量在 3个生长时期内无显著性差异(P>0.05),MUFA含量呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,140 d含量最高[(37.44±0.59)%],而PUFA含量变化与MUFA正好相反。营养价值评估结果显示,180 d (可上市销售)的红螯螯虾肌肉内必需氨基酸指数(49.96%)高于联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)评分模式(31.50%)和全鸡蛋蛋白质模式(43.10%),是较为理想的优质食物蛋白源。由上可知,在不同生长时期,肌肉和肝胰腺中的氨基酸、脂肪酸的主要消耗不同,研究结果对了解不同生长时期红螯螯虾营养需求、开发红螯螯虾配合饲料提供了参考依据。     

光照对红螯螯虾繁殖性能及其受精卵卵质的影响

报道了不同光照时间长度对红螯螯虾繁殖性能及其受精卵中主要生化成分积累的影响。实验共分5组,Ⅰ组为自然光照;Ⅱ组为光照L∶D=12∶12(即每天光照时间为12h),Ⅲ组为L∶D=14∶10,Ⅳ组为L∶D=16∶8,Ⅴ组为L∶D=18∶6。结果显示,红螯螯虾雌虾1个月及2个月的抱卵率、增重率、性腺指数、孵化率从Ⅰ组至Ⅴ组均呈抛物线的变化趋势,其中实验Ⅳ组最高,以上指标分别为(61.54±2.09)%、(92.31±3.87)%、(29.48±0.51)%、(5.38±0.25)%和(46.99±3.15)%。与其它光照组相比,每只雌虾所抱卵卵重、平均抱卵量和平均单个卵卵重也以实验Ⅳ组为最高。在实验Ⅳ组受精卵中,氨基酸(必需和非必需氨基酸)的总量及主要氨基酸Leu、Arg、Glu均有显著增加。总脂在受精卵中所占的比重(干重和湿重),以实验Ⅲ、Ⅳ两组最高,与其它组相比差异显著。延长光照时间不影响卵内中性脂和磷脂按一定比例积累,各组中中性脂的百分含量均约是磷脂的2倍。无论中性脂还是磷脂,C18∶1ω9、C18∶2ω6、C16∶0、C16∶1四种脂肪酸的含量均较高;光照Ⅳ组中C20∶4的含量较低,而C20∶5ω3和C22∶6ω3的含量则较高。结果说明,日光照16h对红螯螯虾繁殖较为适宜,可明显改善其繁殖性能和受精卵的质量。     

克氏原螯虾卵巢发育时期组织脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成

为了研究组织脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成在克氏原螯虾(Procambrus clarkii)卵巢发育过程中的变化,采用粗脂抽提及气相色谱分析法对卵巢发育5个不同时期肝胰腺和卵巢组织中脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成进行测定和分析,结果表明:(1)随着卵巢发育,卵巢指数由0.12%显著(P≤0.05)增加到6.64%,而肝胰腺指数由7.95%降至5.31%.(2)卵巢干重百分含量从Ⅰ期的22.29%增至Ⅴ期的55.16%,而干物质中的脂肪含量仅在Ⅱ期(32.38%)到Ⅲ期(41.90%)有一个显著增加过程,后期没有增加.(3)肝胰腺和卵巢中主要脂肪酸都有C16:0、C16:1n7、C18:0、C18:1n9、C18:1n7、C18:2n6和C18:3n3等,不同的是卵巢中的C20:4n6及C20:5n3含量也较高.在主要脂肪酸中,C16:0、C18:1n9和C18:2n63种脂肪酸占绝大比例.(4)在卵巢发育过程中,卵巢中的3种高不饱和脂肪酸C20:4n6、C20:5n3及C22:6n3含量呈显著降低趋势(P≤0.05),而C18:2n6含量一直在增加.由此可见,在克氏原螫虾卵巢发育过程中肝胰腺中脂肪有转运到卵巢的可能,在卵巢发育后期各营养物质按一定比例积累,相比于高不饱和脂肪酸,C18:2n6可能在克氏原螯虾卵巢发育及胚胎发育过程中的作用更加重要.本研究旨在通过了解克氏原螯虾组织中脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成与卵巢发育之间的关系,深入探讨亲虾在繁殖期的脂肪代谢机制.     

不同光周期对红螯螯虾繁殖及生长的影响

红螯螯虾 (Ｃｈｅｒａｘｑｕａｄｒｉｃａｒｉｎａｔｕｓ)自从 80年代末被开发利用以来 ,国内外许多学者对其生物学、增养殖技术等进行了研究 ,但至今尚未见有关光照对红螯螯虾影响的报道。本文研究了光周期对红螯螯虾抱卵、胚胎发育及虾苗生长的影响 ,以期为提高和完善红螯螯虾的人工繁殖及育苗技术提供科学依据。1　材料与方法1 1　试验材料 :试验用虾为我院人工繁殖并培育的亲虾及虾苗。亲虾体长 113～ 12 2ｍｍ ,体重 5 5～ 90ｇ ;虾苗平均体长 2 2～ 2 5ｍｍ ,平均体重 0 5～ 0 6ｇ。1 2　试验方法 :光周期Ｌ∶Ｄ分别为 0∶2 4,6∶18…     

淡水红螯螯虾养殖技术讲座（3）

四、淡水红螯螯虾的养殖技术。(一)虾的饲料。淡水红螯螯虾在生长繁殖中所需的营养物质包括蛋白质、糖类、脂肪、维生素、无机盐等。饵料好，虾生长快，养殖效益好。如饵料的营养成分欠佳，虾不仅生长慢，还会出现营养缺乏性疾病。饵料的品质好坏直接影响养殖效果。     

不同增养殖模式中华绒螯蟹脂肪酸比较分析

对不同增养殖模式下中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)可食部分脂肪酸的分析结果显示:中华绒螯蟹有脂肪酸18种,分别为5种饱和脂肪酸,3种单烯酸,10种多烯酸。各脂肪酸中以油酸含量最高,不饱和脂肪酸的含量极显著高于饱和脂肪酸(P<0.01);就营养品质指标(单烯酸、多烯酸、必需脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸)而言,以湖泊网围模式脂肪酸营养品质为优。以棕桐油酸(C16∶l)和硬脂酸(C18∶0)为风味评价指标(脂肪酸角度),结果得出以湖泊放流中华绒螯蟹最为味美。     

红螯螯虾营养生理研究进展(上)

正红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)也称澳洲淡水龙虾,属十足目、甲壳纲,生物学特性多样且颇具商业价值使其成为水产养殖中的名优品种。自20世纪80年代中期以来,红螯螯虾养殖业在世界热带和亚热带地区发展迅速。然而,当前红螯螯虾养殖仍缺乏专用的人工配合饲料,容易造成养殖过程中红螯螯虾营养不均衡、生长缓慢、死亡率高等问题。本文综述了国内外近些年红螯螯虾的蛋白质、脂类、糖类和微量营养素的     

红螯螯虾人工繁殖技术研究

2006-2010年成功进行了红螯螯虾的人工繁育生产,掌握了红螯螯虾的亲虾培育、抱卵虾孵化和幼虾培育关键技术.红螯螯虾亲虾适宜在土池中进行稀养方式培育,繁殖亲虾规格宜在60 g/尾以上;水温达20℃以上,红螯螯虾可交配产卵;红螯螯虾属一年多次产卵类型.胚胎发育适宜温度20～32℃,孵化时间4～13周,在22～30℃温度...     

澳洲红螯螯虾养殖技术初探

北京地区的鲜活虾较少,又远离沿海,为了找到一种适合于内陆地区生长和繁殖的虾类,从1994年开始立项研究红螯螯虾。因为该虾的繁殖和生长过程完全是在淡水中。从市场情况看,该虾也受到欢迎,原产地澳大利亚,商品虾规格50克左右的售价为18澳元/公斤。研究出合适的养殖方法和途径,更好的开发这一水产资源,将会产生一定的社会效益和经济效益。 我所对该虾的研究主要是在亲虾培育、繁殖,育种等方面进行了探讨,从理论和实践上取得了一些收获。本文仅就一年多的工作作以下报导。 一、村料和方法 1.实验材料:实验用红螯螯虾(C,quadric arinatus)是1993年12月和1994年初从广东省新会县购进,平均个体50克。运到后,暂养到温室水槽中,水温控     

河川沙塘鳢胚胎、仔鱼发育过程中脂类含量及脂肪酸组成的变化

采用生物化学方法测定和分析了河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)胚胎、仔鱼发育过程中脂类的含量及脂肪酸的组成。结果显示,随着胚胎和仔鱼的发育,其总脂的含量呈下降趋势,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)的含量亦呈现出下降趋势,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)的含量在胚胎期保持稳定、在仔鱼期下降,而多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)却呈现出不断增长的趋势。在整个胚胎和仔鱼发育过程中,平均含量最高的脂肪酸依次是C16∶0、C18∶1n-9、C18∶0、C16∶1、C22∶6n-3(DHA)和C20∶5n-3(EPA)。结果表明:河川沙塘鳢在胚胎和仔鱼发育过程中有消耗饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸,而保存n-3系列和n-6系列的高度不饱和脂肪酸的趋势,饱和脂肪酸被作为胚胎期能量代谢的主要来源,单不饱和脂肪酸被作为仔鱼期能量代谢的主要来源,而C18∶3n-3(亚麻酸)和C18∶2n-6(亚油酸)被用于合成DHA、EPA和C20∶4n-6(AA)。     

星斑川鲽的营养分析与评价

测定了养殖星斑川鲽肌肉中的蛋白质、脂类和灰分等生化组分,并计算了其比能值,分析了肌肉中构成蛋白质的16种常见氨基酸和主要脂肪酸含量。结果表明,星斑川鲽属高蛋白、低脂肪鱼类;肌肉氨基酸含量同其他鲆鲽鱼类相比,属中上等水平;必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸的含量较高。肌肉蛋白中氨基酸的支／芳值为2．33。各类脂肪酸中,油酸（18：In）含量最高,其次为亚油酸（18：2n6）和棕榈酸（16：0）。星斑川鲽富含EPA和DHA,营养丰富且平衡良好,是值得推荐的优良养殖品种和优质食用鱼类。     

养殖和野生亚东鲑机体成分比较分析

亚东鲑(Salmo trutta fario)是鲑属鱼类在青藏高原仅有的鱼类种群,是亚东地区全国农产品地理标志产品。本研究对西藏亚东地区野生和养殖亚东鲑的常规营养成分及各组织氨基酸和脂肪酸组成进行分析,旨在比较野生和养殖亚东鲑营养成分的异同,为养殖亚东鲑的品质评价和饲料配方的完善提供参考信息。实验采集亚东河中野生亚东鲑和亚东渔业产业园中使用配合饲料养殖的亚东鲑各10尾用于相关成分分析,每尾为一个独立样本。结果显示,野生组肥满度显著低于养殖组,而全鱼水分和灰分显著高于养殖组。全鱼粗蛋白、粗脂肪以及肝脏常规成分在野生组和养殖组间无显著差异。野生组肌肉粗脂肪显著低于养殖组,而水分含量显著高于养殖组。野生组全鱼必需氨基酸总量显著高于养殖组,且野生组肌肉中苏氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸和甘氨酸含量显著高于养殖组。野生组全鱼、肌肉和肝脏中饱和脂肪酸、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFA)总量、EPA、C20:4n-6以及肌肉中DHA含量高于养殖组,而全鱼和组织中单不饱和脂肪酸和n-6 PUFA总量低于养殖组。综上所述,目前养殖亚东鲑和野生亚东鲑在机体成分上存在较大差异。由于养殖鱼类体成分很大程度上反映了饲料组成,因此,亚东鲑养殖中饲料营养组成可能有待进一步优化。     

Changes of Fatty Acid Composition in Frog Legs (Rana esculenta) During Cold Storage Period: Irradiation Effect

This study investigates the changes in fatty acid profile of gamma irradiated frog legs (Rana esculenta) during cold (2°C) storage period. Instead of freezing the frog legs for a prolonged shelf life, gamma irradiated fresh frog legs can be used for consumer satisfaction, because consumers prefer fresh frog legs and are willing to pay more than for frozen in the European market. Frog legs were irradiated at doses of 0, 4, and 5 kGy using ⁶⁰Co sources. The main fatty acids of nonirradiated and irradiated frog legs (4 and 5 kGy) were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1ω9), linoleic acid (C18:2ω6), and eicosatrienoic acid (C20: 3ω3, ETE). Low doses (4 and 5 kGy) of irradiation treatment had no effect on fatty acid components of frog legs compared to the nonirradiated ones (p > 0.05). The fatty acid composition of frog meat was characterized by its high linoleic acid content (17.1–21.4%). At the initial stage of the storage, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels of frog legs remained unchanged with low doses of irradiation (p < 0.05). These fatty acids decreased significantly in the irradiated group (p < 0.05) at the end of the storage period. However, there were no significant changes in nonirradiated frog legs after 10 days of storage.     

Comparison of fatty acid contents of wild and cultured rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">Onchorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis> in Turkey

Abstract:   The total lipid content and fatty acid composition were determined in the flesh and skin of wild and cultured rainbow trout in Turkey. The effect of diet content was also investigated on cultured trout. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for fatty acid analyses. Total lipid content of skin was higher than flesh in both types and when compared appreciably higher in cultured fish. The predominant fatty acid was palmitic acid (C16:0) in saturated fatty acids and oleic acid (C18:1n-9) in monounsaturated fatty acids. The amount of eicosapentaenoic acid was double in wild and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 1.5 times higher in cultured fish flesh. The n-3/n-6 ratio was higher in cultured fish than wild fish. The levels of palmitic, oleic, linoleic (C18:2n-6) and palmitoleic (C16:1n-7) acids were high in skin. The level of EPA was the same in skin of wild fish but 5.5 times higher in cultured fish, whereas the proportion of DHA in skin was lower for wild and 3.5 times higher in cultured fish. Wild fish had a high level of linoleic, arachidonic (C20:4n-6) and linolenic (C18:3n-3) acids. The total amount of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids was higher in flesh of wild fish than cultured fish, contrary to skin of cultured fish. The data obtained demonstrated that fatty acid composition of cultured fish did not depend on that of feed.     

Proximate Composition and Nutritional Quality of the Meat of the Squat Lobster Munida gregaria (Fabricius 1973)

ABSTRACT

The squat lobster Munida gregaria has been recognized as a potential resource in several countries. However, data about its composition and nutritional value are scarce. This study provides information about the nutrients and nutritional quality of M. gregaria meat. Meat yield, proximate composition, cholesterol content, and fatty acid (FA) and amino acid (AAs) profiles were analyzed, and nutritional quality indexes were estimated. The average meat yield was 9.93%. The yearly average of the proximate composition of the M. gregaria meat (g/100 g meat) was moisture = 77.6, protein = 13.7, lipids = 3.84, and ash = 2.19. The average annual cholesterol content was 6.60 mg/100 g. The predominant FA (%) was C20:5ω3 (23.6), followed by C18:1ω9c (20.9), C22:6ω3 (18.5), and C16:0 (16.3); the unsaturated fatty acids were 72.8% of the total FA. The main AAs (g/100 g protein) were glutamic acid (15.1), leucine (9.47), and aspartic acid (8.51). Regarding the nutritional quality, the polyunsaturated FA/saturated FA ratio (1.99), ω3/ω6 ratio (8.62), atherogenic index (0.26), thrombotic index (0.56), hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (4.07), and polyene index (2.58) showed that M. gregaria meat provides lipids that are beneficial to the human diet. Moreover, M. gregaria meat provides high-quality proteins, which are well balanced in their essential AAs composition.     

Biochemical composition and quality of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) eggs throughout the reproductive season

The present study investigated the biochemical composition and quality of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) eggs throughout the reproductive season. Results showed that the fertilization, hatching and egg floating rates were variable throughout the reproductive season, with the highest values recorded during the mid-season. Meanwhile, positive correlations were found between fertilization, hatching rate and floating rate. The composition of turbot eggs, including total lipid, protein, carbohydrate, moisture and dry weight showed no significant differences during the reproductive season. Furthermore, no correlations were found between egg compositions and viability parameters (VPs), including fertilization and hatching rates as well as larval deformity rate. However, egg diameter varied and correlated with fertilization, hatching and egg floating rates. The fatty acid in eggs at mid-season had significantly higher levels of C14:0, C16:0, C16:1n-7, C18:0, C18:1, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3. Moreover, significant relationships were found between fatty acids and VPs. Eggs of the middle season had significantly higher concentration of isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, valine, alanine, aspartate, glutamate and serine, whereas no significant relationships were found between amino acids and VPs. These observations suggest that the biochemical profile of eggs may be useful in evaluating egg quality and improving broodstock management for turbot.     

隆线溞营养成分分析及高温胁迫对抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了分析隆线溞(Daphnia carinata)作为饵料生物的价值和其在不同温度下抗氧化损伤能力的情况,测定了重庆荣昌境内隆线溞的氨基酸和脂肪酸含量;同时研究了温度对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)3种酶活性的影响。结果显示:17种氨基酸含量占干重29.82%,9种必需氨基酸占18.91%,组氨酸含量最高(7.83%),蛋氨酸含量最低,未能检测到色氨酸;主要脂肪酸为C20∶5ω3(EPA)、C16∶0、C16∶1和C18∶1,必需脂肪酸高达38.88%,不饱和脂肪酸高达70.54%,ω-3高不饱和脂肪酸(ω-3 HUFA)高达27.41%,同时含有C20∶4ω6(AA)和C22∶6ω3(DHA)。温度20～35℃对隆线溞抗氧化酶活性影响显著(P<0.05),25℃以上的高温使SOD与CAT酶活显著下降,35℃的高温胁迫导致二者抗氧化能力急剧减弱。     

渤海银鲳成熟卵巢生化成分分析

采用现代生化分析方法,研究了渤海银鲳卵巢组织的生化成分。结果表明:卵巢水分平均含量为68.83%,蛋白质平均含量15.45%,脂肪平均含量12.37%,灰分平均含量1.21%,糖类(碳水化合物)平均含量1.82%;卵巢组织的17种氨基酸中以谷氨酸含量最高,天冬氨酸次之,赖氨酸居于第三位;卵巢脂质中的主要脂肪酸排列顺序如下:C18∶1(n9&7)>C16∶0>C22∶6n3>C16∶1n7>C20∶5n3,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)占脂肪酸总量的18.95%~25.28%,单烯酸(MUFA)占24.67%~31.87%,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)占19.72%~24.26%,EPA和DHA之和占16.27%~20.08%。     

罗非鱼不同组织脂肪酸含量的分析

分别取罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)的肉、脂肪、肝、眼和皮等组织,用氯仿-甲醇(2∶1,v/v)提取,以C17∶0为内标物,利用气相色谱-质谱法(GC/MS)分析了各组织脂肪酸种类及含量。结果显示:罗非鱼各种组织中含有16种脂肪酸,富含多不饱和脂肪酸。脂肪组织中的脂肪酸含量最高,其次是眼睛、肝脏、鱼肉和鱼皮;各组织中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量为202~8869 mg/kg,主要为棕榈酸(C16∶0)和硬脂酸(C18∶0);单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量为293~11219 mg/kg,主要为棕榈油酸(C16∶1)和油酸(C18∶1);多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量为362~8293 mg/kg,主要是亚油酸(C18∶2)、亚麻酸(C18∶3)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,C22∶6);n-6/n-3为1.20~2.46。