锯缘青蟹幼体饵料的营养强化

用酵母、水球藻、鱼油强化和豆油强化四种不同方式培养轮虫，再分别投喂锯缘青蟹幼体，分析测定轮虫和体的生化组成，结果显示，（1）不同方式培养的轮虫之间以及摄食这些轮虫的锯缘青蟹幼体之间的蛋白质含量都没有显著差异；（2）轮虫的脂类含量和脂肪酸组成与培养方式密切相关，小球藻轮虫的脂类含量最高，20：5n-3(EPA)占总脂肪酸的比例也最高 ，为18.05%，鱼油轮虫则含有最多的22：6n-3(DHA)，占总脂肪酸3.16%，脂类含量仅次于小球藻轮虫；（3）锯缘青蟹幼体的脂类含量和脂肪酸组成受相应饵料营养成分的影响。另外，幼体培育实验也发现，饵料营养成分影响幼体的存活率，结果表明，提高轮虫的EPA和DHA含量，尤其晨DHA含量，将有利于锯缘青蟹幼体的存活和发育。     

卤虫的营养强化及其对罗氏沼虾幼体培育的影响

用小球藻强化培育卤虫，研究不同时间后卤虫体内脂肪酸的变化，并用此卤虫投喂罗氏沼虾幼体，研究其对罗氏沼虾幼体发育及成活的影响。实验结果表明，卤虫在强化12h后EPA及HUEA含量最高，强化时间延长至24h，EPA和HUFA含量反而下降。卤虫经营养强化可明显地促进罗氏沼虾幼体的生长发育并提高育苗成活率，而且在24h内随着强化时间的延长，效果越明显。     

中国对虾幼体发育阶段氨基酸组成的研究

中国对虾幼体发育阶段氨基酸组成的研究马英杰，张志峰，廖承义，马爱军，孙谧（青岛海洋大学，青岛２６６００３）（黄海水产研究所，青岛２６６０７１）关键词中国对虾，幼体发育，氨基酸ＴＨＥＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＣＯＭＰＯＳＩＴＩＯＮＯＦＡＭＩＮＯＡＣＩＤＩＮＬ...     

牛磺酸对卤虫无节幼体体成分的营养强化作用

为探讨牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体对其体成分的影响,试验分别以0、10、100、1 000mg/L浓度的牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体12h和24h后,采用国标法检测卤虫无节幼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙和磷的含量。试验结果显示:100mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体12h能显著提高其粗蛋白(P0.05)、粗脂肪、钙和磷的含量,显著降低其粗灰分含量(P0.05);10mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体24h能显著提高其粗蛋白和钙的含量(P0.05),显著降低其粗脂肪和粗灰分含量(P0.05);100mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体24h能显著提高其粗蛋白、钙和磷的含量(P0.05),显著减低其粗脂肪和粗灰分含量(P0.05)。表明:本试验条件下10mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体24h能显著改善卤虫无节幼体的体成分。     

三疣梭子蟹幼体消化酶活力及氨基酸组成的研究

在三疣梭子蟹幼体发育过程中，五种消化酶活力表现出三种变化模式，其中胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶活力呈上升趋势，而且在蚤状幼体Ⅰ期时就较高，淀粉酶活力逐渐减小，纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力极微。氨基酸含量随幼体发育逐渐增加。必需氨基酸中以亮氨酸含量最高，色氨酸含量最低；非必需所基酸中含量最高者为谷氨酸，最低者为胱氨酸。同时单个必需氨基酸含量与必需氨基酸总量的比值（Ａ／Ｅ）在幼体不同发展阶段略有差异，但基本趋于一致。     

饵料卤虫的营养强化对黑斑口虾蛄(Oratosquilla kempi) 幼体消化酶活力及其抗逆性的影响

用扁藻、酵母和"鱼油 酵母"强化3种方式处理的卤虫无节幼体投喂黑斑口虾蛄幼体,对各组黑斑口虾蛄幼体消化酶活力和抗逆性差别分析。结果显示,经过"鱼油 酵母"强化的幼体对氨氮、福尔马林、饥饿和盐度的耐受性均强于对照组。经过扁藻和"鱼油 酵母"强化的第Ⅲ相幼体脂肪酶活力是对照组的3倍,经过酵母和"鱼油 酵母"强化的仔虾蛄幼体脂肪酶活力较高。在第Ⅲ相幼体中淀粉酶活力为扁藻>酵母>对照>"鱼油 酵母"强化,仔虾蛄中酶活力为扁藻>对照>酵母>"鱼油 酵母"强化。在酵母强化第Ⅲ相幼体和对照组仔虾蛄中纤维素酶活力最高。第Ⅲ相幼体对照组的胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶活力均为最高,而"鱼油 酵母"强化仔虾蛄幼体的胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶活力均高于对照组。黑斑口虾蛄幼体消化酶活性和抗逆性能力的变化趋势与其成活率、变态率、生长速度、EPA和DHA含量变化趋势相同,可以作为评价饵料质量好坏的重要指标。     

盐度变化对灰海马仔鱼存活及生长的影响

为研究低盐胁迫对灰海马(Hippocampus erectus)存活和生长的影响,进行了3个实验,即:1)盐度突变实验,分别直接将1日龄和20日龄仔鱼从自然海水(32)移到盐度17和10的水中,观察死亡情况;2)盐度渐变实验,渐变速率分别为0、5 ppt·d~(-1)、10 ppt·d~(-1),仔鱼规格分别为1日龄、20日龄、40日龄,观察死亡情况以探明灰海马的耐盐低限;3)不同盐度(14、21、32)对灰海马生长的影响。结果表明:1)盐度突变15个单位对灰海马仔鱼存活基本无影响,突变22个单位对20日龄仔鱼无明显影响,但1日龄苗5 d内相继死亡;2)不同盐度渐变速率对灰海马仔鱼存活率的影响没有显著性差异,而不同规格(1日龄、10日龄、40日龄)仔鱼对低限盐度的耐受性则略有差异,但7是低限,盐度低于7时即出现死亡;3)生长实验结果显示,灰海马仔鱼在盐度14条件生长、存活显著优于另两个盐度组(21、32),灰海马仔鱼在盐度14、21、32养殖40 d后存活率依次为(82.9±4.02)%、(72.0±4.23)%、(61.7±7.73)%。本研究结果表明,灰海马是广盐性鱼类,可以适应低盐环境。在养殖生产中,如有条件,可将盐度控制在14左右,能有效提高其存活率并促进生长。     

芽孢杆菌微生态制剂对灰海马幼体生长、成活率及消化酶活力的影响

通过给灰海马(Hippocampus erectus Perry)初生幼体口服卤虫包膜的芽孢杆菌微生态制剂,探讨其对海马幼体生长、成活率及消化酶活力的影响。共计3批初生的灰海马幼体(3对亲本一次产出的全部幼体),每批平均分为两组,分别作为试验组和对照组。3批幼体作为3个重复组,以排除初生幼体质量不同引起的差异。试验组投喂用芽孢杆菌微生态制剂处理过的卤虫幼体,对照组投喂未经芽孢杆菌微生态制剂处理的卤虫幼体,试验时间为25 d。试验结束时,试验组灰海马幼体体长和体长增量与对照组无显著差异;体质量方面,仅第3批中试验组显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),其它两批无显著差异;3批次试验组灰海马幼体的成活率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);消化酶方面,试验组与对照组间除第3批试验灰海马幼体的脂肪酶活力及第1批试验灰海马幼体的蛋白酶活力无显著差异外,其它批次中试验组灰海马肠道脂肪酶、蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活力均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。结果表明,口服芽孢杆菌微生态制剂能够显著提高人工养殖灰海马幼体的成活率及肠道消化酶活力。     

营养与裙带菜幼体生长的关系

裙带菜育苗期,需添加氮、磷肥,也需要部分铁肥。本文通过试验,找出最佳用量:氮、磷浓度比为2:0.2～4:0.4ppm。铁对幼藻有促进生长、延缓和减轻发病的作用。幼藻需铁量随藻体的增长而加大,小于8列细胞的幼藻,铁浓度以0.1ppm 为佳,体长1厘米以上的,铁量在1ppm 时生长最快。在培养海水中,加入适量海泥浸出液,对幼藻病烂也有一定的抑制作用。     

真鲷幼体的摄食与营养

真鲷幼体摄食与营养研究结构表明：真鲷幼体的日摄食具有明显的昼夜节律性，白天的摄食强度大于夜间，早晨及停晚分别出现日摄食的两个高峰。葡萄糖为真鲷幼体生长的重要能源物质之一。主要贮存于幼体的肌肉和肝脏中，氨基酸是幼体生长的重要物质，其鲷幼体体内必需氨基酸的可能种类有１１种。     

Growth and survival of juvenile lined seahorse,Hippocampus erectus (Perry), at different stocking densities

The lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus (Perry), is an important species in both medicinal and aquarium trades. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of stocking density (1, 3 and 5 individuals L⁻¹) on the growth performance and survival of the early-stage juvenile H. erectus. The height (HT), wet weight, weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were affected significantly by the stocking density during the 40-day study. The HT, WG and SGR of the seahorse at 1 and 3 juveniles L⁻¹ were significantly higher than that at 5 juveniles L⁻¹. The survival of juveniles at the three stocking densities was not significantly different at day 25 (90.3 ± 4.5%, 86.7 ± 4.2% and 86.2 ± 3.8% for 1, 3 and 5 juveniles L⁻¹ respectively), but was significantly different at day 40 (87.8 ± 3.9%, 69.6 ± 4.2% and 52.9 ± 2.8% for 1, 3 and 5 juveniles L⁻¹ respectively). For the early-stage juvenile H. erectus, we recommend a stocking density of 3 juveniles L⁻¹, but the density should be reduced to 1–2 juveniles L⁻¹ to avoid reduced and variable growth and high mortality after 25 days.     

Identification and characterization of the pathogen associated with skin ulcer syndrome in lined seahorse,Hippocampus erectus

The lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus, is an Atlantic species, which mainly inhabits shallow sea beds or coral reefs. Seahorse has become very popular in China due to its wide use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, the aquaculture of the lined seahorse has been threatened by a variety of diseases, especially bacterial infections. Skin ulcer syndrome becomes more and more common in the culture of seahorses, leading to skin ulcer, liver erosion and minority tail rotting. These diseased seahorses die in only 72 hr, causing huge economic losses in aquaculture. Pathogen HMT‐1 was isolated from the lined seahorses with skin ulcer syndrome, which was identified as Vibrio harveyi. The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of HMT‐1 was 2.88 × 10⁸ cfu/ml. The pathogenic mechanism of HMT‐1 was preliminarily studied, and the pathological changes of the diseased lined seahorses were also investigated. Moreover, the activities of ACP, complement 3, SOD and LZM at different time post injection were measured by commercial kits. Our findings can provide reliable reference for diagnosis and treatment in the future.     

Effect of starvation on survival and biochemical profile of newborn juvenile lined seahorses,Hippocampus erectus (Perry, 1810)

This study assessed the effect of starvation on survival and nutritional status of newborn juveniles H. erectus (<10 days) to optimize rearing protocols, thereby helping to reduce wildlife exploitation. Maximum starvation time (MST) was estimated through the survival of juveniles continuously starved from birth. Resistance to starvation and the effect of food re‐introduction after 1, 2, 4 and 6 days of starvation on survival and metabolite concentrations (total proteins, total lipids, acylglycerides, cholesterol, glucose) were also determined. Survival amongst continuously starved animals decreased from 6.6 ± 0.5 to 0% from days 9 to 10 of starvation. Seahorses under different starvation–refeeding treatments all had 100% survival up to day 5 of experiments. After 10 days, however, a 4‐day starvation period followed by refeeding showed negative effects with <50% survival. During continuous starvation, lipids were the first energy reserve used to maintain basal metabolism, followed by proteins. Except for cholesterol, all metabolite concentrations differed between continuous starvations and feeding. Despite high seahorse survival after 5 days in the absence of food, the recovery of the metabolic status is possible after a starvation period of no more than 2 days, since irreversible physiological changes compromising the ultimate survival of the organisms take place after this time.     

Breeding and juvenile culture of the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810

All seahorse species worldwide have been placed under CITES Appendix II since 2004, because they have been over-exploited for traditional Chinese medicine and aquarium trades. Aquaculture has been recognized as a long-term solution for sustaining the seahorse trade while minimizing wild collection. In this study, we evaluated the breeding and juvenile culture of an important aquarium seahorse species, the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus, Perry 1810. Pairing, mating and copulation behavior were observed. Gestation time and brood size were 17.33 ± 2.94 days and 272.33 ± 66.45 individuals/brood, respectively. Growth rates differed among juveniles from different broods. Effects of temperature on the growth rates and survivorship of the juveniles during the first two weeks were compared. The highest growth rate and survivorship of the juveniles occurred at 28–29 °C among the temperatures tested (24–33 °C). Growth rate and survivorship of the juveniles during the first 9 weeks at 28 °C were investigated. The final standard length and survivorship of the juveniles were 6.32 ± 0.52 cm and 71.11 ± 10.18%, respectively, and the relationship between the wet weight and the standard length of the juvenile seahorses can be expressed as: W = 0.0034 L^2.5535 (r² = 0.9903, n = 12, P < 0.01). These findings suggest that H. erectus is a good candidate for commercial aquaculture.     

Effects of light intensity,stocking density and temperature on the air-bubble disease,survivorship and growth of early juvenile seahorse Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810

This investigation examined the effects of light intensity, stocking density and temperature on the air-bubble disease, survivorship and growth of early juveniles (2–30 days old) of seahorse Hippocampus erectus Perry. The juveniles in the 100 lx treatment had the highest air-bubble disease rate of 20.8 ± 6.2% and the juveniles in the 500 lx treatment had the highest survival rate of 84.4 ± 5.5%. The juvenile seahorses cultured in the 1500 lx treatment had the highest final wet weight of 0.13 ± 0.02 g and the highest final standard length of 4.54 ± 0.37 cm (F_{7, 144}=57.406, F_{7, 144}=12.315, P<0.05). There was no significant effect of stocking density on the air-bubble disease rate (F_{6, 21}=1.893, P=0.126). The juveniles cultured in the 1 ind L⁻¹ had the highest wet weight increment of 0.134 ± 0.031 g, but juveniles in the 2 ind L⁻¹ had the highest standard length increment of 3.17 ± 0.30 cm (F_{6, 126}=34.902, F_{6, 126}=11.726, P<0.05), and juveniles cultured in the 1.5 ind L⁻¹ had the highest survival rate of 86.1 ± 4.6%. The result of interaction of light intensity and temperature showed that the juveniles cultured in the 1500 lx and 26 °C had the highest weight gain and specific growth rate of 3791.17 ± 323.97% and 13.07 ± 0.18, respectively, and the lowest air-bubble disease rate of 9.3 ± 4.5% occurred in the 1000 lx and 26 °C (F_{8, 36}=12.355, P<0.05).     

Prey–predator dynamics in seahorses (Hippocampus guttulatus): deciphering fatty acid clues

Understanding the flow of fatty acids between trophic levels can provide important clues on prey–predator dynamics and nutritional requirements of the species. This study investigates the fatty acid flow between enrichment emulsions, Artemia nauplii and Hippocampus guttulatus juveniles, and evaluates the nutritional value of enriched and unenriched Artemia for newborn seahorses. The fatty acid profile of Artemia and seahorses generally reflected the dietary composition, but fatty acids were not linearly transferred between trophic levels. The incorporation of dietary fatty acids showed to be a more complex process involving dietary composition, predator metabolism and nutritional requirements. Artemia composition resulted from a dynamic balance between what was assimilated and metabolized by the nauplii during enrichment. Prey fatty acids were incorporated in seahorses, but HUFA, particularly DHA, were selectively retained to fulfil their high requirements. H. guttulatus newborns were not successfully reared on Artemia nauplii, not even on enriched Artemia, with low survival rates (15.0–26.7%) being observed in all feeding treatments. The high MUFA content and low DHA level of Artemia did not fulfil the high SFA and PUFA requirements of newborn juveniles, particularly their great DHA demands. Higher survivorship was obtained with enriched Artemia, but no differences were detected in juvenile growth.     

Biochemical composition of wild and cultured seahorses (Hippocampus kuda Bleeker)

The seahorse has been used for thousands of years as an important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in China. Many species of wild seahorse have become endangered, but demand for them continues to grow rapidly. Therefore, it is urgent to cultivate seahorses to relieve the strain on natural populations and meet the market demand for this TCM. In this study, medicinal components of wild and cultured yellow seahorses (Hippocampus kuda Bleeker) were analysed and compared. Different parts of the body (cortex and bone), male and female specimens, and seahorses of different ages were analysed. Crude protein, crude fat, trace elements, calcium, amino acid, fatty acid, steroid and cholesterol content were measured. The results showed that moisture content accounted for 70% of wet weight and ash content increased with growth. Crude protein and fat contents were higher in cultured seahorses than in wild specimens, and the content of Zn in cultured seahorses (93.26 ± 10.44%) was significantly higher than that of same‐aged wild seahorses (74.20 ± 3.83%). Amino acid and fatty acid contents of cultured seahorses also were higher than those of wild seahorses. These findings show that cultured seahorses can also be used in TCMs and that 1‐year‐old cultured seahorses have the best properties.     

Feeding selectivity of the seahorse,Hippocampus kuda (Bleeker), juveniles under laboratory conditions

This study examined the feeding selectivity of Hippocampus kuda juveniles under captive conditions and evaluates different food organisms that could be used to improve hatchery‐rearing of this species. Newly born H. kuda were reared for 10 days in 60‐L capacity tanks and fed rotifers (Brachionus rotundiformis), zooplankton (mostly Pseudodiaptomus annandalei and Acartia tsuensis) alone or both food sources. The size and amount of food ingested increased as seahorses grew. Selective feeding of seahorses appeared to change as they develop, preferring copepod adults over nauplii and rotifers. A. tsuensis was highly selected by juveniles over P. annandalei. Specific growth rate in terms of body weight (SGR‐BW, 15% day^–1) was the highest and mortality rate (9% at day 10) the lowest in seahorses fed a mixed food sources. Slowest growth rate (0.3% day^–1) and highest mortality rate (60% at day 7) were observed in seahorses fed rotifers alone. These results indicate that copepods are suitable food for seahorse juveniles, but a mixture of food organisms in the rearing tank environment enhances survivorship and growth of H. kuda, thus potentially providing a source of cultured rather than wild specimens for characterizing the life history of this threatened species.