冬枣丰产栽培技术

冬枣作为第2代鲜食枣品种,以汁多、味甜、质脆、无渣等特点深受消费者欢迎,是我国目前综合性状最好的鲜食品种,在我国北方枣区面积迅速扩大,得到了快速发展。但是,许多枣农还沿用传统的梨枣管理模式,对冬枣进行管理,这就推迟了冬枣的丰产期,造成了不必要的损失。为了使冬枣得到科学栽培,发挥其最好的经济效益,现将该品种的栽培技术要点介绍如下:1　冬枣的生物学特性冬枣属晚熟鲜食品种,与其他品种相比,树势中庸偏弱,树枝开张,发枝力中等,枝叶较密,易造成树冠内堂郁闭,通风透光不良。以3～8年枣股结果最好,每个枣股上抽生3～10个枣吊,枣…     

枣中珍品——冬枣

近年在以枣树品种多而闻名的山东枣庄发现了枣中珍品——冬枣。冬枣之所以是枣中珍品,它具有诸多优美。1 成熟晚 在11月初才能成熟,比一般枣晚熟一个多月,它独占市场,具有较好市场前景。     

枣树主要病害的防治要点

枣树,原产我国,栽培品种多达数百个。近些年来,枣的产业化进程加快,绩溪种植的主要品种有大青、小青、水东甜枣、鲁北冬枣等品种。特别是优良品种如晚熟鲜食鲁北冬枣栽培     

金芒果枣栽培技术

金芒果枣是河南省南阳大枣研究所继早熟品种“大王枣”及特晚熟出口品种金冬枣、金苹枣之后 ,培育的又一外向形特晚熟鲜食大枣新品种。其主要特点是 :(1 )形态奇。金芒果枣外形酷似亚热带的芒果 ,形状奇特 ,白熟期为金黄色 ,完熟期呈鲜红色 ,极具食用和观赏价值。 (2 )特晚熟。     

枣中珍品——沾化冬枣

枣中珍品——沾化冬枣刘春杰，崔卫东沾化冬枣，又名冻枣、苹果枣、冰糖枣，因果实于１０月中下旬成熟而得名“冬枣”，是大果圆枣类中稀有晚熟品种。它果实近球形，单果重达２５克，果皮光亮赭红，皮薄肉脆，细嫩多汁，甘甜清香。冬枣富含１８种人体所必须的氨基酸及黄酮...     

冬枣可持续丰产栽培技术

<正>冬枣(Zizyphus jujuba Mill． cv．Dongzao)是我国特有的晚熟枣栽培品种,适应性强,也是目前公认鲜食品质最好的枣品种,具有很好的市场前景。     

枣果的保鲜与贮藏

一、选用耐贮性品种 我国栽培的鲜食枣品种极多，贮藏性因品种不同而有差异。早中熟品种耐贮性差，不适宜进行长期贮存，宜随采随销．避免损失。晚熟品种如冬枣、雪枣等。可以通过贮存来延长市场销售时间或在市场变档销售，以提高售价，增加收入。一般晚熟品种．在常温自然条件下可贮存5-7天；在科学管理、低温等条件下。有的品种保鲜期可达4个月以上。     

冬枣早期丰产栽培技术

冬枣作为晚熟鲜食品种,以其质优营养丰富而倍受消费者青睐,吴桥县作为我国主要枣产区,近年冬枣发展较快,但由于栽培管理较粗放,生产上存在着结果晚、产量低、质量差的问题。为探讨冬枣早期丰产栽培技术,作者于1996～2002年进行了示范栽培试验。     

滨州市冬枣质量下降原因分析与提质增效对策

冬枣（又称沾化冬枣、苹果枣、冻枣）是一种大果、晚熟、鲜食枣类珍稀果树品种资源。因果实大,赭红光亮,皮薄肉脆,细嫩多汁,甘甜清香,营养丰富,品质极佳,市场开发前景广阔。山东省滨州市是冬枣栽培最佳适生区,现有冬枣栽培面积5．47万hm^2,年产量45万t,产值27亿元,栽培面积和产量均位居全国地级市首位。沾化县下洼镇等冬枣主产区,枣农人均年冬枣纯收入超过6500元,冬枣产业已成为滨州市的主导产业和农民增加收入的重要来源之一。     

枣庄冬枣早期优质高产高效栽培技术

枣庄冬枣是枣庄市薛城区园艺研究所近几年在挖掘开发优良品种资源中发现的一个特晚熟枣树品种 ,经山东省果树研究所鉴定 ,属尚未发表的地方品种。该品种果实 1 0月下旬至1 1月上旬成熟 ,比当地圆铃枣和长红枣晚熟 40～ 50ｄ ,比梨枣晚熟 30ｄ左右。果实圆形略扁 ,平均单果重 32     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.