母羊产后缺乳

母畜在产后泌乳量减少或完全无乳,称为产后缺乳.产后缺乳在绵羊及山羊常有发生,是引起新生羔羊饥饿、能量不足、体质减弱甚至死亡的重要原因,造成养殖业重大经济损失.母羊产后缺乳主要是由品种品质、饲养管理、应激、营养及疾病等因素引起,除全身性疾病外,母羊产后缺乳按临床症状可分为单纯缺乳型、乳腺炎型和传染性无乳症型.针对以上临床...     

小尾寒羊产后子宫内细菌类型和数量的研究

通过子宫内膜活检采样器得到子宫腔内液,应用细菌分离培养鉴定技术,研究10只小尾寒羊产后不同时期子宫内细菌的种类和数量的变化规律。结果发现:在产后1~25 d,小尾寒羊子宫腔内存在4个属的细菌,这些细菌是以芽孢杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、微球菌属为主的革兰氏阳性菌和以大肠杆菌群为主的革兰氏阴性菌等。产后子宫细菌数量和种类随着子宫内环境的改变而有规律地变化:从无菌状态增加到最高点约7 d左右,而下降比较缓慢,到子宫颈管复旧完成(22 d)后,才接近于无菌状态。产后子宫内一定数量的细菌对子宫复旧无显著影响。     

引进母畜头羔综合症

自1991年至2003年笔者在自外地引进种母羊2100头的疫病防治过程中 ,观察到一种有规律的头羔综合症 ,使头羔成活率下降到仅30 % ,而二胎后又恢复正常 ,给初引进种母羊以求短期获得投资效益的养殖户造成信心上的挫折。现将该综合症简报如下 :1病例简述1992至1994年张家川县政府采取政府贴息贷款加农户自筹的方式先后从山东梁山县引进被称为国宝的小尾寒羊2000多只 ,为确保引种的成功 ,90 %为3 -6月龄的羔羊 ,引入后大部投放至西部人多地少 ,舍饲条件好的农户 ,每户最多饲养2只 ,少数投放至养殖专业户 ,规模为40至100头左右。以舍饲为主 ,放牧…     

摘除卵巢绵羊经雌激素处理后子宫催产素受体的测定

给摘除卵巢绵羊埋植雌激素后，采取其子宫肉阜、肉阜间子宫内膜、肌层和其他器官组织样品用于催产素受体（ｒＯＴ）测定。３种子宫组织和输卵管含有ｒＯＴ；阴道、肌肉、小肠、肝组织中ｒＯＴ浓度不可测。子宫组织中ｒＯＴ仅具有单一类型的结合点，Ｋｄ值为１．３５ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，最大结合容量为３０２．８ｆｍｏｌ／ｍｇ蛋白。     

Insulin Sensitivity during Late Gestation in Ewes Affected by Pregnancy Toxemia and in Ewes with High and Low Susceptibility to this Disorder

Background

Insulin resistance during late gestation might act as 1 etiologic factor causing pregnancy toxemia in ewes.

Objective

Evaluation of pancreatic insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in ewes with differing susceptibility to pregnancy toxemia and in ketotic ewes.

Animals

Pregnant ewes suffering from (PT, n = 5) and ewes with high (HR, n = 7) and low risk (LR, n = 5) of being affected by pregnancy toxemia.

Methods

In a case‐control study, the pancreatic insulin release and the peripheral insulin sensitivity were assessed by means of the intravenous glucose tolerance test with subsequent measurement of the plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and β‐hydroxybutyrate (β‐HB). The ewes were tested during late pregnancy within 5 and 15 days antepartum.

Results

The insulin secretion after glucose administration was significantly lower in the HR and PT than in the LR ewes. The baseline rate of lipolysis was significantly increased in the HR ewes, but the NEFA clearance was similar in both risk groups, albeit delayed in the PT ewes. The baseline β‐HB concentration was significantly higher in the PT than in the HR and LR ewes. In the HR and in the PT ewes, the plasma β‐HB concentrations did not decrease after glucose administration.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

There is reduced pancreatic first‐phase insulin response and impaired insulin‐dependent inhibition of the ketone body formation during late pregnancy in the HR and PT ewes. This insulin resistance might represent 1 causative factor in the pathogenesis of ovine pregnancy toxemia.     

重复超排处理对绵羊卵巢的影响

<正> 重复超数排卵处理是家畜胚胎移植中提高供体母畜利用率的重要措施。据报道,使用同一种促性腺激素重复处理会引起兔(Manrer等,1968;Reel等,1976)、绵羊(Paulsson,1962)青年牛(Howe等,1962)和母牛(Turman等,1977;Turman和Wetteman,1978)等超数排卵反应的下降。认为这种现象是由于形成外源促性腺激素抗体所发生的抗药性所致(Willett等1953;Juinudeen等,1966;Onuma等,1969)。但也有些研究并未证实使用同一种促性腺激素重复处理牛(Dziuk等1958;Scanlon,1972)或羊(Gordon,1975)会造成其卵巢反应的下降。本试验的目的是观察在一定时期内,使用同一种促性腺激素(FSH与LH)进行重复超排处理,对母羊卵巢的排卵(排卵反应)以及受精后发情周期等的影响。     

OC9Effect of Melatonin Implants in Guirra Ewes

In extensive systems, beef cows should be continuously with their calves to optimise pasture use but this practice can lengthen post-partum interval (PPI). A study was conducted to determine the influence of suckling frequency on Parda de Montaña cow-calf performance when cows are fed 70% energy requirements during lactation (outdoor winter conditions simulation). Thirty-six autumn-calving cows with similar body condition at calving (2.57) were assigned to three suckling systems [ ad libitum (AL), twice (2D) or once daily (1D) for 30 min]. Blood samples were collected twice a week to analyse progesterone concentrations by RIA. Cows lost similar weight until start of mating period (day 52 post-partum; −0.583, –0.513, –0.520 kg/day in AL, 2D and 1D). Standard milk yield was higher in AL than the rest (8.9, 6.2, 7.0 kg; p < 0.05), which was reflected on greater calf gain (0.895, 0.752, 0.676 kg/day; p < 0.05) and larger cow weight loss within 90 days post-partum in this treatment (–0.345, –0.188, –0.083 kg/day; p < 0.05). Suckling system did not affect either PPI (69.6, 89.1, 65.5 days) or cows cycling within 90 days post-partum (55, 46, 58%), which may compromise the target calving interval. In Parda de Montaña breed fed moderately pre-calving and undernourished during lactation, restricted suckling did not favour ovarian activity resumption, but post-partum subnutrition delayed about 40 days PPI observed in similar body condition at calving and calf management (Sanz et al., 2003; Anim Reprod Sci 79: 57–69)     

繁殖母羊分期饲养技术

繁殖母羊是羊场快速扩繁的基础,饲养繁殖母羊的最终目的是充分挖掘母羊的生产潜力,增加羊群数量,提高羊群质量.母羊每年都要经历1～2次配种、妊娠、哺乳这一复杂的繁殖生理过程,每一次繁殖经历,都是对繁殖母羊体质的一次重要考验.只有不断优化繁殖母羊空怀期、妊娠期和哺乳期各阶段、各环节的饲养管理,才能保证繁殖母羊的体质健康,提高...     

Gastrointestinal Nematode Populations in Stabled Ewes of Rimouski Region

Nematode populations is stabled ewes of the Rimouski region were studied by means of fecal worm egg counts, fecal culture of larvae, and worm counts at necropsy. It was found that during the winter strongyle egg counts were low, Trichostrongylus eggs being most numerous, The stronglye egg counts increased following lambing and reached peak in June. Ostertagia spp was the principal contributor to this “spring-rise”, with substantial contribution from Trichostrongylus and Haemonchus contortus. The bulk of adult worm populations in winter, however, was made up of Trichostrongylus, whereas the great majority of the populations of Ostertagia spp, H. contortus and Nematodirus spp were inhibited in development at the fourth larval stage. All the worms recovered at necropsy in spring were adults, coinciding with the “spring-rise”.     

Seasonal Fluctuations of Nematode Populations in Breeding Ewes and Lambs

The seasonal changes in nematode populations of a flock of sheep in the Montreal area were determined using serial fecal egg counts, fecal culture of larvae and necropsy worm counts. It was found that Ostertagia spp.,Nematodirus spp., Trichostrongylus agei, Trichostrongylus spp. and Chabertia ovina over-wintered on pasture and could initiate patent infections the following spring. The development of populations of H. contortus was typical of that seen with most of the other species and was characterized by the following series of events. In early winter when the study was started with stabled pregnant ewes, most of the populations were immature and the egg counts were low and remained so throughout the entire winter. However, in the spring, following lambing, large numbers of adult worms were seen with a consequent decrease in immatures and a sudden increase in egg counts. When the ewes and lambs were pastured together, the egg counts in ewes dropped consequent to “self-cure”, the “spring-rise” providing the major source of overwhelming infections for lambs with deaths by the end of July. As the season progressed larvae taken in by both ewes and lambs did not mature, and by early fall, most of the worm population consisted of immature forms. It appeared that H. contortus could not have more than two generations in ewes or lambs in a single grazing season.     

Synchronization of Ovulation and Fixed Time Intrauterine Insemination in Ewes

A novel method for oestrus-ovulation synchronization in sheep followed by fixed time insemination is presented herewith. Mature dry ewes (n = 28) of Karagouniko breed being at an unknown stage of the oestrous cycle, were used during the middle of breeding season. The treatment protocol consisted of an initial administration of a GnRH analogue followed 5 days later by a prostaglandin F2alpha injection. Thirty-six hours later a second GnRH injection was administered to synchronize ovulation, and laparoscopic intrauterine insemination was performed 12-14 h later. Three days after insemination, fertile rams were introduced into the flock twice daily and oestrus-mating detection was carried out. For progesterone (P(4)) determination, blood samples were collected on alternate days, starting 2 days before the first GnRH injection and continuing for 17 days after insemination. An additional sample was taken on the day of insemination. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out by trans-abdominal ultrasonography. Fourteen ewes (50%) conceived at insemination and maintained pregnancy; from the remainder 14 ewes 10 became pregnant at natural service, while four, although they mated at least two to three times, failed to conceive. In response to the first GnRH, P(4) concentration increased at higher levels in ewes that conceived at AI compared with those that failed to conceive (47.54 and 22.44%, respectively; p < 0.05). Significant differences (p < 0.05) in mean P(4) concentration between pregnant and non-pregnant animals were detected 1 day before AI (0.17 +/- 0.06 and 0.26 +/- 0.14 ng/ml, respectively) on the day of AI (0.15 +/- 0.04 and 0.24 +/- 0.08 ng/ml, respectively) as well as 9 and 11 days thereafter (0.48 +/- 0.12 and 0.38 +/- 0.12 ng/ml; 0.68 +/- 0.14 and 0.50 +/- 0.18 ng/ml, respectively). These results indicate that using the proposed protocol, an acceptable conception rate can be achieved which could be further improved by modifying the time intervals between interventions.     

Estimation of Dry Matter Intake by Grazing Comisana Ewes

Veterinary Research Communications -     

辽宁绒山羊空怀母羊能量需要量

本试验旨在研究辽宁绒山羊空怀期母羊的能量需要量。选用体况良好、体重接近的24只辽宁绒山羊经产空怀母羊,随机分为3组,每组8个重复,每个重复1只。采用饲养试验、消化代谢试验和气体代谢试验研究绒山羊空怀母羊的代谢能(ME)和净能(NE)的需要量。结果表明:辽宁绒山羊空怀期母羊的维持需要代谢能和净能分别为0.480和0.336 MJ/kg W0.75。     

多浪羊一年两产繁育技术的初步研究

采用孕酮阴道栓和孕马血清促性腺激素相结合的方法对秋季空怀和春季早期断奶的多浪羊母羊进行同期发情处理,探讨综合性频密繁育技术。结果表明:在一年两产的频密繁育过程中,秋季空怀母羊与春季早期断奶母羊同期发情率无显著性差异(97.2%vs 96.0%)(P>0.05);分别对上述同期发情的母羊实施人工授精,受胎率有显著性差异(82.9%vs 54.0%)(P<0.05);平均产羔数(1.4 vs1.3)及产双羔母羊比率(37.9%vs 26.7%)均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。试验证明,对多浪羊母羊实施频密繁育技术处理,可以实现一年两次产羔,提高母羊的生产性能。     

小尾寒羊绵羊痘病例的诊断

旨在对甘肃某羊场小尾寒羊疑似绵羊痘进行确诊,并深入探讨其病理变化特点。对临诊疑似患绵羊痘的小尾寒羊进行了羊痘间接ELISA抗体检测和PCR检测确诊,并对6只病羊进行病理剖检、病理组织学和超微结构研究。结果如下：羊痘间接ELISA抗体检测显示6例病羊样品均为阳性;同时,对2例病羊样品进行PCR检测,均扩增出绵羊痘病毒（SPV）585 bp的目的基因片段,表明本次小尾寒羊所患疫病为绵羊痘。病理剖检显示,病羊皮肤无毛或少毛处充血,局部有红斑和坏死,尾部常有感染化脓形成溃疡;消化道黏膜,尤其舌和瘤胃黏膜有大小不等痘疹与坏死病灶,局部甚至形成糜烂或溃疡。肺膈叶以及肝、脾等常有痘疹和坏死病灶。病理组织学观察显示,肺痘疹病灶主要呈现渗出-增生结节和坏死-增生结节变化,病灶内血管、细支气管等周围常有大量绵羊痘细胞,胞质内有嗜酸性包涵体;病变消化道黏膜局部,上皮细胞程度不等增生、水泡变性,固有层及黏膜下层充血、水肿,有大量绵羊痘细胞,其细胞质内包涵体明显。肝、脾、肾也有程度不等坏死-增生结节变化。肺超微结构观察显示,肺泡上皮细胞肿大,细胞核浓缩、染色质聚集,线粒体程度不等肿胀、嵴断裂、空泡化,可见细胞质内包涵体。研究证明,除局部皮肤病变外,消化道黏膜和肺等实质器官的痘疹病变是患绵羊痘小尾寒羊具代表性的病理变化,尤其痘疹病灶中大量绵羊痘细胞的出现具有证病性意义。