浓度与pH互作下表没食子儿茶素没食子酸脂（EGCG）对黄壤Al、Fe、Mn迁移的影响

对淋溶环境下黄壤的Al、Fe、Mn浓度进行分析,探讨浓度与pH互作下表没食子儿茶素没食子酸脂(EGCG)对黄壤Al、Fe、Mn迁移的影响。采用二因素四水平完全随机试验,用48个不同浓度和pH组合的EGCG溶液对黄壤进行间歇淋溶,测定淋出液中Al、Fe、Mn浓度,分析黄壤Al、Fe、Mn迁移总量和迁移过程。结果表明,黄壤Al、Fe、Mn迁移总量在浓度与pH互作下均有显著差异;高浓度(5.00mmol/L)高pH(5.5)EGCG溶液有利于Al和Fe的迁移,迁移总量分别为180.24mg/L和41.15mg/L;而EGCG溶液在高浓度(5.00mmol/L)低pH(3.5)时有利于Mn的迁移,其迁移总量为4.50mg/L;Al、Fe、Mn迁移总量在浓度与pH互作下主要表现为AlFeMn。随着淋溶的进行,淋出液中Al和Mn浓度在中后期(大致在第8次取样后)均逐渐降低;但随着中、高浓度(1.00,5.00mmol/L)高pH(5.5)、高浓度(5.00mmol/L)中pH(4.5)的EGCG溶液淋溶的进行,淋出液Fe浓度先增加后降低;当EGCG浓度与低pH(3.5)互作时,淋出液Fe浓度随淋溶的进行整体呈现明显的升高趋势。EGCG溶液的淋溶对土壤Al/Mn毒的治理有一定效果,且淋溶前期的效果更明显,但EGCG溶液不具备同时经济高效治理土壤Al/Mn毒的优势。     

温度对EGCG和柠檬酸活化土壤硅铝铁锰的影响

通过浸提试验研究了温度对浓度均为5 mmol/L的表没食子儿茶素没食子酸脂(EGCG)和柠檬酸活化漂洗水稻土和黄壤矿质元素的影响。结果表明:随温度升高,EGCG和柠檬酸对2种土壤Si、Al、Fe和Mn的活化量均不同程度增加,表明EGCG和柠檬酸活化土壤矿质元素的能力在高温季节将得以增强。相同温度下,从元素间比较来看,EGCG和柠檬酸对2种土壤元素的活化量大小均为AlSiFe(Mn),表明EGCG和柠檬酸作用下土壤Al较Si、Fe和Mn更易活化;柠檬酸对2种土壤Fe、Mn的活化量均为FeMn,而EGCG对漂洗水稻土为FeMn,对黄壤则为MnFe;从土壤间比较来看,EGCG和柠檬酸对2种土壤Si的活化量均为漂洗水稻土黄壤,对Al、Fe和Mn的活化量则为黄壤漂洗水稻土;从酚与酸的比较来看,柠檬酸对2种土壤Si、Al、Fe的活化量均显著高于EGCG,表明柠檬酸比EGCG对土壤Si、Al和Fe有更强的活化能力。     

不同浓度和pH对茶多酚活化土壤硅、铝、铁的影响

通过浸提试验研究了不同浓度茶叶提取物、儿茶素和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸脂(EGCG)3种茶多酚(TPs)和不同p H下EGCG对漂洗水稻土和黄壤Si、Al和Fe活化的影响。结果表明:(1)随TPs浓度升高,土壤Si活化量在茶叶提取物和儿茶素作用下总体上均增加,在EGCG作用下却先增后减;Al、Fe活化量在各TP作用下均增加。同一浓度下,各TP活化Si的量均为漂洗水稻土黄壤,活化Al或Fe的量均为黄壤漂洗水稻土。(2)随EGCG溶液p H升高,Si活化量为漂洗水稻土降低,黄壤增加;Al、Fe活化量为2种土壤均增加。同一p H下,EGCG活化Si的量p H≤5.5时为漂洗水稻土黄壤,p H=6.5时为黄壤漂洗水稻土;活化Al、Fe的量均为黄壤漂洗水稻土。综上,TPs浓度和p H对不同土壤Si、Al和Fe的活化有不同影响。     

不同种植年限下雷竹林土壤中铝的形态变化

研究了不同种植年限下雷竹林土壤中铝(Al)的形态及变化。结果表明,随着种植年限的增加土壤中有机质含量及阳离子交换量显著提高,而土壤pH值线性下降;土壤交换性Al及络合态Al的含量显著增加,但土壤游离态Al、无定形Al及总Al含量变化并不显著。种植15年后的雷竹林土壤中交换性Al含量约为对照水稻田的51倍,这极可能对雷竹生长产生毒害作用,从而影响雷竹的产笋。但集约经营下雷竹生产与土壤Al毒及土壤酸化之间的关系值得进一步研究。     

茶多酚浓度对土壤pH、酚酸及铁铝形态转化的影响

选取雅安市名山区茶园集中分布区的紫色土、黄壤和水稻土为研究对象,向土壤中加入不同浓度的茶多酚,培养3个月后,测定土壤pH值、总酚、水溶性酚、活性铁、络合铁、活性铝、络合铝的含量,分析其变化情况,探讨茶多酚浓度对土壤pH、酚酸及铁铝形态转化的影响,为茶园土壤管理提供科学依据。结果表明:添加茶多酚后,3种土壤均发生酸化现象,其中的紫色土和水稻土添加低浓度茶多酚便可显著酸化,而黄壤只有在添加高浓度茶多酚的条件下才显著酸化。添加高浓度的茶多酚可显著提高3种土壤总酚和水溶性酚含量;添加低浓度茶多酚时,紫色土总酚含量也显著升高,黄壤总酚含量却显著下降,水稻土总酚含量变化不显著。添加茶多酚对黄壤和水稻土活性铁含量无显著影响,但添加高浓度茶多酚可显著降低紫色土活性铁含量;添加茶多酚可显著提高黄壤络合铁含量,但对紫色土和水稻土络合铁含量无显著影响。添加茶多酚可显著降低水稻土的活性铝含量,但对紫色土和黄壤活性铝含量无显著影响,对3种土壤络合铝均无显著影响。土壤酚酸形态和含量可影响土壤酸化及铁铝形态转化。     

三江平原白浆土中Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn生物有效性的研究

在三江平原上,测定 42 个小区中玉米、大豆、小麦籽实 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 含量和土壤中各形态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和Zn含量.通过相关分析和通径分析,探讨了土壤中各形态Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 的生物有效性,旨在为该地区合理施用微量元素提供科学依据.试验结果表明,玉米、大豆和小麦籽实含 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 量与土壤中有效态和交换态 Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn含量呈显著或极显著正相关.有机态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn含量与玉米、大豆和小麦籽实Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn含量也有很好的相关关系.交换态对有效态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 影响最大,其次是有机质结合态.铁锰氧化物结合态 Fe、Cu 对有效态 Fe、Cu 及碳酸盐结合态 Mn、Zn 对有效态 Mn、Zn 具有一定正效应.而残留态 Fe、Cu 对有效态 Fe、Cu 和铁锰氧化物结合态 Mn 对有效态 Mn 产生负效应.     

腐殖质对白浆土中Fe、Mn、Al形态转化及磷生物有效性的影响

在三江平原布置长期试验，研究连年施用有机肥后土壤腐殖质变化及其对白浆±Fe、Mn、Al形态转化及磷生物有效性的影响。结果表明，施用牛粪后土壤腐殖质含量升高，且以松结态腐殖质的增长为主；土壤的DTPA提取态和有机络合态Fe、Mn、Al含量上升，使土壤有效态磷含量上升。因此，生物措施是治理白浆土，促进土壤磷素养分有效性上升，增大土壤缓冲容量和抗逆性的有效措施。     

腐殖质对白浆土中Fe、Mn、Al形态转化及磷生物有效性的影响

在三江平原布置长期试验，研究连年施用有机肥后土壤腐殖质变化及其对白浆±Fe、Mn、Al形态转化及磷生物有效性的影响。结果表明，施用牛粪后土壤腐殖质含量升高，且以松结态腐殖质的增长为主；土壤的DTPA提取态和有机络合态Fe、Mn、Al含量上升，使土壤有效态磷含量上升。因此，生物措施是治理白浆土，促进土壤磷素养分有效性上升，增大土壤缓冲容量和抗逆性的有效措施。     

纳米TiO_2对土壤中Al、Fe和Mn释放及形态的影响

为了研究纳米TiO2对土壤中Al、Fe和Mn形态转化的影响,以三峡水库消落区土壤为研究对象,采用室外模拟淹水试验,分析不同浓度的2种纳米TiO2对土壤中Al、Fe和Mn释放及形态的影响。结果表明,淹水2个月后,纳米TiO2颗粒处理引起上覆水Al和Fe浓度显著升高;促进土壤残渣态和可氧化态Al的释放,且锐钛矿颗粒的作用大于金红石颗粒,高浓度锐钛矿颗粒处理导致12.31%的Al释放到水中;纳米TiO2颗粒对土壤Fe和Mn总量影响较小,但对Fe形态转化影响较大,主要表现为可还原态和可氧化态Fe转化为酸可交换态Fe,促进Fe的活化,其中低浓度金红石颗粒与高浓度锐钛矿颗粒影响相对较大;纳米TiO2颗粒对Mn形态转化影响较小,仅低浓度金红石颗粒与高浓度锐钛矿颗粒处理组促进少量可还原态Mn的转化,其他均无明显变化。因此,不同结构纳米TiO2对土壤中Al、Fe和Mn形态转化的影响存在较大差异,在进行纳米TiO2的环境风险评估时需要区别对待。     

黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛贝壳沙中微量元素含量及形态特征

通过对不同植被覆盖、不同剖面层次贝壳沙样品的采集与分析,研究了黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛贝壳沙中微量元素Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn的含量及形态特征.结果表明:贝壳沙中全Fe含量明显高于全国土壤中Fe的含量均值,而Mn,Cu,Zn 3种元素却远低于全国土壤中的含量.无论是表层样品还是剖面样品.微量元素含量均具有较大变异,且表层以下剖面样品4种元素含量高于表层样品含量.受植物生长的影响,有机枯落物较多的表层贝壳沙样品,其元素含量相应高于没有植被覆盖的表层样品.不同剖面样点自上而下,微量元素含量变化规律并不一致,其全量与有效态含量的相关性大小也不一样.Mn,Cu两种元素全量和有效态含量之间达到极显著相关水平(P＜0.01),而Fe,Zn两种元素全量和有效态含量之间的相关性却不显著,这可能是受元素种类与环境条件的双重影响所致.     

Geochemistry of Aluminium and Iron in Mine Soils from As Pontes,Galicia (N.W. Spain)

The geochemical processes influencing iron and aluminium mobilization and immobilization processes in mine soils are discussed. The study was carried out on 11 soils from the As Pontes mine dump, in the process of reclamation. The soils differ in age, spoils nature, reclamation tasks and type of vegetation, covering a wide range of physico-chemical conditions. Oxalate and pyrophosphate extractable Al and Fe (Alo, Alp, Feo, Fep), and dithionite extractable Fe (Fed) were analysed. These fractions were related to the solution Al and Fe forms and contents and to other soil properties (Eh, pH, sulfides, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and composition of the soil solution). Alo ranged between 2.2 and 111.2 cmolc kg-1; 5 to 80% of this Alo was organic aluminium (Alp). Fed ranged between 8.5 and 215.6 cmolc kg-1; 20 to 70% was poorly-criystalline iron (Feo). The solution concentrations of Al and Fe ranged between <0.1 and 319.2, and between <0.1 and 46.7 mg L-1, respectively. The results showed that the spoil nature (mostly carbonaceous clays and slates differing in sulfide content) and the reclamation tasks undertaken (topsoiling, liming with fly ash) determine the forms and contents of Al and Fe in the solid phase as well as in the soil solution and also its distribution between the solid and liquid phases.     

植物多酚与低分子量有机酸联合作用对紫色土铁形态分布的影响

植物多酚(PP)和低分子量有机酸(LMWOA)对土壤铁形态转化有重要影响。以酸性、中性和石灰性紫色土为研究对象,采用不完全随机区组试验,用2种PP(即表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)和芦丁)和2种LMWOA(即柠檬酸和草酸)溶液浸提供试土壤,测定其可溶铁(Fes)、游离铁(Fed)、活性铁(Feo)、络合铁(Fep)含量,探讨了PP与LMWOA对紫色土铁形态分布的影响。结果表明:PP与LMWOA各自单独作用均能使酸性紫色土Fes增加、中性紫色土Fes减少;对于石灰性紫色土,PP会促进其Fes增加,而LMWOA作用相反。EGCG与LMWOA联合作用,在酸性和石灰性紫色土上均表现为LMWOA通过促使本应转化为Fes的转化为Fep而掩蔽EGCG对铁的溶解作用;芦丁与LMWOA联合作用,在酸性紫色土铁的溶解上表现为协同效应,在石灰性紫色土上则表现为LMWOA会抑制芦丁对铁的溶解作用;对于中性紫色土,PP与LMWOA联合作用可促进Fed向Fes转化而削弱PP对铁溶解的抑制作用。     

Characteristics of brown forest soils developed under beech forests in the kinki and the tohoku districts with special reference to their pedogenetic processes

Abstract

Properties of sesquioxides, clay mineralogical composition, and charge characteristics of Brown Forest soils developed under beech forests in the Kinki (Ohdaigahara) and the Tohoku District (Hakkoda) were studied with special reference to their pedogenetic processes.

The Brown Forest soils in the Kinki District were characterized by the translocation of free Al, formation of Al and/or Fe-humus complexes throughout the profile, and the predominance of 2:1: 1-2:1 intergrade minerals in the subsurface horizons, whereas those in the Tohoku District were characterized by the formation of allophane and no remarkable translocation of free Al oxides. This difference in the pedogenetic processes under the same vegetation was reflected on the amounts of Al released from primary minerals in relation to the amounts of organic matter accumulated. Major distinctive characteristics included the values of the Alp/Alo, the Fep/Feo, the Alo/Ald ratios, the Sio content, and the STPT-ZPC and pH(H₂O) values.

Among these the values of the Alo/Ald ratio and/or the Sio content were found to be suitable indices for the differentiation of Brown Forest soils from Andisols in Japan In addition to the criteria used to define andic soil properties.     

Distribution of iron and manganese oxides in Haploxeralfs and Rhodoxeralfs and their relation to the degree of soil development and soil colour

The status and the distribution of iron and manganese oxides were studied in six soil profiles from Thrace region (Greece), classified as Rhodoxeralfs and Haploxeralfs. The acid ammonium oxalate and the dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate methods were used to extract the free iron and manganese oxides from the soils. In both great groups the Fed and Mnd values are higher than Feo and Mno values, respectively, indicating that a considerable fraction is present in crystalline form. Both Feo/Fed and Fed-Feo values suggest that, in the study area, Haploxeralfs are less developed soils than Rhodoxeralfs. The manganese oxides present in crystalline forms (Mnd-Mno) were more in Rhodoxeralfs than in Haploxeralfs, suggesting that the crystallinity of manganese oxides increases, with the degree of soil development. Significant correlations were found of Redness Rating to Fed-Feo and to Feo/Fed ratio, positive and negative respectively, leading to the conclusion that soil red colouration increases with the degree of soil development.     

土壤组分对广东省酸性水稻土磷吸附参数的影响

Soil components affecting phosphate sorption parameters were studied using acid paddy soils derived from basalt, granite, sand-shale and the Pearl River Delta sediments, respectively, in Guangdong Province.For each soil, seven 2.50 g subsamples were equilibrated with 50 mL 0.02 mol L-1 (pH=7.0) of KCl containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50 and 100 ng P kg-1, respectively, in order to derive P sorption parameters (P sorption maximum, P sorption intensity factor and maximum buffer capacity) by Langmuir isotherm equation. It was shown that the main soil components influencing phosphate sorption maximum (Xm) included soil clay, pH,amorphous iron oxide (Feo) and amorphous aluminum oxide (Alo), with their effects in the order of Alo ＞Feo ＞ pH ＞ clay. Among these components, pH had a negative effect, and the others had a positive effect.Organic matter (OM) was the only soil component influencing P sorption intensity factor (K). The main components influencing maximum phosphate buffer capacity (MBC) consisted of soil clay, OM, pH, Feo and Alo, with their effects in the order of Alo ＞ OM ＞ pH ＞ Feo ＞ clay. Path analysis indicated that among the components with positive effects on maximum phosphate buffer capacity (MBC), the effect was in the order of Alo ＞ Feo ＞ Clay, while among the components with negative effects, OM ＞ pH. OM played an important role in mobilizing phosphate in acid paddy soils mainly through decreasing the sorption intensity of phosphate by soil particles.     

茶园土壤pH变化对土壤中铝特性的影响

土壤中铝的毒性强弱取决于铝的形态。为了解茶园土壤中铝的特性,以江苏省7个长期定位观测茶园为研究对象,采用化学连续提取法测定不同条件下土样中不同形态的铝含量,研究茶园土壤pH升高或降低过程中铝的形态转化及其影响因素。结果表明,茶园土壤在酸化过程中活性铝溶出明显增强,不同形态的铝含量有明显差异,依次为腐殖酸铝(Alh)铝的水合化物和氢氧化物(Aloh)交换态铝(Alex)有机态铝(Alo)水溶态铝(Alw)无机吸附态铝(Alino);土壤pH、有机质和酸容量是影响铝形态的重要因素;茶园土壤酸化过程中铝的水合化物和氢氧化物、无机吸附态铝以及水溶态铝会转化为交换态铝。土壤pH升高,交换态铝转化成羟基铝;有机结合态铝会影响其他铝形态的转化,腐殖酸铝在土壤pH升高时转化为铝的水合化物和氢氧化物。     

模拟硝田土壤铁和硫的形态转化特征及其影响因素

采用室内培养试验,在确定模拟硝田土壤硫酸钠含量的基础上,观测并探讨落干/淹水状况、有机物质种类与数量对模拟硝田土壤铁和硫形态转化特征的影响。结果表明:全铁(Fet)和游离铁(Fed)受落干/淹水状态和有机物质种类与数量的影响均不显著,而活性铁(Feo)、络合铁(Fep)、亚铁离子(Fe(II))及有效铁(Fea)受淹水及有机物质数量的显著影响,Fe(II)、Fea还受有机物质种类的显著影响;硫形态转化同时受淹水及有机物质种类与数量的影响;土壤铁、硫形态转化一方面通过有机物质与铁、硫的直接作用实现,一方面通过改变土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)及还原性物质总量(TARM)等氧化还原状况实现;铁与硫的形态转化也表现出一定的耦合关系。     

外源铜和镍在土壤中的化学形态及其老化研究

采用连续提取法测定了外源铜和镍进入田间土壤后的化学形态分布,比较研究了这2种重金属在3种不同类型土壤(红壤,水稻土和潮土)中随老化时间的形态转化和分布.结果表明,外源铜以残留态(40%～60%)和EDTA可提取态(40%)为主;随老化时间,EDTA可提取态、易还原锰结合态及铁铝氧化态向残留态转化;外源镍在酸性红壤中以可交换态(40%)和残留态(30%～50%)为主,在中性水稻土中以EDTA可提取态(30%)和残留态(30%～50%)为主,在碱性潮土中以铁铝氧化态(20%)和残留态(40%)为主.随老化时间,水溶态、可交换态、EDTA可提取态等向残留态转化.土壤pH较低时水溶态和可交换态含量较高,但是同时随老化时间的降低量也明显;pH较高时有利于易还原锰结合态和有机质结合态的转化.     

Clay Dispersion of Hardsetting Inceptisols in Southeastern Nigeria as Influenced by Soil Components

Abstract

Hardsetting soil properties are undesirable in agricultural soils because they hamper moisture movement and soil aeration. The soils of the floodplain of Niger River in eastern Nigeria hardsets upon drying, following dispersion, puddling, and slaking during the waterlogged period. Ten soil samples collected from a depth of 0–20 cm were analyzed for their properties. The soils are classified as Fluvaquentic Eutropepts or Dystric Gleysol (FAO). The objective was to investigate the influence of some soil properties on water‐dispersible clay (WDC) of the soils, which is the precursor of the hardsetting process. The total clay content (TC) correlated significantly with WDC (r=0.94??), whereas the water‐dispersible silt (WDSi) was higher than its corresponding total silt content. The WDC showed a positive correlation with dithionite extractable Fe (Fed), Al (Ald), and oxalate extractable Fe (Feo) (r=0.75?, 0.89??, and 0.76? respectively). Exchangeable Mg²⁺ correlated significantly with WDSi (r=0.70). Principal component analysis of the soil variables indicates that 15 soil components, which influence WDC as hardsetting properties, were reduced to 5 orthogonal components. The parameters that influence hardsetting properties are exchangeable Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fed, Alo, and Feo. Other soil properties are kaolinite, smectite, illite, and WDC, including soil organic carbon (OC), electrical conductivity (EC), and ESP. Therefore, those soil properties, which explain hardsetting characteristics most, are exchangeable Na⁺, Fed, OC, Mg²⁺, and Alo. There are negative consequences on the erodibility, runoff, infiltration and tillage of the soils at both submerged and dry conditions due to clay dispersion, low OC, and hardsetting behavior of the soil.