黄芪多糖MPEG-PLA嵌段共聚纳米微球制备及体外释放研究

[目的]制备黄芪多糖MPEG-PLA嵌段共聚纳米微球,优选出最佳工艺条件,共考察微球的形态、粒径、载药量、包封率以及体外释放特性。[方法]选用聚乳酸-聚乙二醇(PLA-PEG)嵌段共聚物作为包载材料,采用复乳法制备黄芪多糖MPEG-PLA嵌段共聚纳米微球,优选最佳工艺条件。透射电子显微镜观察微球的形态、激光粒度分析仪测定其粒径及分布。采用紫外分光光度法测定微球的载药量和包封率,并研究其体外释放性质。[结果]采用复乳法制备的载药球电镜扫描结果外形圆滑,颗粒大小均匀,平均粒径873nm,包封率78%,释放率高达79.17%,释放时间较长为10天,且释放平缓,突释率较低。[结论]采用MPEG-PLA二氯甲烷溶液作为油相、黄芪多糖水溶液作为内水相,PVA水溶液作为外水相制备黄芪多糖MPEG-PLA嵌段共聚纳米微球的工艺稳定可行。     

阿霉素纳米制剂的制备

为了制备具有增加药物溶解度、提高药物生物利用度、增强抗肿瘤效果的新制剂,试验以明胶-环糊精聚合物为载体、阿霉素为药物制备阿霉素纳米制剂,并对其性质进行考察。采用Zetasizer Nano激光粒度测定仪测定阿霉素纳米制剂的粒径、多分散性指数(PDI)和Zeta电位,HPLC法测定其包封率,重量法测定纳米制剂载药量,透射电镜法观察纳米制剂形态,透析法测定纳米制剂的体外释放行为。结果表明:明胶-环糊精聚合物与药物比例10∶1、室温搅拌6 h、探头超声10 min条件下制备的纳米制剂粒径较小且粒径大小最均一,其粒径为(148.60±4.20)nm,PDI为0.13±0.01,Zeta电位为(-2.68±0.03)mV,包封率为(98.66±0.07)%,载药量为(8.98±0.04)%,纳米制剂形态为球形,且大小较为均匀。说明该制剂具有明显缓释效果,具有良好的性质。     

异甘草素纳米制剂的制备及其性质分析

为了制备能增加药物溶解度、提高药物生物利用度、增强抗菌效果的异甘草素纳米新制剂,并对制剂的性质进行分析,试验以壳聚糖-环糊精聚合物为载体制备异甘草素纳米制剂,并对其性质进行表征,利用NANOSAQLA纳米粒度测定仪测定异甘草素纳米制剂的粒径和Zeta电位,利用紫外-可见分光光度法测定其包封率,重量法测定纳米制剂载药量,透射电镜法观察纳米制剂形态,动态透析法测定纳米制剂的体外释放行为,并考察纳米制剂分别在4℃和室温下的稳定性。结果表明:可以用壳聚糖-环糊精聚合物制备异甘草素纳米制剂,异甘草素纳米制剂的粒径为(219.91±1.23)nm,Zeta电位为(41.43±0.63)mV,包封率为(78.07±0.93)%,载药量为(4.460±0.230)%,纳米制剂形态为球形,且粒径分布较为均匀,其在4℃和室温下均较为稳定,且具有明显缓释效果。说明试验制备的异甘草素纳米制剂具有良好的性质。     

替米考星脂质体的制备及体外释放度的研究

目的 研究替米考星脂质体的制备工艺以及体外释放。方法 以pH梯度法制备替米考星脂质体,以包封率为指标优化其制备工艺,观测其形态、粒径和Zeta电位,并进行体外释放实验。结果 电子显微镜下可见多层囊状脂质体,测得三批替米考星脂质体的平均包封率为96.93％,平均粒径112.3 nm,平均Zeta电位为+9.9 mV,体外释放符合一级动力学方程释放规律。结论 替米考星脂质体制备工艺简单、包封率高、成型良好,体外释放具有明显的缓释效果。     

玫瑰总黄酮脂质体的制备及其表征

本试验旨在制备玫瑰总黄酮脂质体(RTF-L),优化其处方,并对其质量进行评价。以薄膜-超声分散法制备RTF-L,采用超速离心-紫外分光光度法测定其包封率,以包封率为主要考察指标,采用正交试验优化其处方,并通过最优处方下制备的RTF-L的外观形态、粒径、粒度分布(PDI)、Zeta电位、体外累积释放率等评价其性质。结果显示,制备RTF-L的最佳处方为磷脂浓度0.3%,药物与磷脂比1∶15,水相介质pH 6.5,胆固醇与磷脂比1∶2;所制得的RTF-L包封率为(77.0±0.2)%,粒径为(155.40±2.11)nm, Zeta电位为(-21.03±1.24)mV,PDI为0.035±0.003,稳定性良好;体外累积释放试验结果显示,玫瑰总黄酮(RTF)溶液在6 h累积释放率为85.15%,基本释放完全,而RTF-L在6 h累积释放率为76.42%,与原药相比有一定的缓释作用。结果表明,优选处方稳定可行,所制备的RTF-L包封率高,粒径小且均匀,为RTF的进一步开发利用及其新剂型的研发提供一定的参考依据。     

玉屏风多糖脂质体的制备及表征研究

优选玉屏风多糖脂质体的最佳工艺并对其进行表征验证。采用逆向蒸发法制备玉屏风多糖脂质体,以膜材比、脂药比和超声时间为考察因素,包封率为评价指标,采用L9(34)正交试验设计优选制备条件,以超速离心法测定包封率,体外释药试验验证,纳米颗粒分析仪和透射电镜测定其粒径大小与形态。制备玉屏风多糖脂质体的最佳工艺为膜材比8∶1,脂药比4∶1,超声时间90s,包封率88.38%,24h累积释放率73.45%,平均粒径132.65nm。制备的玉屏风多糖脂质体具有较高的包封率与良好的缓释作用,粒径和形态较均匀,重现性好。     

槲皮素纳米粒的制备及其体外评价

为了考察槲皮素纳米粒的体外特性,试验采用薄膜分散法制备了槲皮素纳米粒,采用透射电镜、X射线衍射法(XRD)对其进行表征,采用动态膜透析法考察载药纳米粒的体外释药特性。结果表明:薄膜分散法制备的纳米粒呈球形或类球形,平均粒径为(51.5±5.9)nm,平均包封率为(89.13±3.97)%,平均载药量为(2.87±1.91)%;槲皮素以无定型状态或分子状态分散在纳米粒中;槲皮素纳米粒体外释放具有明显的缓释作用。说明槲皮素纳米粒制备工艺简单,其粒径、包封率、载药量可控,具有缓释作用。     

吉他霉素纳米凝胶制备与评价

【目的】制备一种可局部递送吉他霉素用于皮肤创口感染的纳米凝胶。【方法】以京尼平为交联剂在希夫碱作用下,通过凝胶材料之间的静电作用制备壳聚糖/明胶/聚乙烯醇纳米凝胶,并载入药物吉他霉素,对其包封率、载药量、溶胀性能、纳米粒径、Zeta电位、微观结构扫描等表征结构及生物安全性进行测试,评估纳米凝胶的体外释放效果和伤口愈合活性。【结果】本研究制备的吉他霉素纳米凝胶,在其组方为每25 mL凝胶中含吉他霉素0.25 g、壳聚糖0.4 g、明胶0.3 g、聚乙烯醇0.2 g,京尼平0.2 g,其余量为去离子水时外观性状为淡蓝色纳米凝胶,无沉淀与药物析出,溶胀度高,载药量为13.6%,包封率为83.1%;扫描电镜下可见该纳米凝胶形成孔隙致密且分布均匀的三维网状结构;平均粒径为28.56 nm, Zeta电位为16.33 mV;生物安全性良好;纳米凝胶在体外释放药物可维持48 h,明显长于吉他霉素溶液的释放时间。此外,纳米凝胶还能使小鼠伤口缩小96%,有助于伤口愈合。【结论】本研究成功制备了吉他霉素纳米凝胶,通过体内体外试验评估证明了其潜在的药物控释与促进皮肤伤口愈合的能力。     

痢菌净纳米乳的制备及体外释放度测定

为减少痢菌净的毒副作用及临床用药次数,用水包油法制备了痢菌净纳米乳,并对其形态、粒径、稳定性及体外释放等性能进行了研究。结果显示,纳米乳的稳定性较好,平均粒径在50nm左右,80 h体外释放率达到70%,具备明显的缓释功能,说明痢菌净纳米乳的制备工艺可行。     

黄芪多糖脂质体的制备及表征研究

为了优选黄芪多糖脂质体的最佳工艺并对其进行表征验证,采用逆向蒸发法制备黄芪多糖脂质体,以膜材比、脂药比和超声时间为考察因素,包封率为评价指标,采用L_(9 )(3~4)正交试验设计优选制备条件,以超速离心法测定包封率,纳米颗粒分析仪和透射电镜测定其粒径大小与形态。结果显示,制备黄芪多糖脂质体的最佳工艺为膜材比8∶1,脂药比4∶1,超声时间90 s,包封率93.77%,24 h累积释放率62.67%,平均粒径557 nm。表明制备的黄芪多糖脂质体具有较高的包封率与良好的缓释作用,粒径和形态较均匀,重现性好。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein