基于磁弹性的扭矩测量实验台设计及其技术指标分析

基于磁弹性原理设计并搭建了扭矩测量实验台,其主要技术指标为:量程0～100N.m、线性度和重复性两个误差指标均为0.1%。扭矩测量结果表明,在磁头与轴不同间隙条件下,扭矩与磁感应强度之间始终存在线性正比例关系,依据这种关系并利用磁力计先测量出磁感应强度值,然后再计算出相应的扭矩值,以实现扭矩的间接测量。     

基于机器视觉的家具板件尺寸在线测量系统

提出一种家具板件几何尺寸测量机器视觉系统,采用两级成像排除板件的颜色、纹理、图案、标识和表面缺陷等对图像质量的影响,并利用线性聚焦光源、线扫描相机和编码器获取高对比度、轮廓清晰的板件图像。在此基础上,设计图像处理软件、提取出板件的几何要素,进而计算出板件的长度、宽度、对角线等15个尺寸参数。工厂应用测试结果表明,检测系统的速度和重复精度均高于人工测量,在测量误差±0.5 mm范围内,系统测量值与人工测量值的平均吻合度达到95%以上。     

天然长白松干形的研究

长白松是我国特有的松科松属植物,仅见于长白山海拔630~1 400 m之间,因其特殊的分类地位和优良的遗传性而受到普遍关注。本文对第一代天然长白松林的干形进行了分析研究,结果表明:正形数的变动系数最小,相对比较稳定;从正形率系列看,q0.7以下的变动系数均小于10%,随着直径上移,变动系数增大;形数随形率增大而增加,且相关关系紧密;利用样条函数理论,拟合出长白松干形曲线的样条函数方程组,利用计算机程序可容易地计算出立木材积,与实测值相比较80%样木的误差小于3%,精度较高。海拔700 m处的长白松立木干形优于海拔1 100 m处的干形,尖削度小,干形圆满,出材率高。     

FDR-土壤水分测定仪标定方法初探

频域反射法(FDR)是目前国内使用较普遍的土壤水分测定方法。为了探索该类仪器在实际测量中更加准确和稳定的标定方法,以Diviner 2000为研究对象,通过改变参数,建立质量含水率与仪器测定电容率计数值之间的函数关系,代替仪器推荐的体积含水率与电容率计数值之间的函数关系使得仪器的测定结果变为质量含水率(参数设定法);并与仪器的常规标定方法进行对比。通过实际测量,参数设定法不同深度土壤回归方程的R2值区间[0.792,0.851],小于常规标定方法[0.721,0.893]。与烘干法比较,参数设定法各土层测定值的差异为6.07、7.42、2.62、2.95、2.89,小于测量的允许误差(10%)。参数设定法是准确、稳定的标定方法。     

南京地区马尾松多元混合效应材积模型研建

为了精确拟合南京地区马尾松林木胸径、树高与材积的相关关系,基于28块20 m×20 m的方形样地的531株马尾松样木数据,分别采用山本式材积模型和多元非线性混合效应模型拟合了马尾松胸径、树高与材积的相关关系。结果显示:山本式材积模型的相关指数为0.964 92,估计值的标准误为0.004 0,总相对偏差、平均相对误差、平均预估误差和平均相对误差绝对值均小于3%,多元非线性混合效应模型的相关指数为0.99997,估计值的标准误为0.000 049 85,总相对偏差、平均相对误差、平均预估误差和平均相对误差绝对值均小于0.3%,表明两个材积模型有很高的拟合优度和精度,适应性检验结果显示,山本式二元材积模型和多元非线性混合效应材积模型的平均相对误差、总相对偏差、平均相对误差绝对值、绝对残差和标准偏差均小于3%,统计量F值小于临界值,表明两个材积模型的适应性较强;与山本式二元材积模型相比,多元非线性混合效应材积模型的拟合优度和精度更高,适应性更强。     

塔拉粉酶解废液HPLC指纹图谱及2个主成分含量测定方法研究

建立了一种同时分析塔拉粉酶解废液中奎宁酸(QA)与没食子酸(GA)的HPLC方法，并进行方法学验证，进一步绘制其HPLC指纹图谱，结合相似度、聚类分析等手段对不同批次塔拉粉酶解废液进行评价。研究结果表明：该方法选择215 nm、流动相乙腈-0.1%三氟乙酸水溶液、乙腈梯度5%～20%、流速1.0 mL/min、柱温30℃作为奎宁酸与没食子酸的色谱分析条件；奎宁酸标准曲线线性范围为1.25～20 g/L、其检测限为0.5 g/L,没食子酸标准曲线线性范围为0.062 5～1 g/L、其检测限为5 mg/L;该方法精密度、重复性、稳定性、加样回收试验的RSD均小于5%;奎宁酸与没食子酸平均加样回收率分别为100.87%、 99.65%;12批次废液试样指纹图谱分析相似度均大于0.95;可通过聚类分析分为两类，10号和11号样品聚为一类，其余样品聚为一类；计算得到奎宁酸质量浓度为482.3 g/L,没食子酸质量浓度为35.7 g/L。     

全站仪和测高仪在树高测定上的比较分析

利用南方测绘公司的S352型号的全站仪和Vertex IV测高仪对8株针叶树从3个不同方位分别进行多次测量。结果表明：测高仪与S352型号的全站仪所测的树高均值相一致,测高仪测得的总平均树高相对于全站仪的相对误差都小于1.07%。并且应用Vertex IV测高仪测定的树高值的均方根误差都小于0.134m,说明测得的高度数据波动不大,然而全站仪的均方根误差较Vertex IV测高仪更小,稳定性更好。     

X射线图像法测定木材生长轮密度

提出X射线图像法测定木材生长轮密度和生长轮宽度的一种新方法,应用自编的软件,对图像进行预处理,获取其灰度值,根据图像的灰度值与穿透物材料密度的线性关系直接测定物体微密度,并与微密度测量仪测定结果进行对比.结果表明:X射线图像法与仪器法相比,平均密度误差为0.45%,相关系数为0.966 4;生长轮宽度误差为0.34%,相关系数为0.996 2,显著度密切相关.图像法测量生长轮密度和生长轮宽度是可行的,对于生长轮界限不明显的木材,图像法更优.     

冀北山地6种天然林分类型土壤养分比较

对冀北山地黑桦(Betula dahurica)、白桦(Betula platyphylla)、山杨(Populus davidilana)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)和五角枫(Acer elegantulum)等6种天然林分类型的土壤养分空间分布、变异以及养分之间的相关关系进行了研究。结果表明:1)土壤pH值介于5.04⁶.47之间;有机质、速效钾、全氮、碱解氮、全磷的含量均为油松纯林最低,速效磷以蒙古栎纯林最低,养分整体上有随土壤深度增加而减小的趋势。2)表层土壤pH值的变异系数为0.107,其他土层的pH值变异系数均小于0.1,属于弱变异性。土壤养分指标中406.47之间;有机质、速效钾、全氮、碱解氮、全磷的含量均为油松纯林最低,速效磷以蒙古栎纯林最低,养分整体上有随土壤深度增加而减小的趋势。2)表层土壤pH值的变异系数为0.107,其他土层的pH值变异系数均小于0.1,属于弱变异性。土壤养分指标中40⁶0cm的变异系数最大,其中,速效磷的变异系数最大,为强变异性,其他养分含量各层均为中等变异。3)pH值、有机质、全氮、碱解氮与速效钾有极显著正相关关系,碱解氮、速效磷与全磷具有极显著正相关关系;pH值与有机质、碱解氮有显著相关关系,全磷与有机质、速效钾有显著相关关系;速效磷与有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾之间关系明显。     

红壤丘陵区人工林能量平衡闭合研究--以江西省泰和县千烟洲为例

运用线性回归、能量平衡闭合率和能量不平衡标准差等方法对湍流通量与可利用能量的关系进行分析.对红壤丘陵区千烟洲实验站人工林2003年能量平衡闭合进行的分析研究表明:本站可利用能量年累计值2 798.28MJ·m-2,湍流通量累计值2 332.70 MJ·m-2.能量平衡闭合率的年值为65%;各月值为52%～76%,1月最低,6月最高;按季节看是夏季最高,冬季最低;1天内是白天高,夜间低,晴天白天可达80%以上.湍流脉动对能量闭合有明显影响,在摩擦速度低于0.4 m·s-1时能量闭合随摩擦速度升高而增大.能量不闭合的原因主要是涡度相关仪器与辐射表测定的源面积之间的差异导致的采样误差,以及忽略了水平对流产生的影响.     

Estimating stand transpiration in a Eucalyptus populnea woodland with the heat pulse method: measurement errors and sampling strategies

Sap flow measurement techniques, such as the heat pulse (compensation) method, are practical means for estimating the water use of individual trees and are often the only reasonable alternative for measuring forest and woodland transpiration in complex heterogeneous terrain. The need to scale estimates of water use from a sample of individual stems to a stand (population) of known area may be satisfied by applying scalars of flux based on tree size or domain. We estimated the aggregate errors in applying the heat pulse technique to the estimation of stand transpiration in a poplar box (Eucalyptus populnea F.J. Muell.) woodland in southeastern Queensland, Australia, by a combination of precision analyses, experimental validation and Monte Carlo simulations of sampling errors. Errors in sap flux density measurements were approximately 13%. The potential error in the flux estimates for individual stems with stratified sampling of sap flux density with depth and bole quadrant based on four sensors was an additional 25%. Conducting wood area, diameter at 1.3 m, leaf area and domain based on Ecological Field Theory all proved excellent scalars of flux at the stand level. With a sample size of six trees stratified by diameter, coefficients of variation in scaling to the stand level were approximately 5% for any of these scalars. The greatest potential source of error in estimating stand transpiration by the heat pulse method was in the measurement of the fluxes of individual stems; scaling these measurements to a homogeneous stand of trees involved less uncertainty.     

福安市马尾松林分密度效应的研究

运用随机抽样法抽取马尾松成熟林分50个小班,调查胸径、树高、单位蓄积量及密度等测树因子,运用回归分析法进行测树因子相关性分析,结果表明,林分蓄积量对于密度、胸径、树高之间存在显著线性关系,其相关性数学模型可用三元线性回归方程y=b0+b1x1+b2x2+b3x3表示,其中,密度是影响林分蓄积量的主导因素。相关性变化趋势分析表明,在兼顾林分产量和林木径级的情况下,合理保留密度每667 m2为105株。     

A measuring system for characterizing spatial and temporal variation of photon flux density within plant canopies

A light measuring system is introduced to characterize spatial and temporal variation of photosynthetic photon flux density on small scales within plant canopies. This system consists of an array of 100 gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP 1118), a high-speed data-logger with a maximum of 360 channels, and a portable computer. GaAsP cells, being small in size (total surface area of a single cell 5 × 6 mm), light in weight and inexpensive, make it possible to sample photon flux density simultaneously for a large number of microsites. With the high-speed data logger, the system provides a useful tool for measuring dynamics of sunflecks within plant canopies. It is easy to separate spatial and temporal components of the variation in photon flux density from the measurement using the system. A testing measurement was carried out in a tropical forest. Considerable spatial and temporal variations of photon flux density along a 50 cm transect were observed in a gap of the forest. Some potential applications of the system were also discussed.     

Uncertainty in eddy covariance measurements and its application to physiological models

Flux data are noisy, and this uncertainty is largely due to random measurement error. Knowledge of uncertainty is essential for the statistical evaluation of modeled and measured fluxes, for comparison of parameters derived by fitting models to measured fluxes and in formal data-assimilation efforts. We used the difference between simultaneous measurements from two towers located less than 1 km apart to quantify the distributional characteristics of the measurement error in fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and sensible and latent heat (H and LE, respectively). Flux measurement error more closely follows a double exponential than a normal distribution. The CO2 flux uncertainty is negatively correlated with mean wind speed, whereas uncertainty in H and LE is positively correlated with net radiation flux. Measurements from a single tower made 24 h apart under similar environmental conditions can also be used to characterize flux uncertainty. Uncertainty calculated by this method is somewhat higher than that derived from the two-tower approach. We demonstrate the use of flux uncertainty in maximum likelihood parameter estimates for simple physiological models of daytime net carbon exchange. We show that inferred model parameters are highly correlated, and that hypothesis testing is therefore possible only when the joint distribution of the model parameters is taken into account.     

Spatial variations in xylem sap flux density in the trunk of orchard-grown,mature mango trees under changing soil water conditions

Circumferential and radial variations in xylem sap flux density in trunks of 13-year-old mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees were investigated with Granier sap flow sensor probes under limiting and non-limiting soil water conditions. Under non-limiting soil water conditions, circumferential variation was substantial, but there was no apparent relationship between sap flux density and aspect (i.e., the radial position of the sensor probes on the trunk relative to the compass). Hourly sap flux densities over 24 hours at different aspects were highly pair-wise correlated. The relationships between different aspects were constant during well-watered periods but highly variable under changing soil water conditions. Sap flux density showed marked radial variation within the trunk and a substantial flux was observed at the center of the trunk. For each selected aspect on each tree, changes in sap flux densities over time at different depths were closely correlated, so flux at a particular depth could be extrapolated as a multiple of flux from 0 to 2 cm beneath the cambium. However, depth profiles of sap flux density differed between trees and even between aspects within a tree, and also varied in an unpredictable manner as soil water conditions changed. Nevertheless, over a period of non-limiting soil water conditions, depth profiles remained relatively constant. Based on the depth profiles obtained during these periods, a method is described for calculating total sap flow in a mango tree from sap flux density at 0-2 cm beneath the cambium. Total daily sap flows obtained were consistent with water use estimated from soil water balance.     

Integration of sapflow velocity in elliptical stems

The estimation of water flux through the stem of a plant by point estimates based on the heat pulse technique requires integration of the velocity profile. The polynomial integration method and the weighted average technique both assume radial symmetry about the bole. A method is introduced that solves the equations for the ellipse in the weighted average technique, and includes an optimizing algorithm for the placement of sensors. The sensitivity of sapflow estimates through stems to increasing eccentricity is examined by means of analytical solutions and simulation. The error in sap flux measurement resulting from the radial approximation of the sapwood conducting area is expressed analytically and shown to be small over the range of eccentricities (e < 0.8) expected in nature. Simulations where radial symmetry is assumed for elliptical stems show substantial error in mean velocity (and thus flux) with modest eccentricities (e > 0.4).     

Root hydraulic conductivity and root growth capacity of black spruce (Picea mariana) seedlings

The relationship between root elongation and root hydraulic conductivity was investigated in 1-year-old, overwintered black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) seedlings. Hydraulic conductivity was estimated by observing water flux through decapitated roots under positive pressure. Five hydraulic conductivity parameters were estimated: (1) water flux under a minimal pressure of 0.2 MPa (J(v, min)); (2) pressure at which a linear relationship between water flux and pressure began (P(min)); (3) slope of the linear water flux-pressure relationship (L(v)); (4) pressure at which the linear relationship between water flux and pressure ended (P(max)); and (5) maximum water flux (J(v, max)). Between day 1 and day 2 after thawing of the growing medium, there were significant increases in L(v) and J(v, max) but there was little, if any, root elongation. Root elongation averaged 5.4 cm seedling(-1) 5 days after thawing and 88.2 cm seedling(-1) 20 days after thawing. Root hydraulic conductivity increased with new root length initially. But between days 20 and 30, when new root length nearly doubled, P(min) was the only measure of hydraulic conductivity that increased significantly. There were significant correlations (P < 0.05) between white root length and both J(v, min) (r(2) = 0.90) and J(v, max) (r(2) = 0.91).     

毛果青冈1年生苗木生长规律及相关关系

通过对毛果青冈播种育苗,研究毛果青冈1年生苗在苗期各器官生长的变化规律.经定期测定与回归分析,模拟苗木各器官生长与时间之间的相关关系和各器官生长与苗高生长的数学模型.结果表明:苗高、地径与生长时间呈幂函数关系,根、径、叶同苗高的生长有着直线性的相关关系;拟合模型符合毛果青冈1年生苗的生长规律,各器官间的数学模型及相关关系均达到极显著水平.