湘渝地区栗疫菌低毒力菌株dsRNA的转化研究

通过对采自湘渝两地区板栗上的溃疡斑进行分离，共得到56个菌株，各菌株经检测，有11个中低、低毒力菌株和1个中等毒力菌株含dsRNA，所有供试强毒菌株均不形成电泳带。通过弱毒菌株对毒菌株的转化，结果表明，弱毒力菌株对毒力菌株的转化率表现出较大差异，其中，弱毒力菌株185、618、293对所试的10个毒力菌株转化情况较好，转化率均在90％以上。弱毒力菌株729、518、392对毒菌株的转化差异较大，转化率在20—80％之间不等。     

栗疫病菌培养性状及毒力的研究

将采自湖南、重庆两省的56个板栗疫病菌(Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr．)Barr．)的培养性状划分为两类：一种为正常培养性状即：菌落桔黄色或黄色、生长快、形成分生孢子器的菌株，其占菌株总数的58．93％；其它为非正常培养性状，菌落颜色表现出黄褐色、深褐色或白色，其生长速率与正常菌株均不同。致病性测定结果表明，各个菌株可分为强毒力菌株、中等毒力菌株、中低毒力菌株、低毒力菌株。     

栗疫菌营养体亲和型多样性比较及野生栗栗疫菌交配型的分子检测

在北京周边县区、湖北大老岭山区以及陕西安康地区分别调查栗疫病发生情况,采集病原栗疫菌(Cryphonectria parasitica)菌株并进行营养体亲和性试验.结果表明:北京板栗栽培区和陕西安康地区野生栗栗疫病发病率较高,局部地区危害严重;湖北大老岭山区栗疫病发病率低,危害轻微.北京地区菌株群体营养体亲和型多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener's diversity index)极显著低于湖北菌株群体和陕西菌株群体,而陕西与湖北菌株群体营养体亲和型多样性指数差异不显著.随机选取湖北、陕西野生栗栗疫菌部分菌株,利用特异性引物,通过普通PCR和巢氏PCR,对其交配型进行测定,发现陕西与湖北野生栗菌株群体中均存在MAT-1与MAT-2两种交配型的菌株.通过PCR扩增,在两地的野生菌株群体里均发现同时具有两种交配型基因的菌株,其中,陕西群体此类菌株比例较大,湖北菌株比例较小     

栗疫病的生物防治：可传递弱毒性的利用和限制因素

本世纪初传入北美的栗疫病(Cryphone-ctria parasitica)对当时相对年轻的植物病理学构成了最主要的挑战。这种传入纽约城珍贵栗树上的浅桔黄色子囊菌长期以来并没有给人们留下奇特性。科学家们很快就澄     

中日美栗疫病菌群体遗传结构比较

采用RFLP技术 ,对中日美 3国的 2 6个子群体共 75 7个栗疫病菌菌株的核DNA进行了群体遗传结构分析。结果表明 ,栗疫病菌的中国子群体间遗传结构有明显的分化 ,日本子群体间的遗传结构差异不明显 ;在美国和亚洲的栗疫病菌群体间没有发现基因流的迹象 ;美国栗疫病菌群体的遗传结构与日本群体的关系比较密切 ,而与中国群体间的差异较大。     

栗疫病菌弱毒性菌株的筛选及其dsRNA的转化稳定性

为获取栗疫病生物防治的基础信息,本研究根据菌株在PDA培养基上培养7天后的菌丝生长速度、分生孢子形成能力等培养特性,从韩国国立山林科学院树木病理研究室保藏的60个栗疫病菌菌株中筛选了2个弱致病力菌株,进行dsRNA检测、弱致病力菌株和强致病力菌株间的细胞融合试验。结果表明:2个弱致病力菌株(KCP-135和KCP-136)中均检测到了dsRNA,弱毒性菌株KCP-22和其他19个强毒性菌株之间的菌落形成明显的隔离带并沿着隔离带产生分生孢子,没有明显的细胞融合现象,而弱毒性菌株KCP-22和强毒性菌株KCP-9之间的菌落则呈现了显著的细胞融合现象,而且其细胞融合菌株的培养特性和转化dsRNA数量均发生了变异。     

栗疫病菌分生孢子后代培养性状分化的观察

通过对6个含dsRNA及4个不含dsRNA的菌株进行培养性状的观察，结果表明，含dsRNA的菌株其分生孢子后代发生明显的分化，表现为白色和桔黄色两种类型菌落；而不含dsRNA的菌株后代均不发生分化；并对各菌株的后代进行了dsRNA检测。     

利用弱毒力菌株生物治疗栗疫病的初步研究

自湘渝两省的板栗溃疡斑上分离菌株13个，初步进行了dsRNA检测，293、185、618等3个菌株含dsRNA，其它的不形成图谱带。对栗疫病强毒菌株形成的溃疡斑进行了治疗，其中293效果较好，185其次，618效果相对较差。并探讨了生物防治栗疫病的可能性。     

培养条件对栗疫菌毒素产生的影响

本文以中国板栗当年生幼嫩枝条作为栗疫菌粗毒素生物检测材料,对该病菌的产毒条件进行了研究。结果表明：栗疫菌在不同培养液的产毒能力有明显的差异,7种培养液中C（PD＋板栗煎汁）培养液产毒能力最强;栗疫病菌产毒能力以培养温度为26℃,培养基pH值为6的条件下培养18d生物活性最强;最佳氮源为蛋白胨;较好的碳源为糊精。     

细菌嗜铁素、DAPG和PCA对板栗疫病菌的抑制作用

为了探讨生防细菌防治板栗疫病的潜力,测定了恶臭假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas putida)WCS358r菌株及其嗜铁素缺失突变体JM218,转基因菌株WCS358::phl和WCS358::phz对板栗疫病菌生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制作用。在KB和板栗枝条韧皮部抽提液培养基(BA)中,WCS358r对病菌生长和分生孢子萌发具有较强的抑制作用,而JM218几乎没有抑制效果;在培养基中加入200μmol/L FeCl3后,WCS358r对病菌的抑制能力显著降低,证明WCS358r产生的嗜铁素是抑制菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的重要因子。在PDA培养基中,WCS358r对病菌无抑制效果。在上述三种培养基中,产生抗生素2,4-二乙酰间苯三酚(DAPG)的转基因菌株WCS358::phl与原始菌株WCS358r相比,抑菌效果明显增强,而产生酚嗪-1-羧酸(PCA)的WCS358::phz的抑菌能力无明显提高。培养基中添加铁对WCS358::phl的抑菌活性无影响,但能降低WCS358::phz对板栗疫病菌的抑制效果。由此说明,嗜铁素和DAPG对抑制板栗疫病菌生长和孢子萌发具有重要作用,而PCA的抑菌效果不明显。     

Variations in Disease Resistance of Chestnut Cultivars against Chestnut Blight Fungus,Cryphonectria parasitica

INTRODUCTION Chestnut trees cultivated worldwide are planted as fruit tree in Korea and the area is increasing annually. In the 1970s, chestnut trees were enormously planted in many provinces in Korea. However,chestnut blight occurred and increased due to lack of disease management and the aging of the trees. Blight caused by Cryphonectria parasitica is a kind of important disease and occurred in oak and maple. American chestnut is more susceptible to this pathogen than Korean or Japane…     

栗疫病致病性研究和栗疫菌混合体系探讨

经过１０余年栗疫病发生特点和致病性的大量调查研究，结果表明栗疫菌在板栗分布区普遍存在，是弱寄生菌，在本地只寄生那些生长十分衰弱，即将死亡的板栗树干，苗木等，但栗疫菌的寄生不是这些部位死亡的主要和直接原因，而且它所寄生的部位局部死亡后对整株栗树的影响不大，因此，栗疫病在一般情况下非毁灭性病害，本文首次提出了栗疫菌混合体系概念，并用此说明中国栗疫病普遍分布，危害很轻的原因。     

Diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica in callused chestnut blight cankers on European and American chestnut

Infection of American and European chestnuts with the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica results in the formation of cankers, lesions caused by the growth of mycelia within bark tissue of the host plant. Infection of the fungus with Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV‐1) results in conversion of the mycelial phenotype from virulent to hypovirulent, thus allowing production of callus around cankers as a reaction by infected trees, rendering active into inactive cankers. In this study, we sampled one USA and six European chestnut stands and assessed frequency of hypovirulent C. parasitica and diversity of vegetative compatibility (vc) types present in calluses and randomly sampled cankers. Callused cankers on C. dentata at West Salem in the USA yielded significantly more hypovirulent C. parasitica isolates compared with four sampled populations on C. sativa, while all six sampled European populations did not show any statistically significant differences among themselves. We observed no correlation between hypovirulence frequencies in randomly sampled cankers and calluses, as well as no correlation of C. parasitica vc type diversity in calluses and residential populations of the fungus. Furthermore, even though we have observed calluses with more than one vc type, they do not occur regularly. Even when present in C. parasitica populations with high vc type diversity, no more than three different vc types were observed in a single callus.     

穿孔萃取法测定甲醛释放量影响因素的探讨

文章采用穿孔萃取法研究不同影响因素对人造板甲醛释放量检测结果的影响,结果表明：碘量法和光度法测得的甲醛释放量差异显著;甲醛释放量随萃取温度的升高而升高;硫代硫酸钠浓度、乙酸铵浓度、乙酰丙酮用量对测定结果影响显著;乙酸铵试剂用量的微小差别对测试结果影响不明显。     

Determination of vc and mating types of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates by multiplex PCR and their genetic diversity in 13 chestnut-growing provinces of Turkey

Vegetative compatibility (vc) and mating types and genetic diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates were determined using 183 isolates obtained from 215 infected chestnut trees growing in 13 provinces of Turkey. Based on the cultural aspects, 143 of these isolates were evaluated as virulent whereas the remaining 40 isolates were hypovirulent. When vc types of 183 isolates were classically differentiated, 135 of them matched to EU-1 (82.3%), 29 of them to EU-12 (17.6%) vc type, whereas 19 of them did not match to the two. When molecular vic markers were used, all the isolates were assigned to two EU vc types; 149 to EU-1 (81.4%) and 34 (18.5%) to EU-12. Of the majority of the isolates, 134 (73.2%) had mating-type MAT-1, while 44 (24%) isolates had MAT-2 and 5 (2.8%) isolates had both mating types. The population analysis based on two DNA marker systems, Inter-Primer Binding Site and Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism, showed no intraspecific genetic variation among the C. parasitica isolates. The prevalence of two dominant vc types revealed by this study shows that biological control with hypovirulent EU-1 and EU-12 isolates will be significant for the country. The results might be helpful to chestnut breeders carrying out resistance breeding studies to manage this disease based on hypovirulence attributed to Cryphonectria hypovirus 1.     

Econometric Analysis of Factors Affecting Special Purpose Forests in China

1IntroductionTheforestestateisoneofthemostimportantsectorsofournaturalendowmentandisthematerialfoundationofsustainabledevelopmentinChina.TheurgentquestionfortheforestrysectorinChina,andindeedfortheentireworld,ishowtoeffectivelyincreasethesupplyofforestresourcesandmaintainthecurrentimprovementinenvironmentalconditionsinordertopromotesustainableeconomicdevelopment.Chinaisalargecountrywithcomplexnaturalconditionsandgreatclimaticdiversity,suitableformanytypesofforests.Thisvarietyandwealthofherfor…     

银杏细胞培养中影响黄酮积累量的几个因素

以幼苗茎段为外植体建立了生长黄酮的悬浮细胞培养体系,对细胞生长周期、相应的黄酮积累量变化以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性进行了研究.结果表明,黄酮的积累在细胞生长对数期内增加,于15 d达最高峰.在黄酮积累的过程中PAL活性也呈增加趋势.当培养细胞转换新鲜培养基时,PAL活性增加了2倍(从0.05到0.15OD).用紫外线处理,培养于暗中细胞的PAL活性增加了11倍(从0.05到0.60OD).