谈北方地区蜂螨的防诒

蜂螨从20世纪50年代中期开始在我国南方发生以来,逐年向全国蔓延。近50年来一直危害我国养蜂生产和发展。尽管这是一老生常谈的话题,笔者仍想借贵杂志一角叙述有关北方治螨的问题。1蜂螨与蜂群繁殖关系 在东北地区蜂螨的繁殖时间是与蜂群繁殖同步进行的。早春当群内子脾开始出现大幼虫时,蜂螨潜入幼虫房内交配、产卵、孵化,夏季蜂群强壮,蜂螨也进入了快速发展阶段,只是繁殖的场所已经转向饲料充足的雄蜂幼虫房。     

科学有序治螨

<正>蜂螨是当前危害西方蜜蜂的主要敌害,治螨是养蜂者的重要工作。蜂螨分大小两种,两种蜂螨均属寄生虫。大蜂螨成螨主要寄生在成年蜂的肢体上危害成年蜂,产卵繁殖于蜜蜂的虫、蛹、蜂房里危害蜜蜂幼虫。小蜂螨生活、产卵、繁育于蜜蜂幼虫、蛹的蜂房里,吸食、危害蜜蜂的幼虫。蜂螨繁殖很快,一昼夜能繁殖好几代,对蜂群危害很大。夏、秋两季是蜂螨繁殖旺季,如果防治不好,蜂群会受到很大损害。轻者会使群势下降,重者还会使蜂群垮掉。现在治螨一般采用药物喷治,药物喷治只能消灭巢脾上的螨,而隐蔽在封盖子里的蜂螨不易被杀死。为根治蜂螨,多数养蜂者采     

东北地区蜂螨防治

从2010年开始,东北定地蜂场受蜂螨危害的蜂群突然增多,8~9月份蜂场出现大量工蜂在地面爬行,群势急剧下降,蜂群繁殖不起来,无法进行正常越冬。用常规方法防治,没能控制住蜂螨危害。经过认真检查,发现危害蜂群的是小蜂螨。小蜂螨繁殖速度快,在封盖巢房生活时间长,用防治大蜂螨的方法不能完全控制。这几年,我们摸索出几种方法,现介绍给大家。     

谈蜜蜂寄生虫-蜂螨

<正>1蜂螨的繁殖特点1.1繁殖速度快当蜂群内子脾出现大幼虫时,雌螨侵入幼虫房内产卵,24小时内卵发育成若螨。幼螨靠蜜蜂幼虫、蛹体的营养发育成长。生命周期雄螨为6.5天,雌螨为7天。当蜂群大量繁育雄蜂时,雌螨喜欢在营养丰富的雄蜂幼虫房内产卵繁殖。     

防治蜂螨的体会

<正>一、蜂螨危害蜂群的特点越冬前治过螨的蜂群,在蜂群繁殖发展期一般不会暴发严重螨害,此时蜂王产卵处在高峰期,巢内雄蜂房出现,虽然蜂螨繁殖加快,但对蜂群危害不显著。流蜜期间为了提高蜂蜜产量,往往控制蜂王产卵,而蜂螨的繁殖却无法控制,所以流蜜期过后出现螨害特征(残翅蜂、爬蜂)。夏季由于高温,蜂王经过春季繁殖高峰后,产卵力下降,蜂螨繁殖却达到高峰,特别是小蜂螨     

蜂螨的综合防治

<正>1.蜂螨的危害蜂螨是蜜蜂的主要病虫害之一,受蜂螨危害的蜂群,蜜蜂体质弱,采集力下降,寿命缩短,群势减弱。被蜂螨危害的幼虫,有的未化蛹就死去,有的化蛹后不能羽化,有的出房时翅足残缺,在巢门前乱爬。螨害严重的蜂群群势迅速削弱,无生产能力,养蜂人无效益,甚至垮场。2.蜂螨的繁殖速度蜂王开始产卵,蜂螨也开始繁殖。卵孵化成幼虫,     

根据蜂螨的生活习性进行防治

蜂螨严重地威胁着当前养蜂生产。为了探索防治蜂螨的方法,1964年我采用23.4框蜂进行了一些观察和防治试验。一、蜂螨的生活史蜂螨是一种营寄生生活的害虫,它的一生是在蜂群里渡过的,但是蜂螨的繁殖是随着蜂群内部的变化而变化。当蜂群开始繁殖,则蜂螨也开始活动,到蜂群发展起来,箱内巢脾上     

物理治螨技术在养蜂生产中的应用

蜂螨一直是养蜂业的头号病虫害。药物治螨不但易使蜂螨产生抗药性,而且还污染蜂产品。同时蜂螨携带的细菌和病毒还会使蜂群产生如美洲幼虫腐臭病、麻痹病、白垩病、爬蜂病等其他病害。物理治螨专利技术就是根据蜜蜂繁殖的生物学特性,在蜂螨繁殖阶段利用加热的方法将蜂螨集中杀死,较大程度地抑制了蜂群中蜂螨的繁殖,把蜂螨对蜂群危害降低到最小程度,提高蜜蜂健康水平。这对蜂业安全高效生产具有重要意义。     

杀螨新药剂的试验研究

蜂螨仍然是我国当前养蜂生产上传播最广、危害最大的蜜蜂敌害。在欧美各国的蜂群里只有大蜂螨,而我国的西方蜜蜂群里不仅有大蜂螨,还有小蜂螨,这两种蜂螨的形态、习性和活动能力等生物学特性有很大的差异,却可以在同一个西方蜜蜂封盖幼虫房里共同寄生繁殖,这是我国养蜂生产上螨害严重、防治困难的根本原因。此外,由于现有的杀螨药剂品种少,常年使用同一种杀螨药剂,增强了蜂螨的抗药性等等原因,使得我国养蜂生产上螨害不断,染螨蜂群遍布全     

一种可防治小蜂螨又不影响繁蜂的方法

<正>今夏长江下游地区气温高,雨水连绵,利于小蜂螨繁殖,多个定地蜂场小蜂螨泛滥。介绍一种治螨繁蜂两不误只需停浆2周的方法。小蜂螨须依托蜜蜂幼虫脾和蛹脾生存。在成虫身上很少寄生,其刚孵化小蜂螨均附着在小幼虫脾上吸食小幼虫体液生活,幼虫稍大后即潜入房底边吸食边繁殖。若蜂群内只有蜂蛹脾而无幼虫脾,刚孵化的小蜂螨因无饲料活不过3天。根据其生活习性,具体做法如下。(1)早上将空睥、蜜脾全部安排在巢箱内,若有纯卵脾也可放在巢箱内,蜂王引入巢箱继     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …