水、旱栽培条件下稻米主要品质性状的比较研究

以旱稻品种IRAT109的116个株系与水稻品种越富杂交构建的DH群体及其亲本，在水、旱2种栽培条件下种植，研究了稻米加工、外观、蒸煮和营养等品质性状的变化规律及其各品质性状间的相关性。结果表明，在11个稻米品质性状中，蛋白质含量、整精米率、胶稠度和碱消值等4个性状水、旱2种不同栽培条件下差异较大，说明这些性状受水分条件影响较大；粒长、粒宽、直链淀粉含量和垩白率也有一定的差异，一定程度受土壤水分环境影响。旱栽条件下稻米蛋白质含量、整精米率、胶稠度、碱消值等均有不同程度的升高，其中蛋白质含量平均提高37.9%，平均增加3.02个含量百分点，而垩白率下降，稻米米粒变小，总体上旱栽稻米品质有变优趋势。糙米率、精米率和长宽比在2种栽培条件下没有差异，基本上不受土壤水分环境影响。此外，对同一品质性状在水、旱2种不同栽培条件下相关性分析，表明加工品质性状的基因与环境互作较大，外观、蒸煮和营养等品质性状比较稳定。因此，通过水稻和旱稻相互杂交，可将旱稻的抗旱基因导入外观品质、蒸煮、食用品质以及营养品质优良的目标水稻亲本中，选育出抗旱、优质的水稻或旱稻品种。     

旱稻导入系碾磨品质和垩白粒率的QTL定位及其与土壤水分的互作分析

以优质水稻品种越富为遗传背景,具有旱稻品种IRAT109导入片段的271份导入系为材料,在水、旱田2个土壤水分环境下调查糙米率、精米率、整精米率和垩白粒率4个品质性状,研究旱田栽培对稻米品质性状的影响,进行QTL定位及基因型与环境的互作分析。结果表明,整精米率和垩白粒率易受土壤水分环境的影响,糙米率和精米率相对稳定。适当水分胁迫能提高稻米的整精米率,减少垩白粒率。利用混合线性模型,水、旱田条件下共检测到4个品质性状的10个加性QTL和2对上位性互作QTL,分别位于第3、4、7、8和9染色体。3个加性QTL (qMR9、qHMR7和qHMR9)和一对上位性互作QTL (qHMR3~qHMR9)的贡献率大于10%。7个QTL与前人研究结果相一致。第4染色体RM1112~RM1272和第9染色体RM1189~RM410是QTL集中分布的区域。根据不同性状对干旱胁迫的反应特点,分别选择水、旱田条件下贡献率大、稳定的QTL或者具有旱田特异性的QTL,进行标记辅助聚合育种是培育抗旱、优质稻的一个有效途径。     

生育类型与施氮水平对粳稻加工品质的影响

以长江中下游地区5种生育类型中有代表性的57个粳稻品种为试材,研究了空白,低(150 kg hm^-2)、中(225 kg hm^-2)、高(300 kg hm^-2) 4种氮素水平下粳稻加工品质的变化规律,探讨了粳稻加工品质各项指标在不同氮肥水平和生育类型下的差异以及整精米率对氮素响应的品种差异及其分类。结果表明: (1)所有类型品种,糙米率、精米率和整精米率均随氮肥水平的增加而增加,但增加幅度逐渐减小,其中整精米率在高肥与中肥水平下的差异不显著。(2)总体上各类型品种间生育期越长,加工品质越好：晚粳类型的糙米率、精米率和整精米率高于中粳类型,各类型内迟熟品种高于早熟品种,其中晚粳品种的平均整精米率比中粳品种高出19.07%。(3)根据水稻整精米率对氮肥响应的敏感程度,把所有品种分为迟钝型、中间型和敏感型3种。并据此推荐了利于生产实践中提高加工品质的两类品种,一类是整精米率较高且在各氮肥水平下均表现比较稳定,另一类在低氮肥水平下整精米率较低,但通过增施氮肥,可把整精米率提高到较高水平。     

生育类型与施氮水平对粳稻加工品质的影响

以长江中下游地区5种生育类型中有代表性的57个粳稻品种为试材,研究了空白,低(150 kg hm^-2)、中(225 kg hm^-2)、高(300 kg hm^-2) 4种氮素水平下粳稻加工品质的变化规律,探讨了粳稻加工品质各项指标在不同氮肥水平和生育类型下的差异以及整精米率对氮素响应的品种差异及其分类。结果表明: (1)所有类型品种,糙米率、精米率和整精米率均随氮肥水平的增加而增加,但增加幅度逐渐减小,其中整精米率在高肥与中肥水平下的差异不显著。(2)总体上各类型品种间生育期越长,加工品质越好：晚粳类型的糙米率、精米率和整精米率高于中粳类型,各类型内迟熟品种高于早熟品种,其中晚粳品种的平均整精米率比中粳品种高出19.07%。(3)根据水稻整精米率对氮肥响应的敏感程度,把所有品种分为迟钝型、中间型和敏感型3种。并据此推荐了利于生产实践中提高加工品质的两类品种,一类是整精米率较高且在各氮肥水平下均表现比较稳定,另一类在低氮肥水平下整精米率较低,但通过增施氮肥,可把整精米率提高到较高水平。     

不同栽培环境对稻米品质的影响

以6个不同类型水稻品种为供试材料，进行大田栽培和水培，并在结实期进行两种水培营养液浓度(标准Espino浓度和1／2Espino浓度)处理，研究栽培方法及营养液浓度对稻米品质的影响。结果表明：(1)大多数品种在大田栽培条件下的精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、直链淀粉含量、胶稠度要显著或极显著高于水培条件，蛋白质含量和偏基准温度(PT)则低于水培条件；栽培条件对糙米率和粒型等影响不大。(2)与低营养液浓度(1／2Espino浓度)相比，结实期高营养液浓度(标准Espino浓度)显著或极显著地增加了稻米的整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度、蛋白质含量和偏基准温度(PT)。对不同栽培方式和营养条件对稻米品质影响的原因进行了讨论。     

宁夏水稻审定品种品质性状优化及影响因素分析

对宁夏审定的40份水稻品种品质性状进行分析,对参试材料进行优质分级,为宁夏水稻优质育种提供参考.结果表明,供试品种品质性状总体较好,达到Ⅲ级以上100％标准的有4项,即透明度、直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和碱消值,但不同品质性状间的变异系数有很大差异.在本研究中,垩白度和垩白粒率变异系数最大,碱消值、糙米率、精米率、直链淀粉含量变异系数较小.供试品种的优质选标率在糙米率和精米率上没有达到Ⅰ级的品种,但其余的7项品质指标均达到Ⅰ级米标准,并且从碱消值和垩白粒率来看,优质百分率能达到87.5％和62.5％.对供试的40份品种品质性状主成分分析得出,垩白因子、蒸煮因子、碱消值因子、加工因子的累计贡献率达82.54％,将4个主成分与品种理化指标分值进行回归分析,建立回归方程:Y=27.012 7+0.075 9 X1-0.488 7 X2 +0.481 0 X3-2.2130X4.宁夏水稻品种可通过提高稻米糙米率、整精米率、碱消值、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、透明度,实现品种品质的整体改善;而要提高优质品种等级则要侧重于垩白性状的改良,并实现品质性状间的均衡提升.     

开封沿黄稻区直播品种遴选试验总结

以旱稻277、郑旱6号、鑫两优212、郑旱9号和郑旱10号5个水稻品种为供试材料,采用随机区组排列,模拟种植户大田管理条件,测定产量相关性状指标,以期筛选出适合开封市栽培的高产、优质直播水稻品种。结果表明:品种不同,水稻单位面积穗数、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重和小区产量均不同,郑旱10号单位面积穗数、结实率、千粒重和小区产量最高,分别为443.25万穗/hm2、88.9%、31.4 g和592.29 kg,鑫两优212穗粒数最多,为115粒。综合产量性状指标,选取表现优异的两个品种:郑旱10号和鑫两优212,进入下年度直播水稻试验。     

籼型三系杂交水稻整精米率的配合力分析

选择有代表性的14个优良籼型三系杂交稻亲本,包括7个不育系和7个恢复系,采用p×q不完全双列杂交(NC II)模式对杂交稻整精米率进行配合力分析。结果表明:整精米率以非加性基因效应起主导作用,并且不育系的作用大于恢复系的作用。其广义遗传力和狭义遗传力分别为80.23%和29.03%。相关分析结果,整精米率与谷粒粒宽、糙米率、精米率和米粒宽呈极显著正相关;与谷粒长宽比、谷粒粒长、米粒长、米长宽比和垩白率呈显著负相关;与其它外观品质性状相关不显著。通径分析表明,只有精米率、千粒重和米粒长对整精米率起着显著作用,它们的直接通径系数分别为0.517 8、0.348 1和-0.270 8。提出了提高杂交水稻整精米率的途径。     

施氮量对优质常规籼稻稻米品质的影响

为探讨施氮量对优质常规籼稻稻米品质的影响，以桂香18、桂育12、桂育9号、桂育11号、桂育18和桂育8号为材料，在4种不同施氮量下分析稻米品质指标。结果表明，糙米率和整精米率随施氮量的增加呈先升后降的趋势，供试品种在施氮150.0kg/hm²时其值较高；垩白粒率和垩白度随施氮量的增加而降低，供试品种在施氮150.0或187.5kg/hm²时其值较低，且在施氮150.0和187.5kg/hm²时，粒长和长宽比差异不显著；随施氮量的增加，直链淀粉含量呈上升趋势，蛋白质含量显著升高，供试品种在施氮150kg/hm²时直链淀粉含量均达到优质一等。综上，在本试验条件下，150kg/hm²是实现供试品种稻米品质较优的最适施氮量。     

旱稻新品种鑫两优212芽期的耐旱性研究

利用筛选的适宜浓度PEG溶液室内模拟干旱,研究了旱稻新品种鑫两优212和旱稻对照绿旱1号、普通对照金优207等3个水稻品种对芽期干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明,在12.5%的PEG模拟干旱处理下,供试材料的萌发和苗期性状都受到了显著抑制,PEG干旱胁迫处理后成苗率、苗长、苗重及根重降幅最小的品种都是鑫两优212,分别比对照降低1%、42.8%、57.3%、6%。根据3个品种在PEG模拟干旱胁迫处理后的苗期性状表现,结合芽期耐旱系数评价,得出鑫两优212的耐旱性最高,绿旱1号其次,金优207相对最差。     

5个抗黄萎病棉花品种的抗性配合力分析

以陆地棉的5个抗黄萎病品种为父本,4个感病品种为母本,采用不完全双列杂交配制20个组合,进行黄萎病抗性配合力研究。结果表明,冀122、中植棉2号在发病率、病情指数、相对病情指数3个性状上均具有较高的一般配合力（GCA）效应,而冀棉616、豫棉112、徐棉18号则为负向效应。通过特殊配合力（SCA）效应分析,有9个组合具有正效应,而11个组合为负效应。通过估算3个性状的GCA方差和SCA方差,表明这些性状主要受加性基因效应控制。通过遗传力分析,3个性状广义遗传力较大,可在早代选择。     

籼型染色体置换片段在杂交粳稻中的配合力分析

利用10个以粳稻为遗传背景、籼稻为供体的染色体片段置换系(CSSL)及6个粳稻测验种, 按NCII设计, 分析了籼粳亚种间杂种在10个染色体区段上的配合力效应及遗传力等参数。结果表明, 除千粒重外, 各置换系主要产量构成性状的GCA值均高于背景亲本Asominori, 其中带有第12、第4、第1和第11染色体片段的AIS84、AIS27、AIS3、AIS80和AIS76置换系产量相关性状的GCA综合表现最好。说明在染色体片段水平上, 水稻籼粳亚种主要产量构成性状的杂种优势都大于粳亚种内的杂种优势, 对粳稻基因组导入籼稻X24-2~R367 (Chr.12)、R1854~R288 (Chr.4)、C970~C955 (Chr.1)、C1350~R257 (Chr.11)和X52~R2913 (Chr.11)染色体片段, 可显著提高杂交粳稻的产量水平。同一亲本所配的不同组合及同一组合在不同性状间的特殊配合力差异较大, 最高或最低SCA的组合可来自不同GCA的亲本组合类型, 表明在一般配合力与特殊配合力间不存在必然的联系。在双亲一般配合力均高的前提下结合较高的特殊配合力是超高产杂交稻育种中亲本选择的基本原则。     

Estimates of combining ability for resistance of winter rye to Fusarium culmorum head blight

Summary Head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum is damaging in all winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing areas. For hybrid breeding, the relative magnitude of general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) is a crucial parameter for developing appropriate selection procedures. Forty single-cross hybrids were produced by crossing six and seven inbred lines of the Petkus and Carsten gene pool, respectively, in a factorial design. Hybrids were evaluated in two years with artificial F. culmorum inoculation. Resistance traits were head blight rating and grain weight relative to the non-inoculated control. Both resistance traits were closely correlated across both years (r-0.8, P=0.01). Significant genotypic variation was found for both traits with medium to high estimates of heritability (h²=0.6-0.8). Components of variance for GCA were, across years, 10 and 6 times larger than those for SCA for head blight rating and relative grain weight, respectively. Significant SCA effects were found for 15 to 20% of all cross combinations across both traits in each year. SCA effects were, however, inconsistent over years leading to a high SCA-year interaction. In conclusion, resistance to Fusarium head blight among the interpool hybrids tested was conditioned mainly by additive gene action that could be utilized by recurrent selection in multi-environment trials.Abbreviations GCA general combining ability - SCA specific combining ability     

水稻收获指数遗传及其与主要农艺性状的相关研究

应用完全双列杂交的遗传设计,以5个各具特性的水稻品种为材料,对收获指数的遗传进行研究。结果表明,收获指数的一般配合力（GCA）效应、特殊配合力（SCA）效应和反交（R）效应均达极显著水平,其方差比为2.595∶1.232∶1;F₂群体收获指数从低到高呈连续的近正态分布,表现数量性状的遗传特点;在加性显性模型中加性效应和显性效应达极显著值,狭义遗传力和广义遗传力分别为40.17%、67.94%。遗传相关分析表明,收获指数与结实率显著正相关,与穗长、千粒重和生物量显著负相关,由于穗长、千粒重有较高的遗传力,因此在早代对穗长、千粒重进行选择能间接改良收获指数。初步明确水稻收获指数是一个由多基因控制的数量性状,符合加性显性模型,遗传以加性效应为主,显性效应和其它效应（如反交效应）也起一定的作用,遗传力较高,可在早期分离世代进行选择。上述的结果将为水稻新品种选育提供理论依据。     

Genetic analysis of mechanisms associated with inheritance of resistance to sheath rot of rice

Understanding genetic mechanisms controlling inheritance of disease resistance traits is essential in breeding investigations targeting development of resistant genotypes. Using North Carolina design II, 32 F₁ hybrids were generated by crossing eight susceptible to four resistant parents and submitted for field evaluation. The analysis of general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) indicated involvement of additive and non‐additive gene action controlling inheritance of horizontal resistance to sheath rot of rice. High GCA/SCA ratio and high heritability estimates revealed additive effects and were more predominant than none additive ones. The level of dominance indicated dominant genes was more important than recessive genes. Estimates of GCA and SCA analysis suggested that crop improvement programmes should be directed towards selection of superior parents or good combiners, emphasizing on GCA. As far as source of resistance is concerned, most promising genotypes were Cyicaro, Yunertian and Yunkeng. The predominance of additive genetic effects together with the relevance of dominant genes suggested possibilities of improving the resistance by introgression of resistance genes through recurrent selection coupled with phenotypic selection.     

印水型杂交粳稻产量及产量构成因素的配合力分析

为确定新育成印水型杂交粳稻亲本的潜力,并为印水型杂交粳稻育种提供理论基础,本研究以4个不育系和4 个恢复系为亲本进行不完全双列杂交,研究产量及其构成因素的配合力。结果表明：产量性状一般配合力(GCA)方差均达到极显著水平,除结实率外,父本的一般配合力方差大于母本,单株产量、有效穗和结实率的特殊配合力(SCA)方差达到显著或极显著水平。139A和晚轮422 的GCA效应较高,产量性状以Ⅱ类为主,139A×晚轮422 和辽粳10A×晚轮422 的单株产量水平及组合SCA效应较高。父本GCA效应和组合SCA效应对产量性状的影响较大,母本GCA效应对产量性状的影响相对较小。本研究中,父本的遗传差异大于母本,对产量性状的影响也大于母本,139A和晚轮422 有较大的应用潜力。     

Cytoplasmic effects on quality traits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The inheritances of thousand kernel weight (TKW), protein percentage, protein quality and grain hardness were studied through an 11 x 11 complete diallel set of bread wheat genotypes consisting of four alloplasmic lines of Selkirk, two alloplasmic lines of Siete Cerros 66, and five commercial cultivars. Genetic components accounted for 93%, 90%, 78%, and 92% of total variation for TKW, protein percentage, protein quality, and grain hardness, respectively. General combining ability (GCA) effects were dominant for TKW (48% GCA, 38% SCA [specific combining ability], and 7% reciprocal effects [RE]), protein percentage (70% GCA, 10% SCA, and 10% RE), and grain hardness (59% GCA, 29% SCA, and 4% RE). However, SCA effects dominated for protein quality (30% GCA, 43% SCA, and 5% RE). Broad- and narrow-sense heritabilities were estimated at 0.95 and 0.65 for TKW, 0.94 and 0.82 for protein percentage, 0.83 and 0.47 for protein quality, and 0.95 and 0.74 for grain hardness. Reciprocal effects were highly significant for all quality traits, but less effective than additive and non-additive gene effects. Aegilops cylindrica, Ae. ventricosa, and Triticum turgidum cytoplasms showed positive effects on TKW in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms seemed to have potential for improving protein percentage. T. aestivum cytoplasms were superior to alien cytoplasms for protein quality. Bolal 2973, Kiraç 66 and Bezostaja 1 cytoplasms increased protein quality in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, Ae. ventricosa and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms had significant effects on grain hardness. The cytoplasmic variation in B type T. aestivum cytoplasm was found to be significant for all traits.     

Heterosis and combining ability for plant height and its components in hybrid wheat with Triticum timopheevi cytoplasm

The heterosis and combining ability for plant height and its components of hybrid wheat were investigated in an incomplete diallel experiment including 5 CMS lines and 4 restorer lines. The results showed that heterosis (HS) and heterobeltiosis (HBS) occurred in plant height (PH) and length of the first internode (LFI), second internode (LSI), third internode (LTI), basal internode (LBI) and the spike (LS) of hybrids, but their values varied among crosses and characters; the HS and HBS of LBI were larger than those of other characters, the HS and HBS of LSI and LTI contributed a lot to those of PH. There were significant relationships between internode lengths and PH for specific combining ability (SCA) and general combining ability (GCA), and among lengths of the adjacent internodes for SCA and/or GCA effects. However, the relationships of LS with the lengths of internodes and PH were insignificant for GCA, SCA, HS and HBS. The SCA effects were more important than GCA effects for LFI, the reverse was true for LSI, LTI, LS and PH, and the SCA effects was nearly equal to the GCA effects for LBI. So, LFI was mainly influenced by non-additive effect of genes, while LSI, LTI, LS and PH were mainly controlled by additive gene effects, LBI was controlled equally by additive and non-additive effects of genes. The genes that control the length of specific internode not only affect PH, but also the length of the adjacent internode. The genetic system in charge of lengths of internodes and plant height is independent of that for length of spike. Thus, it is possible to develop new wheat cultivars or hybrid combinations having long spike but dwarf plant height. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

籼型杂交水稻农艺性状的配合力研究

如何有效利用杂种优势已成为水稻增产的关键。本研究按照NCII遗传交配设计,将三系野败型杂交水稻的恢复系和微核心种质构成的115份优异籼稻品种,分别与4个两系不育系及1个三系不育系测交,分析各农艺性状配合力、遗传力及相互关系。结果表明,除单株有效穗数、主穗实粒数外,其他农艺性状一般配合力差异均达到极显著水平;除单株有效穗数外,其他各农艺性状特殊配合力差异也均达到极显著水平。同一组合的不同性状、同一亲本的不同组合所表现出的特殊配合力效应都有所不同,表明亲本的一般配合力水平与特殊配合力间没有固定的联系。在育种实践中,选取一般配合力高的亲本,同时兼具较高特殊配合力是获取高产杂交稻组合的关键。