CO2 uptake by a soil microcosm

Sequestration of CO₂ via biological sinks is a matter of great scientific importance due to the potential lowering of atmospheric CO₂. In this study, a custom built incubation chamber was used to cultivate a soil microbial community to instigate chemoautotrophy of a temperate soil. Real-time atmospheric CO₂ concentrations were monitored and estimations of total CO₂ uptake were made. After careful background flux corrections, 4.52 ± 0.05 g CO₂ kg⁻¹ dry soil was sequestered from the chamber atmosphere over 40 h. Using isotopically labelled ¹³CO₂ and GCMS–IRMS, labelled fatty acids were identified after only a short incubation, hence confirming CO₂ sequestration for soil. The results of this in vivo study provide the ground work for future studies intending to mimic the in situ environment by providing a reliable method for investigating CO₂ uptake by soil microorganisms.     

An empirical method of measuring CO2 recycling by isotopic enrichment of respired CO2

An empirical method to measure respiratory CO₂ recycling using a fast growing agricultural cover crop as a model system was tested and compared with a theoretical method which uses a variation of the Keeling plot. Both methods gave values which were high and similar to each other. The theoretical method gave a value of respiratory based CO₂ recycling of 0.41, while the empirical method gave a value of 0.49. Therefore close to half of the respired CO₂ is refixed during daytime photosynthesis in this densely planted cover crop. Refixation of respired CO₂ during the day should lead to an isotopic enrichment of the remaining respired CO₂ leaving the canopy of the cover crop. Therefore, calculations of gross respiration and photosynthesis using isotopic mass balance equations that do not take this isotopic fractionation into account could be in error. We tested this premise by using isotopic mass balance equations to estimate average gross photosynthesis and respiration in this cover crop under two scenarios: (1) no recycling and (2) recycling of respired CO₂. Values of gross photosynthesis and respiration were unrealistically low when it was assumed that no recycling occurs. On the other hand, realistic values similar to previous publications were observed when recycling was taken into account.     

基于超临界CO2萃取技术的廿八碳醇富集研究

对于小麦胚芽油超临界 CO2 提取过程中廿八碳醇的浓缩问题进行了研究。分析了小麦胚芽油中廿八碳醇的溶解度特性 ,提出了通过直接的超临界 CO2 萃取和使用两级分离的途径提高所得小麦胚芽油中廿八碳醇的方法 ,以上试验均取得了一定效果。     

土壤CO2与喀斯特洞穴CO2季节变化响应分析

为了揭示土壤CO_2对洞穴内环境的意义,对大风洞和响水洞2016年洞内环境指标和上覆土壤的相关数据进行统计与回归分析。结果表明,洞内CO_2浓度、土壤CO_2浓度具有显著的季节性特征,土壤2#对应的洞内空气CO_2在夏冬两季差值达793~884mg/kg。土壤水PCO_2和滴水PCO_2在夏冬两季的差值最高可分别达1.12和0.41,因此洞内滴水PCO_2、土壤水PCO_2也表现出明显的季节性特征。土壤CO_2、洞内空气CO_2、洞内滴水PCO_2和土壤水PCO_2间均表现出一定的滞后现象,如4#土壤水PCO_2与滴水PCO_2的相关系数,由非滞后条件下的0.123上升至滞后条件下的0.596。同时在滞后条件下,土壤CO_2对洞内CO_2的贡献率的总和最高可达84.6%,高于非滞后条件下的值。     

超临界CO2流体萃取杏仁油工艺研究

该研究以单因素试验和正交试验相结合的方法对苦杏仁脂肪油的超临界CO2萃取工艺进行了研究.确定了超临界CO2萃取杏仁油的最佳工艺为:萃取压力35 MPa、萃取温度50 ℃、CO2流量24 L/h、粒径60目、萃取时间2 h.各因素影响杏仁的得率的顺序为:粒径＞时间＞萃取压力＞CO2流量＞萃取温度.最佳工艺验证试验的杏仁油的得率为52.98%.本研究的结果为下一步综合、无毒、高效地开发利用苦杏仁奠定了基础.     

稻田CO2排放对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

利用FACE (free-air carbon dioxide enrichment)平台,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,研究了大气CO2浓度升高对稻田土壤CO2通过土壤-大气(土气)和植被-大气(植气)界面排放的影响.在整个水稻生长季中,土气界面CO2排放通量与土壤表面水层深度指数负相关,且在中期烤田和收获前排水阶段出现较大值;而植气界面CO2排放通量与根系生物量的变化趋势基本一致.在低氮(N 125 kg/hm2)和常氮(N 250 kg/hm2)水平上,高浓度CO2(对照大气CO2浓度+200 μmol/mol)有提高水稻生物量、降低土气和植气界面CO2累积排放量的趋势.在水稻的拔节、抽穗和成熟期,较高的施氮量显著增加水稻地上部分生物量,促进植气界面CO2的排放.研究结果表明,未来大气CO2浓度升高的环境下,稻田生态系统有增加CO2的固定(增加水稻生物量),减少CO2的排放(土气和植气界面CO2的排放)的趋势,可能发挥着碳汇的作用.     

我国能源消费与CO2排放的系统动力学预测

目前我国正处在全面建设小康社会的重要发展阶段。在人口总量增加、经济持续发展、居民生活能源消费不断提高的情况下,对能源供需状况进行科学、合理的预测对保障我国能源供给、促进经济可持续发展和CO2减排,实现社会可持续发展具有重要意义。本文在研究我国现阶段能源消费和人口、经济发展现状的基础上,运用系统动力学模型预测了我国能源需求和CO2排放量,提出能源发展和削减CO2排放量的设想和对策。     

Short-term CO2 emissions from planted soil subject to elevated CO2 and simulated precipitation

Carbon dioxide emissions from soils beneath canopies of two Mediterranean plants, Artemisia absinthium L. and Festuca pratensis Huds. cv. Demeter, were monitored over a 7-day period that included an artificial precipitation event of 4 cm. The experiments were conducted using 0.2 m³ soil microcosms inside greenhouses with CO₂ concentrations of either 360 or 500 μmol mol⁻¹. Carbon dioxide flux from the soil surface, as calculated using a diffusive transport model agreed well with CO₂ flux measurements made using a dynamic flow system. Soil CO₂ emissions did not differ significantly between the 360 and 500 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂ treatments when soils were dry (volumetric soil moisture content ≤9%). A simulated precipitation event caused an immediate exhalation of CO₂ from soil, after which CO₂ emissions declined slightly and remained constant for approximately 36 h. CO₂ emissions from soil microcosms with F. pratensis plants growing in 500 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂ then rose to levels that were significantly greater than CO₂ emissions from soils in the microcosms exposed to 360 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂. For A. absinthium growing in 500 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂, the rise in soil CO₂ emissions following the wetting event was not significantly greater than emissions from soils with A. absinthium growing under 360 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂. A. absinthium above ground biomass increased by 46.1 ± 17.9% (mean ± S.E., n = 4, P ≤ 0.05). Above ground biomass did not significantly increase for F. pratensis (14.4 ± 6.5%, P ≥ 0.10). Root biomass, on the other hand, increased for both species; by 50.6 ± 17.9% (P ≤ 0.05) for A. absinthium and by 55.9 ± 12.7% (P ≤ 0.05) for F. pratensis. Our results demonstrate two events following precipitation onto dry soils, an immediate release of CO₂ followed by a gradual increase from enhanced biological activity The gradual increase was greater for the herbaceous ruderal perennial F. pratensis under elevated CO₂.     

肉馅高密度CO2杀菌效果和杀菌动力学研究

研究了不同压力、温度和时间的高密度CO₂对肉馅的杀菌效果及杀菌动力学模型,以相对均方误(RMSE) 和决定系数(R2)为衡量指标考察了线性(Linear)、威布尔(Weibull)和逻辑斯谛(Log-Logistic)模型拟合的效果。结果表明：高密度CO₂对肉馅的杀菌效果随处理压力、温度和时间的增加而增强;D值（使90%的细菌失活所需的时间）在50MPa、75 ℃时达到最小为4.4 min,Z_P值（D值降低一个对数所需增加的压力）在75 ℃时达到最小为60.3 MPa,Z_T值（D值降低一个对数所需增加的温度）在50 MPa时达到最小为30.6 ℃;与Linear模型相比,Weibull和Log-Logistic模型能更好地拟合高密度CO₂杀菌曲线。RMSE和R2分析表明,Weibull模型最好地拟合了高密度CO₂处理下细菌失活动力学变化。     

竹林-鸡农林系统模式效益探析

研究结果表明竹林鸡农林系统模式生态效益和社会效益显著,该模式运行3年后其水土侵蚀模数由年870t/ hm2 减至年2～3t/ hm2 ,土壤有机质、全N、全P和全K分别提高71%、4 0 %、93%和10 2 % ;年增加农村就业劳动力12 0 0工/ hm2 ,农户年增纯收入10余万元,其中鸡子系统经济贡献率占90 %以上     

Mitigation of atmospheric CO2 concentrations by increased carbon sequestration in the soil

 The International Panel on Climate Change distinguished three main options for the mitigation of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations by the agricultural sector: (1) reduction of agriculture-related emissions, (2) creation and strengthening of C sinks in the soil, and (3) production of biofuels to replace fossil fuels. Options for sustained sequestration of C in the soil through adapted management of land resources are reviewed in the context of the ongoing discussion on the need to reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Enhanced sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ in the soil, ultimately as stable humus, may well prove a more lasting solution than (temporarily) sequestering CO₂ in the standing biomass through reforestation and afforestation. Such actions will also help to reverse processes of land degradation, thus contributing to sustained food productivity and security for the people in the regions concerned. Received: 1 December 1997     

超临界CO2连续浓缩鱼油EPA和DHA的研究

为了克服鱼油有效组分超临界CO2间歇萃取方法的缺点,设计建造了超临界CO2在内径14 mm、填料高1.8 m的填料塔中连续萃取浓缩鱼油有效组分的流程.根据单因素试验的结果,对工艺参数进行优化.设计了4因素3水平并考虑部分交互作用的正交试验方案,以综合指标进行评价,得到了优化工艺参数为:填料塔压为12.5 MPa;CO2流量为5 L/min;鱼油进料流量为0.8 mL/min;塔的温度分布为40～85℃.经方差分析得知,温度分布的影响对综合指标高度显著,鱼油进料流量对综合指标的影响显著,试验范围内的压力、CO2流量、压力和温度分布交互作用、温度分布和CO2流量交互作用以及压力和CO2流量交互作用对综合指标没有显著影响.     

Absorption and emission of CO2 by ponded water of a paddy field

In the daytime, the CO₂ concentration in the air close to the water surface of a ponded paddy field was lowest and it increased with the distance above the water surface, while an inverse relation was observed in the nighttime. On the other hand, the pH of the ponded water changed significantly throughout a day and was expected to affect atmospheric CO₂ in the vicinity of the water surface, because the solubility of CO₂ in water depends on the pH. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the changes in the pH of the ponded water and the response of the CO₂ concentration in the air above the water. The pH of the ponded water of the paddy field increased in the daytime and decreased in the nighttime, so that the water was alkaline in the daytime and weakly acidic in the nighttime. We found that the daily changes in the atmospheric CO₂ concentration gradient almost corresponded to the daily changes in pH. The increase of the pH of the ponded water in the daytime was due to the absorption of dissolved CO₂ by photosynthetic bacteria and micro-algae within the ponded water. Furthermore, we compared the pH with RpH, defined as the pH at which the CO₂ concentration of the water is in equilibrium with that of the air, to determine whether CO₂ was absorbed by or emitted from the ponded water. In the daytime, the pH value of the ponded water was higher than that of the RpH, and the water could therefore absorb CO₂ , whereas during the nighttime, since the pH value of the ponded water was lower than that of the RpH, the water was expected to emit CO₂. These results show that the ponded water absorbed CO₂ from the air above the water surface in the daytime and emitted CO₂ in the nighttime.     

超临界CO2喷雾干燥制备乙基纤维素微粒的实验研究

为了扩大喷雾干燥技术在生物物料微粒制备方面的应用,在自行设计的实验台上,以超临界CO2为干燥介质进行了乙基纤维素微粒的制备.研究了喷嘴出口直径、气液比、溶液浓度、温度、压力对微粒粒径及其粒径分布的影响.实验结果表明:改变工艺参数,可在较大范围内调控微粒大小,所制微粒平均粒径为1.07～9.84μm;气液出口为8 mm的喷嘴所得微粒粒径比4 mm的要小且分布变窄、粒度均匀;气液比对微粒粒径的影响存在一个粒径最大值;高浓度溶液所得微粒粒径比低浓度溶液大,粒径分布略有变宽;随温度升高,微粒粒径增大,高温时所得微粒的粒径分布比低温时宽;随压力增加,微粒粒径减小,高压时所得微粒的粒径分布比低压时略有变窄.     

穿心莲内酯超临界CO2重结晶工艺初探

采用单因素实验法探讨超临界CO2重结晶压力、温度、时间对穿心莲内酯的纯度和结晶率的影响,并借助扫描电镜进行晶体形貌考察,利用高效液相色谱仪进行纯度检测.结果表明,采用超临界CO2重结晶技术得到的穿心莲内酯晶体形貌更加细小,并呈絮状分布在结晶板上;选择较佳纯化工艺参数为重结晶压力14 MPa,温度55℃,时间60 min,CO2流量20 L/min时,得到的穿心莲内酯纯度达90%以上,结晶率超过45%.     

CO2 efflux by rapid decomposition of low molecular organic substances in soils

Decomposition rates of the [2-¹⁴C]-glucose and [2-¹⁴C]-glycine in four different soils of the long-term field trial of Moscow were investigated in a 3-months laboratory experiment in which ¹⁴CO₂ respiration was measured. A model with three decomposition components and two distribution parameters was developed and validated with the data of the experiment. The decay rate constants of free [2-¹⁴C]-glucose (4–32 day^-1) were slower than those of [2-¹⁴C]-glycine (16–44 day^-1). The calculated use efficiency for microbial biosynthesis of the second carbon atom was 47% for glucose and 31% for glycine. The potential half-life of labelled carbon in the microbial soil biomass ranged from 0.6 to 4.4 days, depending on the soil type and the initial amount of added substrate. The calculated total utilisation of carbon by the soil biomass from glycine was about 2–5 times lower than that of glucose.The modelled ¹⁴C incorporation into the microbial soil biomass reached its maximum on the first day of the incubation experiment and did not exceed 22% of the ¹⁴C input. Both of the investigated substances decomposed most rapidly in the soil samples from sites that have not being fertilised with organic or mineral fertilisers during an 81-years period.     

Laboratory experiments on nematodes from natural CO2 springs reveal species-specific tolerance to extreme CO2 concentrations

This study focuses on the CO₂-tolerance of soil nematodes from natural CO₂ springs (mofette fields). In laboratory experiments, we compared survival, reproduction, activity and reactivation of a CO₂-sensitive species with a CO₂-tolerant species. Both species survived even 100% CO₂, but in an inactive state. The higher the CO₂ concentration the more individuals entered inactivity. We found significant differences between the two species: more adults of the CO₂-tolerant species maintained activity and reproduction at higher CO₂ concentrations. Moreover, reactivation after inactivity was faster. Together with a higher juvenile mortality of the CO₂-sensitive species, these interspecific differences are conclusive to explain the niche separation of the two species that was observed in the mofette field.     

Production of volatile compounds by Fuji apples following exposure to high CO2 or low O2

The emission of volatile compounds by Fuji apples following short- or long-term exposure to high CO(2) was studied. The production of ethanol, methyl and ethyl esters, octanal, nonanal, and decanal was enhanced while the production of C(3)-C(6) alcohols, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl esters and butanal decreased in fruit exposed to 10 kPa O(2) + 20 kPa CO(2) at 20 degrees C for up to 12 days. The impact of high CO(2) exposure on volatile production was dependent on fruit maturity at harvest. Apples stored for 8 months in an ultralow O(2)-controlled atmosphere (CA) (0.5 kPa O(2) + 0.05 kPa CO(2)) or high CO(2) CA (1.5 kPa O(2) + 3 kPa CO(2)) at 0.5 degrees C had reduced production of most volatiles, especially butyl and hexyl esters, as compared to fruit stored in air. Two exceptions were ethanol and ethyl acetate for which the production was enhanced by both CA regimes. Treatment with the antioxidant diphenylamine prior to storage prevented most of the high CO(2)-induced and ultralow O(2)-induced changes in volatile production. The results of this study do not indicate that changes in volatile production following the exposure of Fuji apples to high CO(2) are causally related to the development of CO(2) injury.