Effects of several microbial seedpiece treatments on emergence,yield, tuber defects,tuber size distribution,and specific gravity of Katahdin and Russet Burbank potatoes in Maine

Several microbial seedpiece treatments were applied to Katahdin and Russet Burbank to determine their effects on emergence rates, yield, tuber defects, tuber size distribution, and specific gravity under Maine conditions. None of the seedpiece treatments affected total yield, final plant stand, or specific gravity, although several treatments caused slight delays in rate of plant emergence. Several of the seedpiece treatments increased yield of small tubers of Russet Burbank and shifted the yield of Katahdin slightly toward the larger grade size classes. None of the microbial seedpiece treatments was substantially different in performance from the other treatments; and none can be recommended as beneficial for potatoes in Maine.     

Tuber yield, storability, and quality of Michigan cultivars in response to nitrogen management and seedpiece spacing

Information is required on nitrogen (N) fertility and seedpiece management for new cultivars and advanced breeding lines. Interactions amongst N fertilizer rate, genotype, and seedpiece spacing are complex, and can affect tuber yield, quality, and storability as well as N fertilizer efficiency. A field study was carried out in 2001 and 2002 at MSU Montcalm Research Farm in central Michigan. Tuber yields and post-harvest quality characteristics were evaluated for five potato genotypes (MSG227-2, MSE192-8Rus, Jacqueline Lee, Liberator, and Snowden) in response to a factorial combination of three N levels (200 kg N ha^-1, 300 kg N ha^-1-, and 400 kg N ha^-1) and two seedpiece spacings, narrow (0.20 m or 0.25 m) and wide (0.33 m or 0.38 m). Narrow seedpiece spacing consistently produced the highest U.S. No. 1 yields in all genotypes tested (37 and 34 t ha^-1, narrow vs wide spacing, respectively). There was a tradeoff between seedpiece spacing and N level in 2001 as tuber yields were enhanced by higher N levels at wide seedpiece spacing, but not at narrow spacing. In 2002, tuber yield was not enhanced, but petiole nitrate-N and tuber-N increased as N fertilization increased. Genotype was the major factor that influenced tuber quality characteristics at harvest and for stored tubers (e.g., specific gravity, internal defects, bruising, chip color rating, sucrose, and glucose). Spacing had minimal effects, whereas higher levels of N slightly reduced specific gravity both years, reduced internal defects in 2001 and enhanced sucrose at harvest in 2002. The cultivars tested demonstrated excellent storage characteristics for different N fertility levels and seedpiece spacing combinations. Overall, the recommended N fertilizer level for moderately long-duration potato cultivars in Michigan (200 kg N ha^-1) and a narrow seedpiece spacing optimized yield and tuber quality performance while conserving N fertilizer.     

Effect of seedpiece spacing and nitrogen fertilization on tuber yield, yield components, and nitrogen use efficiency parameters of two potato cultivars

The effect of seedpiece spacing on the efficiency of nitrogen (N) use by the potato crop is generally unknown. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of seedpiece spacing on tuber yield, yield components and N use efficiency parameters of two potato cultivars. Potato cultivars Atlantic and Shepody were grown at two rates of N fertilization (0 or 100 kg N ha^?1) and three seedpiece spacings (20, 30, or 40 cm) in 2000 to 2002. Wider seedpiece spacing increased mean tuber weight and the number of tubers per stem, but decreased total tuber yield. The higher tuber yield at the narrow seedpiece spacing was attributed to higher biomass production in combination with lower tuber specific gravity. Seedpiece spacing had no consistent effect on plant N accumulation, and therefore no consistent effect on N uptake efficiency (plant N accumulation /N supply from the soil plus fertilizer). However, a small increase in soil NO₃-N concentration in the hill at topkill at wider seedpiece spacing suggested plant N accumulation was slightly reduced at wider seedpiece spacing, but at a level that could not be detected from a plant-based measure of N accumulation. The reduced dry matter accumulation, but similar plant N accumulation, resulted in lower N use efficiency (plant dry matter accumulation / N supply) at wider seedpiece spacing. Wider seedpiece spacing also resulted in generally lower values of N utilization efficiency (plant dry matter accumulation / plant N accumulation) for the 40-cm compared with the 20- and 30-cm seedpiece spacings. Effects of seedpiece spacing on N use efficiency parameters were generally consistent across cultivars and fertilizer N rates. Wider seedpiece spacing did reduce the efficiency of N use by the potato crop; however, the magnitude of the effect was small under the conditions of this study.     

Effect of planting depth and hilling practices on total, U.S. No. 1, and field greening tuber yields

Previous research suggests that field greening of potato tubers can be minimized by planting seedpieces at an appropriate depth along with sufficient hilling to minimize exposure to sunlight. The appropriate planting depth and hilling practices to minimize field tuber greening have not been determined for newer cultivars. Two separate studies, each conducted for three years, are reported here. The first measured the effect of seedpiece planting depth on the yield, quality, and field greening tuber yield of ‘Russet Burbank’, ‘Frontier Russet’, and ‘Shepody’ potatoes. Seedpieces were handplanted in pre-formed hills at 8, 15, or 23 cm measured from the top of the seedpiece to the top of the hill. Planting at 23 cm resulted in significantly lower total yield compared with the 8- and 15-cm depths for Russet Burbank and Frontier Russet, but planting depth did not affect total yield of Shepody. U.S. No. 1 yield of Russet Burbank was not affected by planting depth, but U.S. No. 1 yield of Frontier Russet was significantly less at the 23-cm depth. For Shepody, the 8-cm depth caused a significant reduction in U.S. No. 1 yield compared with the 15-cm depth. Field greening tuber yield of Russet Burbank was significantly less at the 23-cm planting depth compared to 8 cm. For Frontier Russet and Shepody, planting at 15 or 23 cm resulted in significantly less field tuber greening compared to the 8-cm depth. The second experiment examined the effects of planting depth and hilling practices on yield, quality, and field tuber greening of Russet Burbank and Gem Russet potatoes. Six planting depth and hilling treatment combinations were used. Seedpieces were planted at a depth of either 8 or 15 cm, then hilled to either 15 or 23 cm at emergence or after plants had formed a rosette of leaves approximately 10 cm in diameter (post-emergence hilling). At-emergence hilling treatments had no effect on total or U.S. No. 1 yields of Russet Burbank compared with the 15-cm planting depth, non-hilled control. However, all post-emergence hilling treatments significantly reduced Russet Burbank total and U.S. No. 1 yields. Planting Russet Burbank at 8 cm and hilling to 23 cm at emergence, or planting at 8 or 15 cm and hilling to 23 cm post-emergence reduced field tuber greening of Russet Burbank. The effects of planting depth and hilling on Gem Russet total and U.S. No. 1 yields were less definitive than for Russet Burbank, and no treatments significantly reduced field tuber greening yield compared with the control.     

追施不同肥料对马铃薯品种抗疫白产量的影响

为探究追施对马铃薯品种抗疫白产量的影响,设计4个处理,每667 m2施①基肥:二铵16 kg+尿素15 kg+硫酸钾15 kg(对照);②基肥:二铵16 kg+尿素8.6 kg+硫酸钾15 kg,追肥:尿素6.4 kg(追氮区);③基肥:二铵16kg+尿素15kg+硫酸钾7.5kg,追肥:硫酸钾7.5kg(追钾区);④基肥:二铵16kg+尿素8.6kg+硫酸钾7.5 kg,追肥:尿素6.4 kg+硫酸钾7.5 kg(追氮、钾区)。结果表明,追施钾肥的产量最高,其次是追施氮肥和钾肥,但二者差异不显著,排在第三位的是追施氮肥,不追肥的产量最低,但追施氮肥和钾肥的商品率最高。     

控释尿素与普通尿素混施对大豆农艺性状及产量和品质的影响

按尿素种类和施肥量共设6个处理,研究控释尿素和普通尿素混施对大豆农艺性状及产量和品质的影响。结果表明:控释尿素和普通尿素混施能够提高大豆不同生育期的株高和干物质积累量,且T6(控释尿素100%)提高最多。从R2到R6时期,叶绿素含量逐渐增加,R4和R2期施肥各处理与对照相比差异达到显著水平,处理T4(控释尿素50%+常规尿素50%)叶绿素值最高,但各施肥处理间差异不显著;叶面积指数(LAI)值先增大后减小,R4时期最大,施肥处理LAI显著高于不施肥对照,且以处理T4最佳。控释尿素和普通尿素混施极显著提高了大豆的产量,且以T4处理产量最高。控释尿素不同比例混施能够提高蛋白质含量,降低脂肪含量,并使蛋脂总量增加。综合试验结果可知,控释尿素50%+常规尿素50%为最佳混施比例。     

Nitrogen fertilizer efficiencies on potatoes

Nitrogen fertilizer efficiencies must be known to successfully apply N fertilizer according to crop growth needs. The objective of this study was to determine the recovery, partitioning, and translocation of N fertilizer applied at different times for potato production. Russet Burbank potatoes were fertilized preplant with¹⁵N-depleted ammonium sulfate, and during early and late tuber growth with urea containing K¹⁵NO₃ in 1978 or (¹⁵NH₂)₂CO in 1980. All N applications increased tuber yields above the control treatments. The N recovery efficiency was 60% for the preplant N application, and over 80% and near 60% for the N applications during tuber growth in 1978 and 1980, respectively. Good agreement was found between the isotope and difference methods of determining N recovery efficiencies. Labeled N was initially concentrated in the stems and leaves, particularly if applied during tuber growth. Over 80% of the assimilated, labeled nitrogen was found in the tubers at the start of plant maturation. These data indicate that a significant improvement in N fertilizer efficiency would result from split N fertilizer applications made according to crop growth needs.     

Yield and Nitrogen Use of Irrigated Processing Potato in Response to Placement,Timing and Source of Nitrogen Fertilizer in Manitoba

Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilizer management in irrigated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) on coarse-textured soils is challenging. The “4R” nutrient stewardship framework of using N fertilizer at the right rate, right source, right placement and right time provides approaches to improve fertilizer use efficiency while maintaining or improving yield. This 3-years replicated field plot study evaluated effects from a series of N fertilization strategies including 10 combinations of sources, placement and timing, as well as fertigation, on irrigated processing potato (cv. Russet Burbank) grown for a total of five site-years in the Province of Manitoba, Canada. Treatments were designed to provide early to late availability of N to the potato crop. Nitrogen was applied to 80% of Provincial N recommendation to increase the likelihood of observing improved fertilizer use efficiency and effects of treatments on yields. Measurements were tuber yield, size distribution, specific gravity, hollow-heart rate, fertilizer apparent N recovery (ANR) and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Results showed differences in yield, quality, ANR and NUE between fertilizer treatments were generally very small or absent. Average tuber marketable yields for fertilizer treatments were significantly greater than those for the unfertilized control (P?<?0.001). Split application of urea at planting and hilling, and urea at planting with fertigation occasionally increased tuber marketable yields on sites of coarse textured soils (P?<?0.05). Use of polymer-coated urea (ESN) or stabilized urea with inhibitors (SuperU) did not affect yield, quality or N use of potato. Site-year difference (P?<?0.001) were apparent for all measures highlighting the importance of soil and climatic conditions on agronomic and environmental effects of N management practices. The results indicate current grower practice of split urea application at planting and hilling and urea at planting following by in-season fertigation are sound. Results indicate growers could shift to the more convenient practice of ESN at planting without reducing yields. Absence of treatment effects suggests N was generally not a limiting factor for the current study, indicating that the current recommendation for potato production in Manitoba over-estimate site-specific crop N needs.     

Acidulocompost,a food waste compost with thermophilic lactic acid fermentation: its effects on potato production and weed growth

Acidulocomposting recycles food wastes by means of thermophilic lactic acid fermentation. This process can decrease ammonia volatilization and odor emission during processing and produce compost with high nitrogen (N) content. To compare the yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. ‘Dansyakuimo’) and the suppression of weeds with acidulocompost (AC) and those with conventional composts and inorganic fertilizer (IF), we conducted field experiments in Miyagi Prefecture, northeastern Japan. Potatoes were cultivated in 2008 and 2009 in an Andosol field treated with AC, conventional food waste compost (FWC), poultry manure compost (PMC), cattle manure compost (CMC), IF, or no fertilizer (NF). AC, but not the other treatments, delayed the emergence of potatoes, and suppressed the emergence of weeds, but it did not inhibit potato growth during the late growth stage or yield. Potato N uptake and tuber yield with AC were significantly higher than those with NF and similar to those with FWC, PMC, and IF. The N uptake efficiencies (ratio of difference between N uptake in the treatment and the control to added N) for AC (10.4–12.7% in 2008 and 2009) were similar to those for FWC and PMC (10.2–13.1%), higher than those for CMC (–1.3 to 6.3%), but significantly lower than those for IF (30.2–42.3%). Our findings indicate that AC has an N supply capacity similar to those of FWC and PMC and additionally suppresses the emergence and growth of weeds.     

The effect of in-row spacing and seedtype on the yield and quality of a potato cultivar

The effect of irregular in-row spacing on tuber production and yield of Russet Burbank potatoes was tested at 2 locations in 1979 and 1980. At a similar mean spacing, no yield reductions were observed when irregular seedpiece spacings (CV levels 25, 50 and 75%) were compared with evenly spaced seedpieces (CV level of 0%). No significant interaction was found between irregular spacing and seedtypes with mass ranging from 59.0 to 67.9 g. No significant interaction was found between three accurate spacings (30.4, 45.7 and 60.9 cm) and the same range of seedpiece mass; however, the crop grown from large seedpieces had a higher marketable yield at the widest spacing tested. Mainstem numbers per plant were influenced by seedpiece mass while axillary branches increased with decreases in intra-plant and inter-plant competition. The incidence of hollow heart was generally unaffected by irregular inrow spacing. Incidence of this disorder was highest in 1979 and appeared to increase with increased plant stresses.     

腐殖酸氮磷钾复合肥对马铃薯产量、商品率及淀粉含量的影响

腐殖酸氮磷钾复合肥单一施用或与尿素配合施用，马铃薯的商品率和淀粉含量均比对照显著或极显著提高．综合考虑，单一施用是最佳处理，在马铃薯生产中，可以推广使用这种肥料．     

新型腐植酸有机肥对马铃薯茎基腐病的防效

马铃薯茎基腐病是影响马铃薯生产的重要病害,目前尚未有效的综合防控措施.试验的目的是通过新型腐植酸肥料与同等养分配方化肥的田间比较试验,探讨新型腐植酸有机肥对马铃薯茎基腐病预防效果.结果表明,5～15 g壤动FT/100 kg种薯配合腐植酸肥料对马铃薯生长发育安全,在出苗率、苗高、单株根数、最大根长、芽长分别优于配方化肥...     

马铃薯丰产栽培综合农艺措施数学模型的研究

本文利用系统工程学原理和方法,对马铃薯不同密度、不同种行植距、以及氮、磷、钾的不同施用量的栽培试验进行了研究与分析。结果表明:a.5个因素的产量和增产速率是基本一致的,其效应依次为N 肥(x_3) >密度(x_1)>K 肥(x_5) >行距(x_2) >P 肥(x_4) 。b.产量模型与投资效益模型的复相关系数分别为R=0. 822和R=0. 895二者相关极显著。相关系数为r=0. 4016,即产量越高,投资效益就越高。c.代表该模型最可靠的丰产结果在2500～3000公斤/亩范围内,与当前大田生产水平相吻合,优化方案分布频率占总次数的29. 47%。d.高产水平方案的指标为4000～4500公斤/亩,其最优组合方案为密度5000株/亩,行距85匣米,氮肥20公斤/亩,磷肥15公斤/亩,钾肥15公斤/亩。     

Effects of fertilizer on yield and quality of Norland potatoes in northeastern Saskatchewan

Fertilizer combinations designed to study the effects of phosphorus, potassium and sulfur on yield, early tuber yields, and quality of potatoes were tested in each of three consecutive years at two sites in northeastern Saskatchewan. Yield responses to fertilizers varied from 0 to 136 cwt/acre and averaged 73 cwt/acre. Phosphorus fertilizer requirements of potatoes were lower for the Nipawin soil type (0–35 lb P/acre) than for the Melfort soil (35–140 lb P/acre) and were related to available phosphorus levels in the soil. Fertilizer containing potassium (50 lb K/acre) consistently increased early tuber yields at both sites. Yields of potatoes harvested at maturity were significantly increased by potassium at Nipawin. At Melfort, potassium fertilizer did not increase yields when potatoes were harvested at maturity. Over-fertilization with nitrogen reduced early tuber yields at Nipawin on two occasions. All fertilizer combinations significantly reduced specific gravity of potatoes, compared to the unfertilized checks. Increasing the rates of phosphorus and adding potassium generally decreased specific gravity. These effects were, however, not significant in the three-year averages. Differences in specific gravity of up to 0.006 were not reflected in overall quality ratings for boiled or baked potatoes. The addition of sulfur from gypsum did not affect early yield, final yield, or specific gravity at either site.     

缓/控释肥料对果蔗产量及氮素利用率的影响

为改善果蔗施肥技术、提高果蔗种植的经济效益和环境效益,开展了国产控释配方肥、脲醛缓释复合肥和进口复合肥在果蔗上应用的大田试验。结果表明,果蔗栽培中施用缓/控释配方肥料较施用进口复合肥的产量和总生物量分别提高了1.8%~5.7%和5.7%~15.5%。与进口复合肥相比,缓/控释配方肥料成本更低,施用控释配方肥和脲醛复合肥每公顷增收11 144~17 147元和20 835~23 037元。此外,施用控释配方肥可以显著提高果蔗的NAE、NPF及NUE,提高果蔗氮肥利用效率。果蔗栽培过程中合理地施用缓/控释配方肥料能促进果蔗增产、增收、提高肥料利用率。缓/控释配方肥料可以取代进口复合肥为果蔗生长提供养分,实现轻简施肥。     

不同氮钾比例对马铃薯产量和品质的影响

为探寻马铃薯高效栽培技术,提高肥料利用率,研究了不同氮钾水平对马铃薯产量因子和质量因子的影响。当N:K2O比增加时,马铃薯的生长发育进程推迟,健康态势降低,块茎蛋白质含量升高。而N:K2O比降低时,块茎的干物质、淀粉、还原糖、总糖和Vc等含量趋向增加,但钾肥的百分比过高时,又会阻碍马铃薯生长发育,降低产量和品质。     

农季高液体肥对乌兰察布马铃薯产量的影响

近年来,滴灌节水农业技术及其与灌溉设施相配套的水肥一体化技术在乌兰察布马铃薯生产中的应用越来越广泛。但实际生产中,种植者常因将杂质含量大、难溶解的常规肥料应用于滴灌系统,而造成滴头堵塞。液体肥料具有溶解性好、杂质少等优点,是利用滴灌设施进行追肥的理想肥料。在田间试验条件下,研究了在适量降低基肥用量的同时,通过每667m2滴灌追施10、20、30kg农季高液体肥对马铃薯生长、产量及商品性状的影响。结果表明,追施农季高液体肥处理比传统追肥处理增产显著,马铃薯块茎产量增幅达13．52％-22．36％,商品率提高4．68％-6．55％,每667m2增收401．85-527．95元,经济效益显著提高。表明农季高液体肥可以在马铃薯作物上推广应用。     

Efficacy of Seed Aging and Gibberellin Treatments for Manipulating Apical Dominance,Tuber Set and Size Distribution of cv. Shepody

The cultivar Shepody has excellent early processing qualities and produces above average tuber yields but sets relatively few tubers that often become excessively large relative to market demand. Optimizing tuber set and size of Shepody for seed and frozen processing markets currently entails adjusting in-row spacing and vine kill date. However, arresting tuber growth by vine killing for size control sacrifices yield potential. Aging seed by storing at 12, 22, and 32°C for 80-, 450-, and 900-degree days, or gibberellin (GA) treatments, were evaluated as more direct approaches for modulating stem number (apical dominance), tuber set, and size distribution relationships. Shepody proved to be inherently resistant to high temperature-induced age-priming treatments. In contrast to other cultivars studied previously, age-priming Shepody seed during storage had no effect on plant emergence and the resulting increases in stem number, tuber set, and associated decreases in average tuber weight were marginal. By contrast, GA applied as seed dip or spray effectively hastened plant emergence, reduced apical dominance, increased tuber set, and decreased average tuber size. The magnitude of these GA-induced effects depended on concentration and application technique (seed dip versus spray). For frozen processing, GA applied as a seed dip at 1 mg L^-1 added an additional tuber per plant and decreased average tuber size by 15% without affecting U.S. No. 1 tuber yields and gross returns; however, 2 and 3 mg L^-1 GA decreased U.S. No. 1 tuber yields and crop value by an average of 16 and 14%, respectively. Spray applications of 2–6 mg L^-1 GA also reduced U.S. No. 1 tuber yield and frozen processing value. Conversely, the increase in tuber set (1.5 tubers plant^-1) and associated 25% reduction in average tuber weight induced by 2 mg L^-1 GA applied as either dip or spray increased gross crop values on a seed contract by 25 and 38%, respectively. The differential efficacies of dip versus spray applications of GA on tuber set and size distribution were likely attributable to differences in GA deposition on the seed. Applying low concentrations of GA to cut seed of Shepody as either a dip (1–2 mg L^-1) or spray (2 mg L^-1) effectively modulated tuber set and size to significantly increase gross returns for seed, and to better satisfy the needs of processors for more moderate size tubers.     

Direct application of reduced rates of aldicarb to potato seedpieces

Aldicarb was applied directly to potato seedpieces at 0.3, 0.6, 1.1, 2.2 and 3.4 kg AI/ha at planting and at 2.24 kg Al/ha over the plants at crop emergence. All seedpiece treatments resulted in superior early season protection from Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Lower seedpiece rates lost effectiveness by early July, while higher rates protected foliage into early August. In a second study, plots treated with 1.1 kg AI/ha to the seedpiece produced crop yields as high as those treated with additional aldicarb at crop emergence. It is suggested that low rates of aldicarb applied directly to the seedpiece at planting could offer effective early season insect control while reducing the risk of groundwater contamination.     

施用含硒有机肥对粉葛产量及硒吸收转运的影响

本研究采用随机区组试验,设置6个处理,研究增施不同量含硒有机肥对粉葛生长、产量及硒在粉葛不同器官中富集状况的变化,探讨增施含硒有机肥对粉葛产量和硒吸收转运的影响.结果表明:随着施肥量的增加,净光合速率先降低后升高,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)则逐渐递增.施用含硒有机肥均显著提高了粉葛块根中...