不同石油污染程度土壤细菌群落多样性及优势菌群分析

  目的  探究辽河油田不同石油污染程度土壤中理化性质及细菌群落多样性和组成的变化规律,并对石油污染土壤中的石油降解菌进行分离培养和鉴定。  方法  采集了辽河油田不同石油污染程度土壤,采用高通量测序技术和化学分析法对土壤细菌群落组成和土壤理化性质进行测定,并进一步筛选出石油降解菌株。  结果  在出油口（A）、距离出油口50 m（B）和距离出油口150 m（C）采集的三个土壤样品,其土壤总石油烃含量分别为2467.44 mg kg?1、884.99 mg kg?1和141.63 mg kg?1,三个土壤样品具有不同的石油污染程度。石油污染显著提高了土壤总有机碳含量,土壤总石油烃含量与总有机碳含量呈现正相关（P < 0.001）。土壤细菌群落多样性和丰富度指数与土壤石油烃的浓度呈显著负相关（P < 0.01）。不同石油污染程度土壤具有不同的细菌群落组成和结构,土壤石油烃含量是影响细菌群落变化的主要因素。出油口石油污染土壤样品（A）中,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为优势菌门,假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、假黄单胞菌属（Pseudoxanthomonas）、博代氏杆菌属（Bordetella）和伯克氏菌属（Burkholderia）为优势菌属。从出油口石油污染土壤（A）中分离出3株石油降解菌株,通过16S rRNA基因测序分别被鉴定为Pseudomonas baetica、黄褐假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fulva）和施氏假单胞菌（Pseudomonas stutzeri）,其石油降解率分别为37.2%、46.9%和57.8%。此结果与A样品高通量测序属水平组成分析相吻合,表明石油污染能够选择性富集土壤中具有石油降解能力的假单胞菌属。  结论  石油污染提高了土壤总有机碳含量,降低了土壤细菌群落多样性,富集了具有烃类降解能力的优势菌属,是造成土壤细菌群落组成和结构改变的主要因素,并筛选出具有潜在开发应用价值的石油降解假单胞菌株。     

Environmental conditions rather than microbial inoculum composition determine the bacterial composition,microbial biomass and enzymatic activity of reconstructed soil microbial communities

The composition of microbial communities and the level of enzymatic activity in the soil are both important indicators of soil quality, but the mechanisms by which a soil bacterial community is generated and maintained are not yet fully understood. Two soil samples were collected from the same location, but each had been subjected to a different long-term fertilization treatment and was characterized by different microbial diversity, biomass and physicochemical properties. These samples were γ-sterilized and swap inoculated. Non-sterilized soil samples along with sterilized and inoculated soil samples were incubated for eight months before their nutrient content, microbial biomass, enzymatic activity and bacterial composition were analyzed. Total phosphorus, and potassium concentrations along with the overall organic matter content of the non-sterilized soil were all equal to those of the same soil that had been sterilized and self/swap inoculated. Additionally, the microbial biomass carbon concentration was not affected by the specific inoculum and varied only by soil type. The activities of catalase, invertase, urease, protease, acid phosphatase and phytase were smaller in the sterilized soils that had been inoculated with organisms from chemical fertilizer amended soil (NPK) when compared to sterilized soil inoculated with organisms from manure and chemical fertilizer amended soil (NPKM) and non-sterilized soil samples. Bacterial 16S rRNA examined by 454-pyrosequencing revealed that the composition of bacterial community reconstructed by immigrant microbial inoculum in the soil was mainly influenced by its physicochemical properties, although the microbial inoculum contained different abundances of bacterial taxa. For example, the pH of the soil was the dominant factor in reconstructing a new bacterial community. Taken together, these results demonstrated that both soil microbial composition and functionality were primarily determined by soil properties rather than the microbial inoculum, which contributed to our understanding of how soil microbial communities are generated and maintained.     

PAA-atta复合保水剂对土壤物理性质的影响

在合成以丙烯酸和凹凸棒土为原料的有机无机复合保水剂的基础上,本文对比考察了PAA-atta复合保水剂与单纯PAA保水剂对土壤物理性质的影响。结果发现,随着2种保水剂施用量的增加,土壤平均含水量、pH值、>0.25mm团聚体含量及阳离子交换量也逐渐增大。相同用量下,保水剂粒径越小,土壤含水量和>0.25mm团聚体含量也越大,但PAA-atta复合保水剂对土壤物理性质改善效果明显好于单纯PAA保水剂。     

Using soil knowledge for the evaluation of mid‐infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for predicting soil physical and mechanical properties

Mid‐infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can provide rapid, cheap and relatively accurate predictions for a number of soil properties. Most studies have found that it is possible to estimate chemical properties that are related to surface and solid material composition. This paper focuses on prediction of physical and mechanical properties, with emphasis on the elucidation of possible mechanisms of prediction. Soil physical properties that are based on pore‐space relationships such as bulk density, water retention and hydraulic conductivity cannot be predicted well using MIR spectroscopy. Hydraulic conductivity was measured using a tension‐disc permeameter, excluding the macropore effect, but MIR spectroscopy did not give a good prediction. Properties based on the soil solid composition and surfaces such as clay content and shrink‐swell potential can be predicted reasonably well. Macro‐aggregate stability in water can be predicted reasonably as it has a strong correlation with carbon content in the soil. We found that most of the physical and mechanical properties can be related back to the fundamental soil properties such as clay content, carbon content, cation exchange capacity and bulk density. These connections have been explored previously in pedotransfer functions studies. The concept of a spectral soil inference system is reiterated: linking the spectra to basic soil properties and connecting basic soil properties to other functional soil properties via pedotransfer functions.     

Biochar has little effect on soil dissolved organic carbon pool 5 years after biochar application under field condition

Biochar application can improve soil properties, such as increasing soil organic carbon content, soil pH and water content. These properties are important to soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC); however, the effects of biochar on DOC concentration and composition have received little research attention, especially several years after biochar application under field conditions. This study was conducted in a long‐term experimental field where the biochar was only applied once in 2009. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of different biochar application rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 t ha^?1) on the dynamics of soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC compositions (reducing sugar, soluble phenol and aromatics) over nine samplings during a 12‐month period in 2014. Our results showed that soil water content and DOC concentration varied from 7.1% to 14.5% and 59 to 230 mg C kg^?1 soil during the 12 months, respectively. However, the biochar application rates did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC composition at the same sampling period. The DOC concentration across the biochar treatments was positively correlated to soil water content. Moreover, the DOC composition (reducing sugar, soluble phenol or aromatics) and their concentrations were positively correlated to the total DOC concentration. In addition, biochar did not affect soil bulk density, pH, saturated hydraulic conductivity and crop yields. The results indicated that some benefits of biochar to soil may not persist 5 years after the application of biochar under a field condition.     

石羊河流域中下游沙漠-河岸过渡带土壤特征研究

对石羊河中游断流段(DS)、泉水溢出段(SOS)及下游水库以上丰水段(WSA)和水库以下干涸段(DSB)沙漠-河岸过渡带0-200cm土层土壤理化性质进行了调查和分析.结果表明:土壤含水量的大小顺序为WSA>SOS>DSB>DS.雨季降水对WSA段土壤含水量的影响很小,对其他河段土壤含水量影响较大,其对土壤水分的贡献主要在10-40cm土层;土壤容重大,且表层大于下层.pH值7.70～8.55,表层低于下层.pH值从上游至下游依次减小,其变化与有机质含量和盐分组成及总量有关;土壤养分贫瘠,有机质、全氮、速效磷含量低,速效钾含量高.WSA段土壤有机质和全氮含量最大,DS段土壤速效磷和速效钾含量最大;土壤含盐量从上游至下游依次增大.WSA和DSB段土壤已盐化,盐化类型分别为氯化物-硫酸盐盐化土和硫酸盐-氯化物盐化土.由于同时受水力和风力的影响,石羊河中下游沙漠-河岸过渡带土壤性质变异大,各河段之间的差异大多都不显著.     

花岗岩崩岗崩积体颗粒组成及分形特征

崩岗崩积体土质疏松,抗侵蚀能力弱,其颗粒组成及分形维数有其自身的特性。采用激光粒度分布仪对花岗岩崩岗崩积体及崩壁土样的颗粒进行测定,对其土壤颗粒组成及分形特征进行比较分析。结果如下:崩积体土壤以砾石、砂粒、粉粒含量为主,黏粒含量极低,土壤质地主要为砾石土;崩积体各层次土壤颗粒分形维数均值为2.61～2.70,分形维数值较低,反映了其细颗粒损失情况;黏粒含量是影响土壤颗粒分形维数的主要因素;崩壁土体的颗粒分形维数大小能够表征土壤的理化特征,而崩积体土壤颗粒分形维数无法真实反映崩积体的理化性质。     

江苏洋口港台田土壤盐分动态变化特征研究

于2006年6月至2007年5月在江苏洋口港围垦区裸露台田上分层采集土样,对土壤盐分动态变化特征及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:该试验地0~50 cm土壤pH在8.0以上。土壤盐分随着土层的加深而逐渐增加,0~50 cm各土层的年平均盐分分别为2.30、2.84、4.76、6.19、8.60 g/kg。此外,土壤盐分随着取样时间的延长而逐渐降低。土壤盐分的月动态变化表明,试验地在1—6月属于积盐期,而7—9月属于脱盐期。相关性分析表明,土壤体积质量和机械组成是影响土壤盐分变化的主要因素。     

喀斯特浅层裂隙土壤垂向渗透性及影响因素

为探究喀斯特浅层裂隙所赋存土壤各土层渗透性特征及影响因素,测定了喀斯特典型的浅层裂隙中赋存土壤0—10,10—20,20—30,30—50,50—70,70—100 cm土层的饱和导水率、机械组成、容重、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度和有机碳含量等土壤属性。结果表明:(1)喀斯特浅层裂隙中各土壤属性均随着土层深度变化呈现出递增或递减的趋势,其中容重、黏粒含量、毛管孔隙度均随着土层深度而增长,饱和导水率、有机碳、非毛管孔隙度等土壤属性随土层深度的变化规律相反,呈递减趋势。(2)喀斯特浅层裂隙中土壤饱和导水率变异系数高于非喀斯特地区,且随土层深度变化呈波动增长趋势;其随土层深度变深而减小的趋势可用对数函数进行模拟(R^2=0.9462)。(3)通过Pearson相关性分析,裂隙中所赋存土壤的饱和导水率除了与机械组成中黏粒含量、粉粒含量为显著性相关(P<0.05),与砂粒含量相关性不显著以外(P>0.05),与其余各土壤属性均呈极显著性相关(P<0.01),且非毛管孔隙度相关性最高(P=0.898)。浅层裂隙土壤非毛管孔隙是影响其渗透性的主要因子,而裂隙中深层土壤拥有较多善于贮存植物所需水分的毛管孔隙。因此,对于土地资源匮乏的喀斯特地区,充分合理利用裂隙中深层土壤的水分成为今后研究的重点。研究结果可为喀斯特地区水分运移、石漠化治理及植被恢复提供科学依据。     

封育对沙质草甸土壤理化性状的影响

对不同封育年限沙质草甸自然恢复过程中土壤理化性状进行了测定和分析。结果表明,封育对沙质草甸土壤理化性状的改善有明显的促进作用。随封育时间的延长,土壤颗粒组成发生明显变化,>0.25 mm的中粗沙成分明显减少,0.05~0.25 mm的细沙成分明显增加,而且表层粘粉粒含量也明显增加;各取样层次土壤有机碳和全氮含量在不同封育状况下形成显著差异,并随封育时间的延长而显著提高;随封育时间的延长,土壤容重逐渐减小,土壤硬度逐渐增大。相关分析表明,土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量与0.25~0.05 mm的细沙含量及<0.05mm的粘粉粒含量表现出显著的正相关关系,而与>0.25 mm的中粗沙含量呈显著的负相关关系。     

不同灌溉施肥模式下土壤湿胀干缩特征曲线及其滞后效应

采用淹灌、间歇灌2种灌溉模式与不施氮肥、含氮复合肥、缓控释氮肥、有机无机氮肥4种施肥模式配成8个处理开展水稻种植田间试验,研究了不同灌溉施肥模式下土壤湿胀干缩特征曲线及其滞后效应。结果表明:指数模型能较好地描述不同灌溉施肥模式下的土壤收缩过程与土壤膨胀过程;各模式下土壤干缩特征曲线与湿胀特征曲线指数模型中的a值(干土的比容积,即干土体积质量的倒数)和b值(单位含水量变化时土壤比容积变化的自然对数单位值)存在差异;土壤干缩曲线与湿胀曲线不完全重合,二者的b值及其差异也不同,存在滞后现象;土壤湿胀干缩效应受多种土壤性质的影响,其中主要通过土壤孔隙结构与持水性质的影响体现。     

土壤锗污染对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应

着重讨论土壤添加Ge对土壤微生物的生态效应及土壤Ge污染临界含量。盆栽试验表明,在土壤Ge含量2～2 0 0mgkg-1范围,低浓度Ge对土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌有刺激作用,随着浓度增高,而交替出现抑制和刺激作用。土壤Ge浓度与明亮发光杆菌T3发光度之间有极显著的负相关性,按照T3发光度80 %和10 0 %为临界值,计算得土壤Ge临界浓度分别为5 0 2mgkg-1和5 8mgkg-1。     

黔中喀斯特地区岩性对表土理化性状及抗冲性影响

研究喀斯特地区岩性对土壤理化性状及抗冲性的影响,对探明石漠化机理具有重要意义。选取黔中喀斯特地区5种不同岩性上发育的表层土壤,分别测定其理化性状和抗冲性。结果表明：岩性对土壤机械组成、容重、孔隙度和有机质含量均有显著影响。碳酸盐岩（石灰岩和白云岩）发育的土壤理化性状最好,砂岩类（长石砂岩和紫色长石石英砂岩）次之,煤系地层土壤结构最差。煤系地层的抗冲性能也显著低于其他岩性组。因此进行喀斯特地区水土流失防治时,应针对不同岩性土壤状况分别治理,尤其加强煤系地层土壤流失防治工作。     

南昌不同城市化强度土壤粒度组成和分形特征及其影响因素

为探究南昌城市化强度对土壤粒度组成与分形特征的影响,将南昌市建成区按不透水面面积占比区分城市化强度等级取样调查（184个样方）,测定土壤粒度组成、理化性质及植被指标,通过土壤颗粒体积分形维数模型计算分形维数值。结果显示：①南昌城市土壤颗粒以粉粒（46~59%）和砂粒（40~53%）为主,高城市化导致土壤中砂粒含量增加,粉粒含量减少。②南昌城市土壤分形维数的变化范围为2.69~2.97,随城市化强度增加呈下降趋势。土壤粉粒与分形维数正相关,砂粒与之相反,粉粒对土壤分形维数的影响最大。③皮尔森相关分析与结构方程模型分析结果共同表明：丰富的地上植被能够减少土壤颗粒的流失,改善土壤物理性质,缓解土壤退化;城市绿地中粉粒、极细砂粒等粒径适中的土壤颗粒保水、保肥更佳,更能反映土壤的质量水平。     

宁夏典型草原土壤理化性状对不同管理方式的响应

以宁夏典型草原为对象,研究封育、放牧和水平沟改良管理方式下草原土壤颗粒组成、土壤容重、有机质含量、全氮、水解氮、速效磷和速效钾的分布差异。结果表明,不同管理方式下0-40cm土壤以细沙粒和粗粉粒为主,占颗粒总量的58.46%～77.48%,管理方式对土壤质地无明显影响,但0-15cm土层粘粒和粉粒含量随封育年限的增加呈上升趋势;放牧能显著增加0-5cm土壤容重;管理方式对0-40cm土层有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量影响显著,以封育15,20,25年和水平沟改良10年的草地土壤养分含量较高,放牧草地最低;各管理方式下土壤养分含量表现为随土层深度增加而下降;典型草原土壤理化性状间存在显著相关性。     

Comparative analysis of the composition of water extracts and soil solutions from peat gleyic podzolic soils of the Central Forest State Biosphere Reserve

The composition of soil solutions obtained by vacuum filtration from peat gleyic podzolic soils of the Central Forest State Biosphere Reserve under field conditions was determined. It was found that the composition and properties of the soil solutions reliably differ from those of the water extracts. The natural solutions are characterized by higher concentrations of metals (primarily of Na, K, Ca, and Cu), an increased content of the hydrophobic fraction of water-soluble substances, an order of magnitude lower carbon content, and lower values of the actual and potential acidity.     

Physicochemical properties of the soils associated with shifting cultivation in Northern Thailand with special reference to factors determining soil fertility

Abstract

Recently agricultural activity in the mountainous area of northern Thailand has increased and problems relating to soil fertility have arisen. In order to gain basic information about the soil properties associated with shifting cultivation, physicochemical properties of the surface soils (0–10 cm) and subsoils (30–40 cm) were investigated in selected villages in the area. The physicochemical properties of the soils studied are summarized as follows: 1) The soils were rich in organic matter, content of which ranged from 11.4 to 63.3 g C kg^?1 in the surface soil. 2) The pH(H₂O) of the soils mostly ranged from 5 to 7 and soil acidity was more pronounced in the deeper horizons. In the surface soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg were generally dominant, whereas exchangeable Al was often predominant in the subsoils. 3) Most of the soils showed a medium to fine texture with more than 30% clay. The clay mineral composition was characterized by various degrees of mixture of kaolin minerals and clay mica with, in some cases, a certain amount of 2:1-2:1:1 intergrades. 4) According to the ion adsorption curves, most of the B horizon soils were characterized by the predominance of permanent negative charges. On the other hand, organic matter contributed to the increase of variable negative charges in the surface soils. The content of organic matter and the percentage of the clay fraction were essential for determining the CEC of the soils of the surface 10 and 30–40 cm depths, respectively. Under the field conditions, the composition of exchangeable cations largely reflected the soil acidity. In addition, the content of organic matter also showed a significant correlation with that of available N in the surface soils. Thus, soil acidity both in the surface soils and subsoils, organic matter content in the surface soils, and clay content in the subsoils were considered to be the main factors that affected soil chemical fertility in the area.     

不同类型土壤对水稻硅同位素分馏的影响

为探明不同类型土壤对水稻硅同位素组成及分馏的影响,本研究以红壤、黑土和褐土作为供试土壤,以水稻品种嘉58作为供试材料进行盆栽试验,测定土壤理化性质,水稻各器官干重、硅含量、硅同位素组成等指标。结果表明,不同类型土壤对水稻硅同位素分馏效应均影响明显,红壤、黑土、褐土栽培的水稻硅同位素分馏系数(α_Pre-Dsi)分别为0.998 8、0.997 8、0.997 5,其中褐土栽培的水稻体内硅同位素分馏程度最大,黑土次之,红壤最小;相关性分析表明,水稻δ³⁰Si值(整株和叶片)与土壤pH值、有机质、有效硅、游离氧化铁和游离氧化铝含量之间均存在极显著相关性(P<0.01),其中土壤游离氧化铁、游离氧化铝含量随着土壤风化程度的增加均呈升高趋势。由此推断,水稻硅同位素组成可能主要受土壤pH值、有机质、有效硅含量及土壤风化程度的影响。本研究结果为利用硅稳定同位素示踪技术探索自然界的硅循环模式提供了理论依据。     

荒漠草原区固沙人工柠条林生长过程中土壤性质演变规律

开展荒漠草原区固沙人工林生长过程中土壤性质研究,对于沙化草地土壤质量演变规律分析和人工林有效管理均具有重要的指导价值。通过野外调查取样和室内分析,测定6,15,24,36年柠条林地土壤机械组成、土壤养分、pH和电导率以及土壤水分与温度等指标变化,分析荒漠草原区种植固沙柠条人工林对土壤性质的影响。结果表明,从6年到15年柠条林地,土壤粗沙粒和细沙粒成分显著升高(P<0.05),但从24年柠条林地开始土壤粗沙粒和细沙粒含量显著下降(P<0.05),土壤极细沙粒和粘粉粒含量开始显著增加(P<0.05)。从24年柠条林地开始,土壤有机碳、全N和全P含量显著升高,土壤电导率和水分含量呈现增加趋势,而土壤pH和温度显著下降;而且土壤全N积累量高于土壤有机碳,土壤C/N随着柠条林龄的增加呈逐渐下降趋势。在荒漠草原区,人工柠条林发育生长有利于土壤肥力的提高和土壤环境的改善,而且需要经历一个较长的发育过程。     

红壤侵蚀退化地土壤对不同来源可溶性有机碳的吸附特征

选取南方典型红壤侵蚀退化地恢复后的马尾松林为研究对象,通过在室内模拟芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)的鲜叶与凋落叶的浸提液在侵蚀退化地原状土柱的淋溶过程,分析了植被恢复过程中马尾松林土壤对不同来源可溶性有机碳(DOC)吸附特征及影响因素。结果表明:(1)红壤侵蚀退化地对不同来源DOC的吸附作用具有明显差异,来自马尾松鲜叶的DOC平均截留量最大为2.39mg/kg,来自芒萁鲜叶的DOC平均截留量最小为1.67mg/kg,说明马尾松鲜叶的DOC更易被表层土壤吸附,芒萁鲜叶的DOC更易进入深层土壤,不同来源DOC组成和性质的差异是其主要原因。(2)随着退化地的植被恢复,土壤渗滤液的DOC浓度增加,土壤截留DOC能力下降。土壤DOC截留量与粉粒和土壤pH呈正相关,与土壤DOC含量、土壤有机碳含量和砂粒呈负相关,其中土壤有机碳含量可以解释DOC截留量变化的51.4%,是影响土壤DOC截留能力的关键因素。(3)光谱特征表明芳香类化合物、腐殖类物质易被土壤吸附,吸附能力更强的物质可以解吸土壤中亲水性腐殖类物质。淋溶后DOC光谱特征的变化由不同来源DOC的化学组成和土壤有机碳的性质共同决定。红壤侵蚀退化地对不同植物来源的DOC吸附作用特征主要受DOC和土壤SOC性质的共同调控,对进一步认识退化红壤的固碳机制具有重要参考价值。