笼养熊的繁殖管理

笼养熊的繁殖管理叶金堂，蔡建新，李华君，于文平（黑龙江八五四农场养熊场．１５８４０３）开展人工饲养条件下熊的繁殖工作是扩大熊群体数量、保护熊类资源及永续利用熊场开展了此项目，绝大多数是在模拟自然环境的繁殖圈本交方式进行繁殖的。而我国的人工养熊大多是笼...     

人工养熊系统管理的评价

人工养熊是近１０年来才发展起来的一个新兴的特种养殖业。为使其不断发展和永续生产，就必须实行科学的系统管理。其中系统管理的评价是系统管理的一项重要内容。本文在研究人工养熊系统管理的基础上，并结合人工养熊的特点和实际状况，提出了评价人工养熊生产各环节的指标和方法及评价人工养熊系统管理整体效果的方法。     

人工饲养条件下熊科动物的人工授精技术

我国熊类资源丰富,但是近年来由干过度捕猎,野生熊的数量急剧下降。熊在人工饲养条件下的自然繁殖存在一定的困难和问题。因此,开展熊的繁殖研究是当前人工养熊的一项重要工作。熊的人工授精方法是解决熊繁殖问题的有效途径,但熊的人工授精技术还不完善,有待于进一步研究。     

熊的饲养管理

人工饲养的熊,其生活环境和食物都较野生状态发生了变化。为扩大生产规模,取得最多质好的胆汁,必须实行科学饲养管理。由于我国人工养熊历史较短,加之备地区的情况不同,熊的饲养管理没有统一的标准,各养熊场都根据自己的经验进行饲养。笔者根据自己在1988—1990年间养熊的经验将熊的饲养管理要点阐述如下,以供参考。     

圈养条件下北极熊的饲养繁殖

对大连森林动物园圈养条件下北极熊的饲养管理、发情交配、繁殖及幼仔人工育幼等方面进行了研究与分析,为北极熊在动物园的饲养与繁殖,尤其在人工育幼方面取得了大量的基础数据,希望对北极熊的圈养繁殖起到一定的推动作用。     

吉林省延边地区养熊业的调查报告

吉林省延边地区以活熊取胆为目的的人工养熊业,已有10年的发展历史。但对养熊业的研究现状、存在的问题及发展趋势,至今为止未见详细报导。为了解延边地区养熊业的现状,探讨今后的发展趋势,熊的人工饲养,人工繁殖、活熊取胆技术,熊胆粉的药用价值以及系列产     

浅谈提高仔熊成活率的措施

随着国家对野生动物保护力度的加大及活熊取胆技术的成熟,熊人工养殖业逐步兴起。由于人工养殖熊群规模的不断扩大,在养殖过程中的问题也暴露出来。仔熊成活率低就是其中一个影响熊养殖业发展的重要因素。下面笔者就如何提高仔熊成活率提几点浅见,希望能够对广大同行起一定借鉴作用。1影响仔熊成活率的原因1.1近交近交是影响仔熊成活率的重要因素,近交严     

北极熊幼崽的人工哺育及其生长发育分析

在2012~2013年2 a时间内,天津海昌极地海洋世界饲养的1头成年雌性北极熊先后产下3胎共5只北极熊幼崽,均使用配方奶粉进行人工哺育。对5只幼崽3月龄内的摄食量、体重、体温、呼吸频率以及生长过程中的一些生理特征等数据进行采集和分析,结果显示,5只幼崽食欲旺盛、体重增长较快、生理指标正常平稳。表明幼崽生长发育及健康状况良好,同时也表明人工哺育北极熊幼崽的方式是可行的。在北极熊幼崽的人工哺育方面积累了较为丰富的经验,为日后北极熊的人工繁育以及了解北极熊幼崽的生长发育情况提供了参考。     

提高黑熊繁殖率的主要措施

在人工饲养条件下,取胆熊常会影响熊的内分泌和繁殖机能,造成繁殖率降低,因此严重制约着养熊业的发展。提高黑熊繁殖率,对于养熊业来说具有重要意义,提高黑熊繁殖率有以下几个关键问题。     

人工养熊的研究现状及趋势

人工养熊的研究现状及趋势贾永泉（黑龙江八一农垦大学牧医系密山１５８３０８）人工养熊是指为获得熊产品和繁殖扩大种群为目的而进行的养熊活动。熊是一种大型的，未经驯化的动物，具有很高的经济价值，特别是有很高的药用价值，其产品──熊胆是我国的四大名贵药材之一...     

Matrilinear hierarchy in the American black bear (Ursus americanus)

The American black bear (Ursus americanus) was long thought to be solitary and its social organization has not been well described. Here, we present new data on black bear social structure. The objectives of the study were to make detailed observations of the behavior of wild black bears to determine their social interactions and structure. We tested whether black bears interacted socially beyond mating and competing for resources, if black bears tracked relationships and interacted regularly even when resources were not limited, and whether the social structure of a population of black bears was based on a matrilinear hierarchy. We collected data by direct observation of bears from 1993 to 2014. Observations of 1210 social interactions at a provisioning site indicated that females compete and form matrilinear hierarchies. Dominant bears established a hierarchy for food, control of space, and control of younger bears. Post interaction scent marking took place, which suggested that dominant females were conditioning subordinates to their scent marks. Affiliative behavior occurred between related and unrelated bears and helped to establish the social structure of the bear community. Based on our data, human–bear conflicts can be reduced by behavioral modifications by humans when they encounter bears. Knowledge of bear behavior and the matrilinear hierarchy provide a basis for non-lethal management of bears that find themselves in a bear–human conflict situation.     

熊胆滴眼液对兔角膜烧伤和角膜翳的治疗实验研究

为研究熊胆滴眼液对角膜烧伤和角膜翳的治疗效果 ,采用“电热角膜瘢痕复制器”制作家兔角膜烧伤与斑模型 ,以生理盐水、去熊胆滴眼液、氯霉素眼药水和狄奥宁眼药水作对照 ,用熊胆滴眼液进行治疗实验。实验结果表明 :熊胆滴眼液对家兔角膜烧伤及并发结膜炎的治疗效果显著 ,优于去熊胆滴眼液和氯霉素眼药水 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;对角膜翳的治疗效果非常显著 ,优于去熊胆滴眼液和狄奥宁眼药水 (P<0 .0 1)。扫描电镜观察了熊胆滴眼液对角膜翳的治疗作用 ,结果显示 :治疗 2月后 ,角膜上皮细胞呈现更新速率较快的结构像 ,治疗 5月后 ,上皮细胞表面的微皱襞及微绒毛排列规则、细密 ,与正常角膜上皮细胞的超微结构相一致。表明复方熊胆滴眼液具有使角膜翳处的角膜上皮恢复正常的作用。     

马来熊的研究现状及保护对策探析

马来熊是国家Ⅰ级保护动物,其生物学信息缺乏,也缺乏科学的保护和管理对策。本文通过回顾关于马来熊的研究文献,对其研究现状进行总结归纳,并针对种群分布现状提出科学保护和管理对策。关于马来熊的研究主要见于野生种群现状、野外生态及圈养种群的饲养管理等,其中野外生态主要集中于生境选择利用、家域特征、行为节律、食性等,需要进一步深入研究其个体生态学或种群生态学规律。针对马来熊的保护和研究现状,应采取加强立法、推行宣教、提高公众保护意识;加强基础科学研究;建立保护区、缓冲区及森林廊道等以恢复其栖息地等措施来有效保护其野生种群。     

广东省黑熊资源及保护对策

广东省的黑熊资源在历史上曾经广泛分布于全省各地,但在1999～2001年的调查显示广东省的黑熊资源仅分布在粤北的部分山地林区,而且数量在50～100只左右。栖息地的减少和大量的捕杀都对黑熊资源产生威胁。因此我们建议对全省的黑熊资源进行调查及监测,加强野生黑熊资源保护及规范黑熊饲养场的管理等。     

濒危植物膜荚黄芪种群生活史分析

膜荚黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)属国家保护植物.采用种群结构、生命表和生存函数分析方法,分析了祁连山中部西水林区膜荚黄芪种群的生活史.结果表明,膜荚黄芪种群属衰退种群,Ⅰ级个体数量不足,种群的存活曲线符合DeeveyⅡ型曲线;存活曲线、死亡率曲线和消失串曲线从整体上反映了膜荚黄芪种群数量的动态...     

Possible conservation units of the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) in Sarawak based on variation of mtDNA control region

The mitochondrial DNA control region of the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) was sequenced using 21 DNA samples collected from confiscated sun bears to identify conservation units, such as evolutionarily significant units and management units, in Sarawak, Borneo Island. A total of 10 haplotypes were observed, indicating the presence of at least two lineages in the sun bear population in Sarawak. Presumably, these two lineages could represent evolutionarily significant units. However, the geographical distributions of the two lineages remained unknown due to the lack of information regarding the exact capture locations of the confiscated sun bears. It is essential to elucidate the geographical distributions of these lineages in order to create a proper conservation plan for the sun bears in Sarawak. Therefore, further studies examining the haplotype distributions using DNA samples from known localities are essential.     

中国熊养殖及其资源保护

从1988年到现在,在野生动物及养熊场方面,已有1个法律、2个条例和至少5个以上的管理规章颁布实施,特别是1992年禁止对熊产品的进出口、1993年《猎枪和弹药工具的管理规定》以及《熊养殖管理技术暂行规定》的出台对养熊业和其资源保护产生了较大的影响;在法律法规执行方面、养熊场和野生动物及其产品贸易控制方面,政府管理部门采取了多项行动。从调查数据和野生动物肇事问题的增多方面可以看出黑熊野生种群数量在上升：通过关闭不符合国家相关规定如卫生条件、健康、技术和活动场所的养熊场等管理措施,使黑熊养殖场由原来的480家降到了现在的68家;活熊取胆技术也得到了较大改进,原来的导管式、铁背心引流技术已被现在的无管引流技术所取代,过去较小的笼养方式现在也得到了较大改善成为较大活动空间的养殖等。经过十多年的努力,熊养殖及其资源保护的进步趋势已经明显表现出来。尽管如此,野生黑熊在较多地区损害庄稼、伤人甚至导致人死亡的事件经常发生。政府管理部门面临着越来越多的动物肇事补偿问题,特别是,作为123种药品的生产原料并涉及到183家制药企业的熊胆粉供给问题。     

Finding our bearings: Understanding public attitudes toward growing black bear populations in Alabama

Black bear populations in Alabama have been low since the early part of the 20th century, but an increase in sightings over the past decade has led researchers to believe that populations may be growing, spurring discussions on restoring the species throughout its native range in the state. The rise of a large carnivore population is likely to increase human–wildlife interactions and attract outspoken opinions in support of and against population recovery. We conducted a mail survey of Alabama residents to access public views and opinions toward growing bear populations. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the degree to which residents’ attitudes toward black bears could be predicted by demographic, cognitive, and experiential variables. Results demonstrate that the strongest predictors of attitudes toward bears included mutualist and hunting beliefs, trust in the state wildlife management agency, race, and exposure to bear education materials.     

外源复合酶对移地保护圈养马来熊日粮营养消化率的影响

利用外源复合酶对移地保护圈养的 9只马来熊日粮营养物质及能量消化率进行了测定 ,经单因子方差分析结果表明 ,在圈养马来熊日粮中添加一定量的外源复合酶 ,能提高马来熊对日粮营养物质的消化率 ,其中 ,添加 0 3%饲料量的酶能显著提高日粮粗蛋白的消化率(P <0 0 5) ;添加 0 5%的酶 ,能显著提高日粮粗纤维、粗蛋白质消化率 (P <0 0 5)。此研究结果可应用于马来熊的饲养中 ,提高其饲料报酬     

Effect of the change of social environment on the behavior of a captive brown bear (Ursus arctos)

We observed the behavior of a captive sterilized male brown bear before and after the death of his female sibling to investigate the effect of the change of social environment on his behavior and welfare. Observations were carried out by continuous recording during daylight for 6 wk prior to hibernation when the bear was kept with the sibling, and they were repeated 2 years later when the bear was alone (total observation time is 108 h). Feeding, moving, and the total amount of time spent resting (including sleeping and alert inactive) were not affected by the change of social environment. However, when the bear was alone, the percentage of time he spent alert inactive almost trebled (pair, 17.7 ± 3.3%; alone, 48.5 ± 5.5%; P < 0.001), and the time spent sleeping was less than one-third (pair, 51.1 ± 6.1%; alone, 14.2 ± 5.0%; P < 0.001) than when the female was present. The bear spent most of his sleeping time in lateral lying posture (a posture probably associated with rapid eyes movement sleep). The percentage of time dedicated to this posture was significantly reduced after the death of his sibling (pair, 35.9 ± 7.4%; alone, 15.0 ± 5.4%; P < 0.05), whereas the percentage of time spent in quadrupedal posture increased (pair, 17.1 ± 5.4%; alone, 37.8 ± 7.8; P < 0.05). One of the possible reasons for these changes may be an increased risk perception of the bear after the death of his sibling. Our results highlight the importance of social environment and of its changes, which should be carefully considered to maintain captive bears in good welfare conditions.