Developing and Evaluation of Ecofriendly Fertilizer from Poultry Waste to Enhance Pulse Production in Alfisols of Semi-arid Tropics

Poultry manure (PM) has long been recognized the most desirable organic fertilizer. It improves soil fertility by adding both major and essential nutrients, as well as soil organic matter, which improves moisture and nutrient retention. The present study investigates the effectiveness of different levels of applied poultry-manure compost (PMC) and phospho-poultry-manure compost (PPMC) on the growth and yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L). A field experiment was conducted to assess the nutrient-supplying capacity and soil health improvement potential of PMC and PPMC at 3.12, 6.25, 9.37, and 12.5 t/ha and to find the optimum dose of PMC as an organic fertilizer to maximize the pulse production in Alfisols of semi-arid tropics. Application of PPMC at 12.5 and 9.37 t ha^?1 increased the seed yield 105% and 102% more than the no-manure plot. Application of PMC at 12.5 t ha^?1 recorded 80% yield increment than no manure applied and the yield difference of PPMC was 20 to 25% greater than PMC alone. Application of PPMC at 12.5 and 9.37 t ha^?1 resulted in desirable soil physical and chemical properties especially 85 and 70% soil-available P improvement and significant role in increasing yield of blackgram. Application of PPMC at 9.37 t ha^?1 was found to be economically viable to the farmers in terms of improvement in soil properties and crop yield.     

Temporal variation of soil nutrients under the influence of different organic amendments

Maintenance of tropical soil quality for crop production without damaging the environment is a challenge and thus the development of an efficient nutrient-management technique is important. Soil amendment by organic manures has been widely accepted as an efficient nutrient-management technique in tropical agriculture. In this study, a long-term laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of organic manures of different sources (e.g. cattle manure, poultry manure, vermicompost and oil cakes) on changes in pH, electrical conductivity, organic C and nutrient content (mineral N, available phosphorous and potassium) in tropical alluvial soil. Applications of organic amendments in this study indicated considerable changes in the basic soil physico-chemical properties and different nutrient levels. Soil pH declined slightly, whereas organic C and all the other nutrients increased distinctly, due to the application of organic manures. Thus, the magnitude of changes in the soil properties was dependent on the nature of the organic manure.     

Effect of some cations,anions, and organic residues on potassium leaching and fractionation in calcareous sandy loam soil

Potassium (K) is one of the essential elements for plants. There has been enough research to determine pollution of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and heavy metals in soil. However, by comparison research on the storage and transport of K has been neglected. Chemical fertilizer usage leads to serious environmental problems in Iran. Leaching of K can be affected by type of anions and cations present in the chemical fertilizers. Potassium leaching experiments were performed using 10 mM NH₄Cl, (NH₄)₂HPO₄, NH₄H₂PO₄, NH₄NO₃, NH₄OAC, CaCl₂, Ca(NO₃)₂, NaNO₃, and CO(NH₃)₂. The leaching experiment was lasted for 20 days (15 pore volumes). In addition, a set of experiments were conducted, where potato and wheat residues and poultry manure and sheep manure were added to soil at the rate of 5% and distilled water was used as the leaching solution to investigate impacts of organic residues on K leaching. In general, maximum K release was observed using NH₄Cl (566 kg ha^?1). Potato and wheat residues had maximum and minimum impacts on K leaching, respectively. Potassium fractionation was carried out after the end of the leaching experiment. The results indicated that leaching of soil in the presence of soluble salts and organic residues altered K distribution in different parts of soil.     

Evaluation of Integrated Nutrient Management Interventions for Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) on a Vertisol in Central India

Phospho-compost (PC) and poultry manure (PM) were evaluated in field experiments to diversify integrated nutrient management (INM) for rain-fed cotton. Seed cotton yield in the PC (2501–2579 kg ha^?1) was similar to the recommended INM (2673 kg ha^?1) treatment and was significantly better than nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (100% NPK) (2130 kg ha^?1) and farmers practice (FP) (1886 kg ha^?1). Yield was lower in the PM (2476–2617 kg ha^?1) than in the PC. Nutrient uptake was higher in all INM intervention plots due to an improvement in soil nutrient status compared with those receiving 100% NPK. Soil labile carbon values were higher in the INM treatments (333–452 mg kg^?1), with a greater magnitude in the PC-amended plots (402–452 mg kg^?1). Carbon management index (CMI) values were higher for the INM than treatments NPK and FP. Among INM interventions, PC plots had higher values than the PM.     

有机物料对稻田土壤团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

通过连续5年定位试验,以紫云英、秸秆和商品有机肥等有机物料还田的稻田土壤为对象,研究有机物料还田后不同物理分组下土壤组成特点和有机碳变化特征。结果表明,稻田土壤团聚体主要分布在2~0.25mm与0.25~0.053mm粒级,团聚体颗粒有机碳含量随着粒径的减小而减少。有机物料还田可提高0.25~0.053mm和0.053mm粒级团聚体有机碳的含量,紫云英、秸秆、商品有机肥等有机物料可通过提高土壤微团聚体有机碳含量而增加土壤碳库。有机物料施用增加土壤轻组组分颗粒含量,减少重组组分颗粒含量,有助于土壤轻组组分的形成。稻田土壤轻组颗粒有机碳含量与0.25mm和0.053mm团聚体颗粒有机碳含量呈显著相关,与2~0.25mm团聚体颗粒有机碳含量呈极显著相关。稻田土壤施用紫云英、秸秆和商品有机肥等有机物料,可有效提高土壤微团聚体和轻组成分颗粒含量,增加土壤微团聚体和轻组有机碳含量,改变稻田土壤有机碳库组成特征。     

有机-无机肥配合施用对席草品质及产量的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了有机无机肥配合施用提高席草品质与产量的效果。结果表明,有机无机肥配合施用能显著提高席草分蘖和生长整齐度,对提高席草品质有明显效果,但是产量与单施化肥、单施有机肥的产量没有显著差异。从营养生长期到工艺成熟期的200多天内,有机无机肥配合施用平均苗数比对照增加116．9％,比单施化肥、单施有机肥分别高10．7％、34．3％。有机无机肥配合施用,91～100cm席草针茎比例平均比对照增加8．2％,而单施化肥、单施有机肥处理分别比对照高5．9％和3．4％。     

Chemical Characterization and Stability of Poultry Manure Tea and Its Influence on Phosphorus Sorption Indices of Tropical Soils

This study characterized poultry manure extract (tea) and investigated the effects of integrated use of tea and the sequence of phosphorus (P) application [P added before (PBT), after (TBP), or jointly (PT) with tea] on P-sorption characteristics on acidic, alkaline, and neutral tropical soils. Results indicated that diluted tea contained 400 mg nitrogen, 155.80 mg potassium, and 10.48 mg P L^?1 and the nutrients were greatest after 2 weeks. Soil P sorption conformed to the Freundlich model, indicating that soil P affinity was less than the aqueous solution at low solution P concentration. Freundlich index (k) in neutral soil was 78 and 94% greater than in acidic and alkaline soils, respectively. The lowest P sorption efficiency and greatest phosphate requirement were in acidic soil. Poultry manure tea could enhance P availability and reduce P fixation irrespective of the sequence of application of tea and P.     

有机-无机肥配合施用对席草品质及产量的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了有机无机肥配合施用提高席草品质与产量的效果。结果表明,有机无机肥配合施用能显著提高席草分蘖和生长整齐度,对提高席草品质有明显效果,但是产量与单施化肥、单施有机肥的产量没有显著差异。从营养生长期到工艺成熟期的200多天内,有机无机肥配合施用平均苗数比对照增加116.9%,比单施化肥、单施有机肥分别高10.7%、34.3%。有机无机肥配合施用,91~100 cm席草针茎比例平均比对照增加8.2%,而单施化肥、单施有机肥处理分别比对照高5.9%和3.4%。     

Effect of Drying on Phosphorus Distribution in Poultry Manure

Abstract

Laboratory drying may alter manure phosphorus (P) distribution. The effects of freeze, air (22°C), and oven (65°C) drying on sequentially fractioned poultry manure P were examined. Higher drying temperatures resulted in lower percentage of dry matter. Increased H₂O‐ and decreased sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)‐extractable P with drying provided evidence that drying increases poultry manure P solubility. Labile fractions were predominantly inorganic P (P_i), whereas sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) fractions had significant amounts of organic P (P_o). Drying altered H₂O‐ and NaHCO₃‐extractable P_i but had no consistent effect on P_o in these fractions. This work suggests that variations due to drying should be taken into consideration when evaluating manures for P availability or when comparing data in which different drying methods have been utilized.     

添加牛粪对长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化的影响及激发效应

为了探讨长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化对添加牛粪的响应特征及添加牛粪对长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化的激发效应,以始建于1986年的长期定位试验为平台,通过室内恒温培养的方法研究添加等氮量牛粪后长期不同施肥(不施肥,CK;常量有机肥,SMA;常量化肥,SMF;常量有机无机配施,1/2(SMA+SMF))潮土有机碳矿化、土壤有机碳及活性碳库组分(微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳、颗粒有机碳和易氧化有机碳)含量的变化特征。结果表明:无论添加牛粪与否,长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化过程均符合一级动力学方程,而牛粪的添加显著增加了长期不施肥、长期单施化肥和长期有机无机配施土壤的有机碳矿化速率常数,增长幅度分别为21.74%、35.00%和45.00%;添加牛粪提高了长期不同施肥潮土有机碳、微生物量碳、颗粒有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量,却显著降低了可溶性有机碳含量;牛粪对长期不施肥、长期施用常量有机肥、常量化肥和常量有机无机配施潮土有机碳矿化的正激发效应分别达到了48.56%、3.60%、48.43%和3.92%,且对长期不施肥及长期施用常量化肥潮土的激发效应显著高于对长期施用常量有机肥及长期有机无机配施土壤;冗余分析显示添加牛粪对长期不同施肥土壤有机碳矿化的激发效应与土壤活性组分碳氮比呈正相关,与土壤养分含量呈负相关。该研究不仅为合理施用有机肥和实现农田生态系统的可持续发展提供理论依据,还有利于实现农业资源再利用及其效益最大化。