Yield formation of five crop species under water shortage and differential potassium supply

A long‐term field experiment on a Haplic Phaeozem, established 1949 with four levels of potassium (K) supply (5, 69, 133, and 261 kg K ha^?1), was analyzed for the interaction between K supply and yield loss of five crop species by water shortage. The crop species were cultivated simultaneously side‐by‐side in the following rotation: potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), silage maize (Zea mays L.), spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), beet (Beta vulgaris L.), and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The treatment with 133 kg K ha^?1 supply had a nearly balanced K budget. In the treatments with lower supply, the soil delivered K from its mineral constituents. On the low‐K plots (especially on those with only 5 kg K ha^?1), crops suffered yield depressions of nearly all main harvest products (cereal grains, potato tubers, beet storage roots, silage maize) and by‐products (straw, beet leaves) by up to 40.7% of dry matter. Only wheat grains were an exception. Potassium concentrations in the harvested plant parts decreased nearly in parallel to the reduction of their dry matter yields, with the exception of cereal grains, which kept stable concentrations even in the treatment with only 5 kg K ha^?1. A comparison of four year‐pairs with differing levels of precipitation in yield‐relevant periods showed an average water shortage‐induced depression of dry matter yields by 19.7% in the main harvest products. The severity of this yield depression was not mitigated by elevated K supply, with the exception of beet leaves, where the dry matter production was stabilized by high K supply. In this crop, the reduction of storage‐root yield was associated with a decrease in harvest index and was therefore obviously caused by an inhibition of assimilate translocation from the leaves into these organs, in contrast to cereals, where water shortage primarily affected dry matter production in vegetative organs. It is concluded that the physiological causes of yield reduction by drought stress and the possibility of its amelioration by K supply differ between plant species and organs.     

Reaktion der Zuckerrübe (Beta vulgaris var. altissima) auf die Kaliumdüngung – ein 20‐jähriger Feldversuch

Response of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris var. altissima ) to potassium fertilization—a 20‐year field experiment A long‐term fertilizer experiment was performed to develop a K fertilization strategy to achieve highest extractable sugar yields (BZE). Sugar beet was grown in a crop rotation with wheat and barley on an alluvial soil (clayic silt) in Lower Saxony with annual recycling of straw and beet tops, respectively. Since 1983, the treatments were as follows: 1) K fertilization with 0, 29, 58, 87,174, and 524 kg K ha^–1 a^–1 corresponding to 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, and 9 times the average annual K removal by the marketable products of the crop rotation—since 1995, the two highest treatments (3 and 9 times the removal) received only 174 kg ha^–1 every third year; 2) K fertilization according to the average K removal, given each year (58 kg K ha^–1) or every third year (174 kg ha^–1) to sugar beet; 3) annual K fertilization of 87 kg K ha^–1 (1.5 times the removal) applied in autumn or spring, respectively; 4) annual K fertilization, applied as mineral fertilizer or as organic material (recycling of grain and straw or root and leaves); 5) application of 29 kg NaCl ha^–1 to sugar beet supplemental to a yearly application of 58 kg K ha^–1. Both root yield and soil concentration of lactate‐soluble K increased with K fertilization up to the highest K treatment. The extractable sugar content reached a maximum at a yearly application of 174 kg K ha^–1. Averaged over years, the extractable sugar yield (BZE) increased up to the highest K application. The time of K application (autumn or spring) and the source of K (mineral fertilizer or organic material) had no effect on BZE. An additional fertilization with NaCl increased BZE only slightly in single years. Low‐grade muriate of potash containing 33% K and 3% Na can thus be used. The economically optimal K‐fertilization rate was 174 kg K ha^–1 given once in the crop rotation to sugar beet. A soil K concentration of about 110 mg (kg soil)^–1 (lactate‐extractable K) is sufficient in this soil to achieve a high BZE.     

Growth and phosphorus uptake of maize cultivated alone,in mixed culture with other crops or after incorporation of their residues

Intercropping or rotating of P‐efficient crop species which mobilize sparingly soluble P by their root exudates can have beneficial effects on growth and P uptake of P‐inefficient species. We aimed at studying the effect of intercropping or incorporating of crop residues of P‐efficient crops on the components of maize P‐uptake, i.e. the root‐system size and P influx (P‐uptake rate per unit root length). This was studied in 3 pot experiments in a low‐P sandy soil. In the first experiment, maize was intercropped with white lupine, sugar beet or oilseed rape, and with groundnut in the second experiment. In the third experiment, maize was grown after incorporating the crop residues of white lupine, sugar beet or oilseed rape. Maize growth and yield was strongly inhibited when intercropped with white lupine, sugar beet or oilseed rape, probably because of competition for nutrients. But with groundnut as the accompanying species, maize yield was increased by a factor of 3, mainly because of an enhanced P influx. Crop residues of oilseed rape and sugar beet increased the yield of maize by factors 2 and 1.6, respectively, because of a 3 and 2 times higher P uptake as compared to maize grown after maize without incorporation of crop residue. The reason for the higher maize P‐uptake after oilseed rape was an 11 times higher P influx as compared to maize without crop residues, and after sugar beet residues because of an enhanced root growth and a 4 times higher P influx. Lupine residues did not improve maize growth, mainly because of a low P influx, which was even less than that of maize grown without crop residues. The soil solution P concentration and calcium acetate lactate‐extractable P (CAL P) measured in this study did not reflect the P availability as indicated by the plants (P uptake, P influx). This indicates that other mechanisms such as P mobilization in the rhizosphere by root exudates or cell‐wall components were responsible for the increased P availability. These mechanisms need further investigation.     

农田水盐运移与作物生长模型耦合及验证

合理定量描述土壤水盐动态及作物生长过程对于干旱灌区制定适宜的农业用水措施具有重要意义。该文以SWAP(soil water atmosphere plant)模型为基础,采用变活动节点法实现了对土壤融化期的水盐运移模拟,并在根系吸水计算中引入了基于S形函数的水盐胁迫计算方法,以修正原SWAP模型对根系吸水的模拟。进一步嵌入了参数与输入数据较少且可以模拟作物生长过程及实际产量的EPIC(environmental policy integrated calculator)作物生长模型,构建了改进的农田尺度土壤水盐动态与作物生长耦合模拟模型-SWAP-EPIC。分别采用宁夏惠农灌区春小麦和春玉米田间试验数据,对SWAP-EPIC模型田间适用性进行了检验。对比分析各层土壤水分与盐分浓度、作物生长指标(叶面积指数、地上部生物量)的模拟值与实测值,结果表明:春小麦和春玉米试验中土壤水分的平均相对误差MRE和均方根误差RMSE均接近于0且模型Nash效率系数NSE值趋近于1,水分模块模拟精度较高,盐分浓度模拟存在略微差异但总体上一致性较好,并且作物生长指标匹配良好;同时,模拟的产量和蒸散发均较为接近实际值,春小麦和春玉米产量模拟相对误差分别为4.9%和3.3%。综上,该文改进的SWAP-EPIC模型可良好地应用于寒旱区农田尺度土壤水盐运移与作物生长耦合模拟。     

Beziehung zwischen dem durch K-Düngung erzielbaren Mehrertrag und dem K-Gehalt der Böden nach Feldversuchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Relationship between the maximum yield increase from K fertilization and the K content of the soils after field trials in the Federal Republic of Germany Several hundred long term potassium field experiments with crop rotation and with plant residues like straw and sugar beet leaves removed from the fields, on different soils of the FRG were evaluated. The K content in the top soil was determined by the DL and CAL methods (K(lact)), given in mg K₂O/100g soil. No relationship could be found between K(lact) and the maximum possible yield increase for wheat, barley, sugar beets, and potatoes, if K(1act) was >5 mg/100g. It seems unnecessary, therefore, raise the K content of the soils. Occasional significant positive yield response should be less emphazised than average yields. Economical average yield increases on K fertilization were found with sugar beets and potatoes, rarely with barley but never with wheat. In all longterm trials the K amount of fertilizer required for maximum possible yield increase was above the amount of K removed by the crop. 7 to 27year field trials on clayer soils show that the K content of the soil may drop to 5-10mg K20(CAL) without causing increased yield response to K fertilization. The yield responses to K fertilizer are dependent to a high degree on the season (weather conditions), as was shown by high yield increases in exceptionally dry seasons. The large content of plant available Kin the top soils was due to high K fertilization during the past decades and the illitic nature of the soils. From the results of the field trials it may be concluded that an amount of K fertilizer which replaces K removed by the crop is sufficient for all soils with 5-10mg K₂O; for > lOmg K₂O(lact) K fertilization can be less than actual K removal. Because of large variations, the K(lact) figures (chapter 5),are of very limited value for predicting fertilizer requirements. The average K fertilizer consumption used (1981/82) of the FRG was higher than the K removed from soils by 79 kg K₂O/ha (in 1982). Official recommendations of K fertilizer in the FRG as well as the amounts of K actually applied are both in disagreement with the results of fertilizer experiments in the field.     

灌淤土区长期施钾对作物产量与养分及土壤钾素的长期效应研究

通过在宁夏灌淤土区长达14年的连续施钾和小麦秸秆还田试验, 研究钾素投入对作物产量、养分和土壤钾素状况的影响.结果表明:小麦秸秆还田和长期施用钾肥均可不同程度提高小麦和玉米的经济产量, 其中施钾年平均增产小麦244 kg·hm-2, 玉米397 kg·hm-2, 处理之间产量表现为氮磷钾肥配合秸秆还田>施用氮磷钾肥>氮磷肥配合秸秆还田>只施用氮磷肥.定位后8～10年施钾肥开始显著有效, 玉米显效时间早于小麦;秸秆还田和钾肥的投入均可提高籽粒和秸秆的钾素吸收量, 秸秆含钾丰富, 籽粒钾含量仅占植株钾总量的13%～17%;施用钾肥可提高作物籽粒大中微量元素含量而降低秸秆中、微量元素含量, 促进籽粒对大部分元素的吸收;长期不施钾肥处理(NP和NP+St)0～20 cm土层土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量较定位开始时下降; 所有处理土壤全钾含量均表现下降, 下降幅度为0.8～1.2 g·kg-1.     

Cover crop effects on soil structure and early sugar beet growth

Cover crops can improve soil properties, especially soil structure, through organic matter input and rooting activity. However, large variations exist among cover crops, which may lead to differences in the extent of these effects. In this study, cover crops with differing properties were compared regarding soil structure and subsequent sugar beet growth. Field experiments were conducted at two Luvisol sites in Central Germany. Four cover crops (oil radish, saia oat, spring vetch and winter rye) were compared with fallow. Cover crop effects on soil water, N_min content, soil structure and subsequent early sugar beet growth were studied. Additionally, sugar beet received either no or optimal N fertilizer application. Rye and radish had the highest and vetch the lowest above- and belowground biomass. Soil water content was hardly affected by cover cropping, while topsoil N_min contents in April were increased. Penetration resistance was lowered, and aggregate stability was increased by the cover crops, especially oil radish, while values after spring vetch were similar to those of fallow. Differences among the cover crops might be because of a differing root biomass. Independent of N fertilizer application, sugar beet biomass in May tended to be higher after all cover crops, in particular under oil radish. The higher aggregate stability and lower penetration resistance were found to be beneficial for early sugar beet growth. Thus, sugar beet can benefit from a 1-year cultivation of preceding cover crops. Modifications of this effect through cover crop root biomass and architecture as well as repeated cover cropping need to be investigated in further studies.     

春小麦与玉米、向日葵间作套种对土壤水分的影响

在河套灌区以春小麦、玉米、向日葵单作为对照,测定并分析了春小麦/玉米、春小麦/向日葵间作套种作物生长季0—120cm土层土壤水分及作物产量。结果表明,春小麦/玉米、春小麦/向日葵间作套种生长季的土壤水分蒸散强度为双峰曲线,春小麦、玉米、向日葵单作为单峰曲线。春小麦/玉米、春小麦/向日葵间作套种的土壤水分蒸散量高于春小麦、玉米、向日葵单作。春小麦/玉米、春小麦/向日葵间作套种提高了作物产量,提高了土地当量比,但降低了作物生长期、作物生长季及灌溉水的水分利用效率和水分当量比。建议河套灌区减少间作套种面积,或间作套种时在不同作物之间修建土埂隔挡,根据不同作物对水分的需求分别灌溉。     

黑土农田水肥条件对作物产量及水分利用效率的影响

长期定位试验研究黑土农田不同水肥作物产量和水分利用效率的变化结果表明,大豆对水分条件变化反映较敏感,而玉米对养分条件变化反映较敏感,适宜水分条件下3种作物随施肥水平的提高,其产量与水分利用效率相应增加;有机 无机肥配施处理3种作物随水分含量的增加,其产量与水分利用效率相应提高     

Potassium efficiency mechanisms of wheat,barley, and sugar beet grown on a K fixing soil under controlled conditions

Plant species differ in their potassium (K) efficiency, but the mechanisms are not clearly documented and understood. Therefore, K efficiency of spring wheat, spring barley, and sugar beet was studied under controlled conditions on a K fixing sandy clay loam. The effect of four K concentrations in soil solution ranging from low (5 and 20 μM K) to high (2.65 and 10 mM K) on plant growth and K uptake was investigated at 3 harvest dates (14, 21, and 31 days after sowing). The following parameters were determined: shoot dry matter (DM), K concentration in shoot dry matter, root length (RL), root length/shoot weight ratio (RSR), shoot growth rate/average root length ratio (GR_s/aRL), K influx, and soil solution K concentrations. Wheat proved to have a higher agronomic K efficiency than barley and sugar beet, indicated by a greater relative yield under K‐deficient conditions. As compared to both cereals, sugar beet was characterized by higher K concentrations in the shoot dry matter, only 30—50 % of the root length, 15—30 % of the RSR and a 3 to 6 times higher GR_s/aRL. This means that the shoot of sugar beet had a 3 to 6 times higher K demand per unit root length. Even at low K concentrations in the soil solution, sugar beet had a 7 to 10 times higher K influx than the cereals, indicating that sugar beet was more effective in removing low available soil K. Wheat and barley were characterized by slow shoot growth, low internal K requirement, i.e. high K utilization efficiency, and high RSR, resulting in a low K demand per unit root length. At low soil K concentrations, both cereals increased K influx with age, an indication of adaptation to K deficiency. The mechanism of this adaptation merits closer investigation. Model calculations were performed to estimate the K concentration difference between the bulk soil and the root surface (ΔC_L) needed to drive the measured K influx. For the two cereals, the calculated ΔC_L was smaller than the K concentration in the soil solution, but for sugar beet, ΔC_L was up to seven times higher. This indicates that sugar beet was able to mobilize K in the rhizosphere, but the mechanisms responsible for this mobilization remain to be studied.     

Potassium substitution by sodium in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) nutrition on K‐fixing soils

Alluvial soils with illite and vermiculite clay minerals are highly potassium (K)‐fixing. Such soils have been reported to require a huge amount of K fertilization for optimum plant growth. For halophytic plants such as sugar beet, sodium (Na) can be an alternative to K under such conditions. This study was conducted to investigate the possible substitution of K by Na fertilization with reference to K‐fixing soils. Three soils, i.e., Kleinlinden (subsoil), Giessen (alluvial), and Trebur (alluvial), differing in K‐fixing capacities, were selected, and sugar beet plants were grown in Ahr pots with 15 kg soil pot^–1. Three treatments (no K and Na, K equal to K‐fixing capacity of soil, and Na equivalent to regular K fertilization) were applied. In a second experiment, containers (90 cm × 40 cm × 40 cm) were used with 170 kg Kleinlinden soil each, and one sugar beet plant per container was grown. In both experiments, plants were grown till beet maturity, and beets were analyzed for sucrose concentration and other quality parameters such as α‐amino nitrogen to calculate white‐sugar yield with the New Brunswick formula. The results showed that growth and quality of sugar beet were not affected by Na application, and ultimately there was no decrease in white‐sugar yield. Moreover, the soils with more K‐fixing capacity were more suitable for K substitution by Na. It is concluded that Na can substitute K in sugar beet nutrition to a high degree and soils with high K‐fixing capacity have more potential for this substitution.     

河北低平原区冬小麦夏玉米产量提升的理论与技术研究

作为渤海粮仓主要增粮区的河北东部低平原中低产农田,冬小麦夏玉米的产量主要受制于土壤肥力水平低、淡水资源短缺和气候异常造成产量的大幅波动。通过选择适宜的品种、播期与收获期的合理搭配、优化的种植方式和配套的耕作与田间管理技术,提高作物生育期内对地上光热资源和地下水肥资源的利用潜力和效率,平抑气候变化带来不利影响,有着巨大的增产空间。该研究通过田间小区试验,结合示范区试验示范,研究了冬小麦与夏玉米生育期的优化、夏玉米种植方式调整、夏玉米深松播种、夏玉米增施钾肥与冬小麦增施磷肥及有机肥等措施对冬小麦、夏玉米产量的影响。主要研究结果如下:冬小麦适期晚播(不迟于10月15日),同时适当增加播量,不影响生育期群体构建和产量水平。早熟品种‘小偃81’提早进入灌浆期,受后期干热风的危害小,在不降低品质的同时粒重与产量稳定。夏玉米提早播10 d(6月10日与6月20日相比)平均增产17.2%,晚收获8 d(10月2日与9月24日相比)粒重增加19.5%。根据冬小麦和夏玉米的品种特性,合理搭配生育期,在实现冬小麦稳产提质的同时,使充分发挥夏玉米的产量潜力成为可能。改变夏玉米的种植方式,适当增加种植密度,明显地改善和提高了夏玉米产量,更为适宜的种植方式是40 cm与80 cm大小行种植和38 cm等行距种植,不适宜的是20 cm与100 cm大小行种植,更为适宜的种植方式下产量提高15%以上。长期旋耕机械压实了犁底层,通过夏玉米深松播种种植,产量提高达31.3%,后茬小麦增产5.6%,但连续深松没有明显的增产效果。夏玉米播种时增施钾肥产量提高2.6%。冬小麦增施磷肥产量提高7.4%,增施有机底肥增产6.8%,增施有机底肥和施磷肥产量提高8.8%,但无明显的累加效果。因此,通过适宜的品种选择与适期的生育期搭配、种植方式调整、适时深松打破犁底层的耕作措施、速效肥与有机肥合理施用等栽培和管理技术,可实现冬小麦夏玉米产量的逐步提高和稳定,充分利用玉米生长季丰富且集中的降水与光热资源,挖掘夏玉米产量,稳夏增秋的粮食增产模式更符合该地区未来发展需求。     

氮磷钾对甜菜硝酸还原酶与亚硝酸还原酶的影响

以当前甜菜生产主栽品种KWS0143为试材,采用"3414"试验设计,探讨了氮磷钾肥对甜菜硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性的影响,及2种酶活性与甜菜产、质量的关系。结果表明,在甜菜生育期间,2种酶活性基本呈双峰曲线变化;随着施氮水平的升高,酶活性增强;磷肥与酶活性在生育中期呈显著或极显著正相关关系;硝酸还原酶活性在甜菜生育中前期、后期与产量、产糖量表现显著或极显著正相关关系,亚硝酸还原酶活性在甜菜生育中期与产量、产糖量正相关关系达到极显著水平。酶活性与含糖率则一直保持着负相关关系。     

Cultivation of wheat following pea and triticale/pea mixtures increases yields and nitrogen content

Abstract

An experiment was conducted in 2004–2007 at the University of Podlasie Zawady Experimental Station (52°06′N, 22°50′E), Siedlce, Poland, to examine the effect of either post-harvest residues or residues and straw of spring triticale (Triticale), field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and their mixtures containing the following proportions of both components: 75+25, 50+50, 25+75% on the subsequent crop of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A field experiment was designed as split-blocks with three replicates. Residue mass, straw mass as well as N, P, K, Ca and Mg amounts were determined in the residues and straw. The residue amount of spring triticale was the greatest. N, Ca and Mg amounts in the residues of spring triticale/field pea mixtures were similar or higher whereas P and K amounts were similar or lower compared with spring triticale residues. Spring triticale straw contained less N, P, Ca and Mg than the straw of either field pea or spring triticale/field pea mixtures. Grain yield, yield components, N content and N uptake in the grain of winter wheat following field pea and spring triticale/field pea mixtures were significantly higher compared with winter wheat following spring triticale. Increasing proportions of field pea in mixtures with spring triticale cultivated as previous crops significantly increased winter wheat grain yields as well as N content and uptake. The residues of the previous crops combined with the straw significantly increased winter wheat grain yield, number of ears per m², number of grains in an ear, thousand-grain weight and N content and uptake. The highest winter wheat grain yield and N uptake were determined following an application of residues and straw of field pea and 25+75% spring triticale/field pea mixture. The grain of winter wheat after field pea had the greatest N content.     

Manganese relationships in spring wheat and spring barley production in Northern Idaho

Abstract

Manganese is often limiting in cereal crop production in the Kootenai River Valley of Northern Idaho; however, attempts to relate DTPA‐extractable Mn in soils to crop yield response have not been successful. Consequently, Mn plant tissue diagnosis may be an alternate diagnostic tool. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the critical nutrient concentration (CNC) of Mn in spring wheat and spring barley tissue in the Kootenai River Valley of northern Idaho, (2) examine yield response of spring wheat and spring barley to Mn fertilization, and (3) assess relative efficiencies of foliar and surface broadcast Mn applications to these crops. Paired plots with four replications consisting of a foliar Mn application rate of 1.5 kg ha^‐1 and a control were located at four sites in 1988 and at ten sites in 1989. Soil, plant tissue samples and grain yield data were evaluated by linear plateau regression to determine CNCs of Mn for spring wheat and spring barley tissue. In addition, five randomized complete block experiments were conducted in 1989 and 1990 to evaluate Mn fertilizer rates and sources (foliar vs. surface applied) on spring wheat and spring barley production. Tissue Mn was highly correlated by linear plateau regression to both spring wheat (r² = 0.74**) and spring barley (r² = 0.70**) grain yield. The Mn CNC was established at 11.0 mg Mn kg‐¹ plant tissue for spring wheat and 10.1 mg Mn kg^‐1 plant tissue for spring barley. The Mn CNCs were established at 92.4 and 93.0% of maximum yield for spring wheat and spring barley, respectively. DTPA‐extractable Mn was not significantly correlated to grain yield for either crop (r² = 0.02, NS). Based on study results, Mn analysis of spring wheat and spring barley plant tissue was diagnostic of eventual grain yield. When tissue diagnosis showed plants to be deficient in Mn, the deficiency was corrected by applying Mn fertilizer as a surface broadcast or a foliar spray. However, foliar application of Mn was more efficient than broadcast application.     

等氮配施有机肥对喀斯特峰丛洼地农田作物产量与养分平衡的影响

基于自2006年在广西喀斯特峰丛洼地区开展的长期玉米/大豆套作定位施肥试验,选择2010—2014年监测数据,探讨等氮量投入条件下,不同比例有机肥替代无机氮肥对喀斯特峰丛洼地玉米/大豆套作系统作物产量及土壤养分的影响,为喀斯特峰丛洼地农田作物高效施肥及提高土壤肥力提供理论依据。试验选取4个处理:对照(不施肥,CK)、平衡施用化肥(NPK)、有机粪肥替代30%化肥氮(C7M3,按氮素计算,不足30%的PK用无机肥补充,肥料总量与NPK处理相同,有机粪肥为牛粪,下同)、有机粪肥替代60%化肥氮(C4M6,按氮素计算,不足60%的PK用无机肥补充),每个处理4次重复。于2010年、2012年、2014年大豆收获后采集土壤样品,测定土壤养分状况。结果表明:1)施肥处理土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷及速效钾含量均高于CK处理,其中C4M6处理有机质含量显著高于NPK处理(P0.05),全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量随着有机粪肥施用量的增加而增加。2)长期不同施肥处理玉米和大豆产量分别是不施肥处理的4.15~4.36倍、2.47~2.58倍。不同施肥处理的增产效果为C4M6NPKC7M3,但施肥处理间差异不显著(P0.05)。3)长期不施肥CK处理玉米产量随着试验年限推移呈下降趋势,降幅为5.45 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),大豆产量却表现出增加趋势,增幅为1.50 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。长期施肥处理中,玉米和大豆产量总体呈增加趋势。4)施肥处理中,玉米季表现为钾素亏缺(NPK处理除外),大豆季表现为氮素亏缺。综合两季作物,只有C4M6钾素表现亏缺,亏缺量为7.9 kg·hm~(-2)。磷素在各施肥处理中盈余量较大,分别为81.2 kg·hm~(-2)(NPK)、83.4 kg·hm~(-2)(C7M3)和74.8 kg·hm~(-2)(C4M6)。综上,在喀斯特峰丛洼地玉米/大豆套作制度下,基于作物产量及土壤养分表观平衡特征提出有机粪肥可以代替部分化肥施用,在玉米季适当"减氮、稳磷和增钾",大豆季"稳氮、减磷和减钾"的施肥措施。     

亏缺灌溉与有机肥结合对夏玉米水分及产量影响

为了解减少灌水量和尿素对夏玉米产量和水分的影响。通过田间试验,以夏玉米为研究对象,选取课题组研发的有机质含量高、保水性能强的有机肥,结合2个水平的灌溉(充分灌溉W1和亏缺灌溉W2),采用等氮的原则,对有机肥与无机肥混施(F1:100%无机化肥;F2:24%有机肥+76%无机化肥;F3:48%有机肥+52%无机化肥),研究灌水量与有机无机肥对夏玉米水分利用效率和产量的影响。结果表明:与F1处理相比,在充分灌溉(W1)条件下,F2和F3处理的籽粒产量提高4.8%~6.3%;亏缺灌溉(W2)条件下,有机肥处理的籽粒产量提高1.8%~2.3%。在相同灌溉水平下,有机肥处理显著提高收获时土壤贮水量,为冬小麦发芽和生长提供一定的湿度。施有机肥处理对三叶期和小喇叭口期株高有显著影响,而对其他生育期株高影响不显著。亏缺灌溉(W2)和施有机肥(F2)的处理产量较好,是夏玉米种植管理中的一个有效方案。这种灌溉施肥管理可为关中平原及环境相似地区提供科学依据。     

Triticale,wheat, and rye growth rates and mineral accumulation at various growth stages

Abstract

Cultivars of triticale, wheat, and rye were grown with different N‐fertilizer rates and sampled at various maturity stages in 1975 to 1977. ‘6TA 131’ triticale, ‘Arthur’ wheat, and ‘Abruzzi’ rye were used as checks. Increasing N fertilizer rates increased dry matter and N accumulation in the above‐ground plant parts. However, after flowering losses of dry matter and N from the plants increased with N fertilizer rates. Triticale and rye generally absorbed more N from the soil than wheat. Triticale and wheat straw had higher P concentrations than rye. The head/straw concentration ratios were: triticale and rye>wheat for P, wheat>triticale and rye for K while Ca and Mg ratios were triticale>wheat>rye.     

黄河流域主要农作物的降水盈亏格局分析

以1961—2000年的气象资料为数据基础，采用FAO 1998年推荐使用的Penman—Monteith模型和参考作物法，对黄河流域不同类型旱农地区主要农作物的降水盈亏格局进行了分析。结果表明：黄河流域大部分地区冬小麦全生育期多年平均缺水量在250～500mm，且由南向北缺水量有依次递增的趋势，主要反映了冬小麦全生育期降水量与需水量的双重影响；夏玉米全生育期缺水量较多的地区为陕西省关中地区，约为200mm左右，由此向东缺水量值逐渐减少；春小麦全生育期多年平均缺水量基本上是从南向北逐渐升高，缺水量在200—500mm，显然是受降雨与需水两方面的双重影响；春玉米全生育期多年平均缺水量分布则是从南部向北部递增，亏缺量在0～400mm。     

Critical potassium potentials for crops: 2. Potentials for wheat, maize, peas, beans and sugar beet in their early growth on a sandy loam

Wheat, maize, leafless peas, field beans and sugar beet were grown in a constant environment for 4 weeks after germination on a sandy loam containing initially a 70-fold range of exchangeable K levels. The yield response curves to the mean soil K potential (ΔG_K, ca+ Mg) for the growth period for each crop were divided into three linear sections, for positive, zero and negative response, by a numerical iterative method, and from these, exhaustion (Δ G_exh), optimum (ΔG_opt) and toxicity (Δ G_tox) K potentials were derived. Values of ΔG_exh were similar for all crops. The Δ G_opt values increased in the order legumes < cereals < sugar beet. High potassium potentials which produced decreases in yield were far greater than any likely to be encountered in a natural system. It is suggested that yield reductions at high K potentials were caused by inhibition of the uptake of other cations rather than by toxic levels of K in the plant tissue. At this early growth stage, seed K concentrations and K contents of the crops affected ΔG_exh and Δ G_opt values in different ways and to different extents. The influence of the K requirements of the crop and the crop's ability to extract K from the soil are briefly discussed.