Cover crop potential of winter oilseed crops in the Northern U.S. Corn Belt

ABSTRACT

Winter camelina [WC, Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] and field pennycress (FP, Thlaspi arvense L.) are emerging oilseed crops in corn–soybean rotations, but little is known about their cover crop potential. A 2-year study was conducted in Minnesota, USA to evaluate the effect of winter oilseed crops on nitrogen (N) use, growth and yield of corn and soybean. Treatments included WC, FP, winter rye (WR, Secale cereale L.), and a no cover crop (NC) control. Oilseed crops produced 40–50% less spring biomass and accumulated less N compared to WR. The tissue-N of WC and FP was 39.0% and 6.6% higher than WR, respectively. The C:N ratio of cover crops was lower than 20:1, suggesting rapid decomposition. Compared with NC, cover crops lowered soil nitrate before major crops planting, but the post-harvest N profile following corn and soybean was not affected. Compared with NC, cover crops significantly decreased corn yield, with 8.7%, 9.5% and 9.8% reduction following WC, FP and WR, respectively. Cover crops did not affect growth, yield and N uptake of soybean. Oilseed crops showed potential to improve N cycling in the rotation, but more research of their impact on major crops is needed.     

Post-harvest residues of field pea/oat mixtures as a source of biological nitrogen for hybrid winter rye

ABSTRACT

The conducted studies show post-harvest residues of sowing/pea mixtures limit leaching of mineral nitrogen deeper into the soil profile compared to post-harvest residues of sowing peas, as they affect the yield and amount of nitrogen accumulated in hybrid winter rye grain. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the post-harvest residue biomass of field pea, oat and their mixtures on yielding and quantity of nitrogen accumulated in hybrid winter rye grain. Two factors were examined: factor I ? post-harvest residues of field pea 100% ? pure stand, oat 100% ? pure stand, field pea 75%?+?oat 25%, field pea 50%?+?oat 50%, field pea 25%?+?oat 75%; factor II ? forecrop harvest date: the stage of field pea flowering, the stage of field pea flat green pod. The obtained results demonstrated that the lowest mineral nitrogen content in two soil layers was recorded following oat harvested at the stage of field pea flat green pod. The research revealed that hybrid winter rye cultivated after the mixture consisting of 50% field pea and 50% oat should be recommended for wide agricultural application in order to obtain high grain yield.     

氮肥分配对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作产量和氮肥效率的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了控制氮肥总量(N 420 kg/hm2)条件下氮肥分配对冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系内的作物生物量、产量、纯收益、农学效率及肥料利用率的影响,结果表明,氮肥在冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系的分配量及比例显著影响冬小麦/夏玉米轮作的产量、纯收益和氮肥的效率,冬小麦季施总氮55％ (N 231 kg/hm2)、夏玉米季施总氮45％ (N 189 kg/hm2)时,获得最高的轮作总产量(13 026 kg/hm2)和最大的净收益(22 146元/hm2),氮肥的农学效率和利用率较其它分配方式均有所提高,是晋南地区冬小麦/夏玉米轮作氮肥分配的适宜比例.就单季小麦而言,施N 189 kg/hm2可以获得较高的产量和较高的氮肥效率.值得指出的是,由于作物生长期间受春寒和夏旱的影响,冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系内的氮农学效率和氮肥利用率均表现较低,仅分别为4.6 kg/kg和20.8％.     

Crop nitrogen recovery and soil nitrogen dynamics in a 10‐year field experiment with biowaste compost

When fertilizing with compost, the fate of the nitrogen applied via compost (mineralization, plant uptake, leaching, soil accumulation) is relevant both from a plant‐production and an environmental point of view. In a 10‐year crop‐rotation field experiment with biowaste‐compost application rates of 9, 16, and 23 t ha^–1 y^–1 (f. m.), the N recovery by crops was 7%, 4%, and 3% of the total N applied via compost. Due to the high inherent fertility of the site, N recovery from mineral fertilizer was also low. In the minerally fertilized treatments, which received 25, 40, and 56 kg N ha^–1 y^–1 on average, N recovery from mineral fertilizer was 15%, 13%, and 11%, respectively. Although total N loads in the compost treatments were much higher than the N loads applied with mineral fertilizer (89–225 kg N_tot ha^–1 y^–1 vs. 25–56 kg N_tot ha^–1 y^–1; both on a 10‐year mean) and the N recovery was lower than in the treatments receiving mineral N fertilizer, soil NO ‐N contents measured three times a year (spring, post‐harvest, autumn) showed no higher increase through compost fertilization than through mineral fertilization at the rates applied in the experiment. Soil contents of N_org and C_org in the plowed layer (0–30 cm depth) increased significantly with compost fertilization, while with mineral fertilization, N_org contents were not significantly higher. Taking into account the decrease in soil N_org contents in the unfertilized control during the 10 years of the experiment, 16 t compost (f. m.) ha^–1 y^–1 just sufficed to keep the N_org content of the soil at the initial level.     

Timing and level of nitrogen supply affect nitrogen distribution and recovery in two contrasting oat genotypes

Human diets containing oat (Avena sativa L.) grain offer health benefits resulting in an emerging interest in oat improvement. Information on nitrogen (N) uptake, distribution, and use efficiency (NUE) in oat is limited. A greenhouse study using a ¹⁵N‐labeling technique was conducted to determine the responses of two contrasting oat genotypes to timing and level of N deficiency. Hulled oat cv. Prescott and hulless cv. AC Gehl were grown in soil‐mix pot culture with five N treatments applied through modified Hoagland solutions. Differences in ¹⁵N accumulation, ¹⁵N distribution, plant N originating from the labeled source, and NUE between the contrasting cultivars, were examined for each N strategy. Level of N deficiency and timing of N supply of ¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃ greatly affected ¹⁵N distribution, the origins of plant N, and the amount of ¹⁵N recovered in the plant. When N was supplied from seedling emergence to maturity (T₁), AC Gehl accumulated 61% more ¹⁵N in the shoots, but 46% less ¹⁵N in the grain than Prescott (0.43 vs. 0.80 mg plant^–1), indicating that AC Gehl was less effective in producing grain yield than Prescott as AC Gehl produced greater total dry matter (DM). Withholding N supply until flag‐leaf stage (FL) increased ¹⁵N in the grain of both cultivars by 29.6%, resulting in the highest NUE. In most cases, there were larger portions of plant N derived from the labeled source for AC Gehl than for Prescott. Our results suggest that greater NUE in the newly released AC Gehl was associated with N accumulation in the vegetative tissues. It is concluded that genotype improvement of hulless oat should be focused on enhancing N‐translocation efficiency.     

秸秆还田下减氮增密对双季稻田土壤氮素库容及氮素利用率的影响

为推动传统稻作技术向资源节约型与环境友好型方向转型,本研究在稻草还田基础上设置不施氮常密（T1）、常氮常密（T2）、常氮增密（T3）、减氮常密（T4）、减氮增密（T5）5种双季稻栽培模式,研究稻草还田下减氮增密对双季稻田土壤氮素库容及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明：稻草还田下,减氮增密（基肥减施总氮量的20%,增加密度27.3%）的0~10 cm、10~20 cm的土壤全氮含量及库容量与常氮常密无显著差异,但碱解氮含量分别显著降低15.6%、8.8%,碱解氮总库容量显著降低10.7%。与常氮常密相比,减氮增密可显著降低双季稻田的土壤氮素表观盈亏量,氮素损失量及损失率分别显著降低51.7%及15.5个百分点;早、晚稻的氮素农学利用率分别显著增加33.6%、23.0%,吸收利用率分别显著增加5.9个百分点、6.3个百分点,生理利用率分别显著增加16.3%、3.7%。表明稻草还田下短期内的减氮增密不会显著降低土壤的全氮库容,但会显著降低土壤的碱解氮库容,可显著降低氮素损失,提高氮素利用率。     

The effect of crop residue incorporation date on soil inorganic nitrogen, nitrate leaching and nitrogen mineralization

 Delaying cultivation and incorporation of arable crop residues may delay the release of NO₃ ^– and hence reduce leaching. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of timing of cultivation on the mineralization and leaching of NO₃ ^– from an arable crop residue. Overwinter N leaching and periodic measurements of soil inorganic N were combined to estimate net N mineralized after ploughing a crop residue into a free-draining loamy sand soil in central England on six dates from June 1994 to January 1995. The crop residue was whole green barley with approximately 2% N. N leaching in the two following winters was increased by the addition of crop residues. Early residue application also tended to increase N leached in the first winter, largely as a consequence of relatively large losses early in the drainage period. Thus, early incorporation of crop residues presents a greater leaching risk. The amount of N leached in the second (drier) winter was similar for all dates of incorporation. At the end of the first winter, inorganic N derived from the crop residue was greatest for earlier additions: June (40% N applied) > September (30% N applied) > August (20% N applied) > October (19% N applied) > November (11% N applied) > January (3% N applied). However, at the end of the experiment, there was no evidence that the residues which had mineralized least by the end of the first winter had, to any significant degree, caught up, and this was confirmed by the parameters of the equation for first-order decomposition in thermal time. These results indicate that the effect of temperature, particularly in the early stages of residue mineralization, is complex and interacts with other soil processes in terms of the fate of the N mineralized. Received: 19 July 1999     

施用控释尿素对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响

2009~2010年度在我国油菜主产区采用多点田间试验研究了施用控释尿素（Controlled release urea, CRU）对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响,以期为CRU在油菜上的施用提供理论依据。结果表明,CRU一次性基施可以保证后期氮素供应,明显促进油菜的生长发育,与普通尿素一次性基施处理（UB）相比,油菜叶片的SPAD值、株高及花期绿叶数明显增加。油菜籽产量增加了7.1%~19.7%,影响产量的构成因素主要有总角果数、分支数和第一节位高。油菜的氮素积累量增加16.9%~27.3%,氮肥利用率提高12.2~17.7个百分点,试验后耕层土壤（030 cm）的硝态氮含量升高了149.3%~296.1%,无机氮含量升高了40.5%~145.9%。CRU处理与尿素分次施用处理（UD）相比,生长指标、油菜籽产量和干物质量均没有明显差异,氮积累量和氮肥利用率有增加趋势。可见,CRU一次性基施可以达到普通尿素分期施用的效果。     

控释氮肥在淹水稻田土壤上的去向及利用率

通过土壤渗漏装置、微区和田间小区试验,研究了15N标记控释氮肥在淹水稻田土壤上氮素的去向和利用率。结果表明,施用控释氮肥能明显地降低氨挥发、淋失和硝化—反硝化的损失。控释氮肥处理的氨挥发量比尿素降低54.0%,氮淋失量降低32.5%。尿素的硝化—反硝化损失量占施入氮量的34.5%,而控释氮肥的只占2.0%;控释肥料与尿素氮在0—80cm土层中的残留率相近。控释氮肥一次性全量作基肥施入土壤,水稻的氮肥利用率平均为65.6%,比尿素(基肥+追肥)高出32.2个百分点。控释氮肥的农学效率显著地高于尿素。     

Post-harvest residues of field pea/spring rye mixtures as a valuable source of biological nitrogen for winter triticale

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the work was to determine the effect of the post-harvest residue biomass of field pea, spring rye and their mixtures on mineral nitrogen content in the soil profile after the forecrop harvest, as well as the yield and quantity of nitrogen accumulated in winter triticale grain. An experiment was conducted to examine the following two factors: (I) forecrop – mixtures: field pea – pure stand 100%, spring rye – pure stand 100%, field pea 75%?+?spring rye 25%, field pea 50%?+?spring rye 50%, field pea 25%?+?spring rye 75%; (II) forecrop harvest date: field pea flowering stage, field pea green pod stage. The results revealed that the lowest mineral nitrogen content in after harvesting spring rye in the flat green pod phase in the soil layer 0–30?cm and 30–60?cm respectively 2.36 and 1.41?mg?kg^?1 soil. Also, mineral nitrogen content was low in the 0–30 and 30–60?cm soil layers following field pea/spring rye mixtures, in particular the mixture containing 25?+?75% of the respective components. Winter triticale cultivation after field pea/spring rye mixtures harvested at the stage of field pea flat green pod contributes to high grain yield.     

不同肥力土壤下施氮与玉米秸秆还田对冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响

为了解华北潮土区不同土壤肥力水平下施氮与玉米秸秆还田对冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响,采用15N标记氮肥和15N标记玉米秸秆的双标记方法,在两种肥力水平土壤上进行盆栽试验,研究了玉米秸秆全量直接还田对冬小麦地上部氮素累积量、氮素分配和氮肥回收率的影响。结果表明:（1）等氮肥用量条件下,与不配施玉米秸秆相比,施用玉米秸秆则显著降低了冬小麦地上部氮素累积量;高肥力土壤的子粒氮素累积量高于低肥力土壤,冬小麦秸秆氮素累积量则以低肥力土壤为高;氮肥配施玉米秸秆使得氮肥回收率下降9.6%～15.7%,土壤残留率增加12.2%～16.4%。（2）氮肥用量为N 150和300 kg/hm2时,玉米秸秆氮素的当季回收率达到22.8%～33.1%,冬小麦子粒氮素约7%～10%来源于还田的玉米秸秆。（3）等氮肥用量和相同土壤肥力条件下,氮肥配施玉米秸秆对冬小麦子粒产量影响不显著,在氮肥用量为N 150和300 kg/hm2条件下,影响冬小麦子粒产量主要是土壤肥力水平,该试验结果还有待于田间进一步验证。     

春玉米产量和施氮量对氮素利用率的影响

提高氮素利用率是提高氮素收益、降低氮肥施用所带来的环境风险的重要途径。采用同一品种春玉米丰田6号,以无灌溉黑土为供试土壤,采用“3414”试验设计,经3年试验,对春玉米氮素利用效率与玉米产量和施氮量之间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,氮肥利用率与产量呈显著的正相关,而与施氮量呈显著负相关。当玉米产量大于11 t/hm2,施氮水平控制在当地推荐施肥量时,氮肥利用率可高达45%以上;超过当地推荐施肥量,氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加急剧下降。当玉米产量低于6 t/hm2时,氮肥利用率徘徊在17%左右,并且随着施氮量的增加变化不明显。     

有机-无机缓释肥对番茄产量和氮肥利用率的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了有机-无机缓释肥料对番茄产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与施用等NPK无机养分对照比较,施用缓释肥料B显著提高氮肥利用率,增加肥料氮在果实和叶片中的分配率;并且有利于后期产量形成,增产17.13%。施用缓释肥料A2提高氮肥利用率,增加肥料氮在根系和叶片中的分配率;并且有利于后期产量形成,增产16.33%。施用缓释肥料A2,氮肥利用率和产量的增幅均较小。     

氮肥追施时期及包膜控释氮肥对冬小麦产量和氮素吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了氮肥追施时期和包膜控释尿素对冬小麦产量、产量构成、氮肥利用率和土壤氮素表观损失等方面的影响。结果显示:冬小麦氮肥最佳追肥时期为拔节期;与40%普通尿素底施+60%普通尿素拔节期追施(F2)相比,30%普通尿素+35%控释期90d包膜尿素+35%控释期120d包膜尿素配合(F4、F6)一次性底施的氮素释放与冬小麦对氮素需求吻合较好,F4小麦植株总氮吸收量增加6.11%,减氮25%条件下(F6)增加8.48%;与F2相比,F4使冬小麦增产5.02%,经济系数提高6.43%,氮肥利用率提高10.22%,同时土壤氮素表观损失降低。F4通过提高千粒重和单穗重来提高产量,而F6通过维持穗粒数保证产量。     

Subsequent nitrogen utilisation and soil water distribution as affected by forage radish cover crop and nitrogen fertiliser in a corn silage production system

Forage radish is a unique winter cover crop that is relatively new but becoming rapidly adopted in temperate, humid North America. Little is known about how the use of this cover crop may influence subsequent nitrogen availability, soil water accumulation in the soil profile in corn silage production system. In this present work, the average nitrogen uptake by silage corn increased significantly by 11.6% in cover plots compared with the no-cover control plots. The recovery efficiency and agronomic efficiency of applied nitrogen in silage corn declined in cover plots compared to no-cover plots. The average soil water storage in cover plots was significantly higher than in the control after corn sowing and at the harvest stage. With increasing nitrogen application level, the average corn grain yield increased significantly at 56 and 112 kg N ha^?1 by 13.1% and 39.8%, respectively. Planting a forage radish cover crop can facilitate growth of silage corn and markedly improve total nitrogen uptake of corn. Consideration should be given to nitrogen application rate and also to avoiding excessive nitrogen input in the subsequent crop following a cover crop, thereby truly improving subsequent fertiliser use efficiency.     

追氮时期和施钾量对小麦氮素吸收运转的调控

【目的】氮肥追施时期和钾肥用量是影响小麦高产高效的重要因素,研究这两个营养元素的相交效应,为小麦的合理施肥提供理论依据。【方法】以强筋小麦‘济麦20’为供试品种,设置盆栽试验。同位素示踪技术进行研究。氮肥用15N标记,追施氮肥时期设返青期和拔节期两个施肥时期。施钾量设K2O 0(K0)、50(K1)、100 kg/hm2(K2)三个水平。于开花期采集全株样本,成熟期将植株分为籽粒和植株两部分,分析氮素含量,计算氮素吸收、分配以及氮素利用率。【结果】虽然追氮时期和施钾量互作对‘济麦20’籽粒蛋白质含量的影响未达到显著水平,但钾肥对小麦氮素吸收、运转及分配的影响因追氮时期不同而有所差异。不施钾(K0)返青期追氮处理,小麦植株氮素积累量、氮素转移量及贡献率均达到最高; 在施用K2O 50 kg/hm2处理(K1)下,拔节期追施氮肥能有效提高小麦开花期植株氮素积累量、成熟期植株和籽粒来自土壤的氮积累量、氮素转移量及贡献率,并最终显著提高产量。由此,提高了小麦氮素积累量、转移量、籽粒产量、氮肥生产效率及收获指数,在施用钾肥100 kg/hm2(K2)条件下,两个追氮时期处理均不利于‘济麦20’氮素利用效率及籽粒产量的提高。【结论】本试验条件下,在K2O 50 kg/hm2施用量、拔节期追施氮肥条件下更有利于强筋小麦‘济麦20’对氮素的吸收、利用和高产的形成。     

红壤长期不同施肥对玉米氮肥回收率的影响

为阐明长期不同施肥下玉米氮肥回收率的变化特征,揭示影响红壤玉米氮肥回收率的关键土壤因素,为红壤氮肥合理施用和提高氮肥回收率提供科学依据,在湖南红壤上连续观测了18年不施肥,施氮、磷、钾化肥,化肥配施有机肥和单施有机肥条件下玉米氮肥回收率的变化特征及其原因。结果表明,与施用化肥相比,玉米的子粒产量和植株氮素积累量在化肥配施有机肥下分别增加了61.5%和63.1%。氮、磷、钾化肥施用8年后,玉米氮肥回收率呈显著下降趋势,年平均下降速率达3.34个百分点;而化肥配施有机肥下氮肥回收率以每年1.24个百分点的速率显著增加;单施有机肥下氮肥回收率保持持平并略有上升。土壤pH、全氮和有机质含量均与氮肥回收率呈显著线性正相关,其中土壤pH对氮肥回收率的影响最明显。在土壤pH 4.5～6.3范围内,红壤pH每降低1个单位,玉米氮肥回收率下降10.9%。长期施用化肥的土壤pH以每年0.06的速率下降;单施有机肥尽管可缓解土壤酸化,但玉米产量较低,而化肥配施有机肥能同时抑制土壤酸化和提高玉米产量及氮肥回收率。因此,化肥配施有机肥具有明显的增产和保肥效果,是红壤上农业生产可持续性的施肥模式。     

反硝化脱氮除磷-侧流磷回收工艺效能

为了调查反硝化同步脱氮除磷-侧流磷回收新工艺的工艺效能,该试验在该工艺稳定运行条件下评价其污染物(化学需氧量、总氮、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P)去除能力和磷回收能力。结果表明:当进水中化学需氧量、总氮、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P的质量浓度为239.2~259.5、39.6~43.8、38.2~41.8和8.72~11.40 mg/L,出水中相应的质量浓度分别为15.2~21.6、8.5~9.6、3.6~4.7和0.31~0.49 mg/L,满足国家《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A排放标准;COD主要在厌氧池被去除,NH+4-N主要在好氧硝化池中去除;污水中磷的去除主要由诱导结晶磷回收和生物除磷两部分组成;整个工艺中,磷去除效率为95.9%,其中诱导结晶磷去除率占总去除效率的71.5%,表明该工艺具有较大磷回收潜力。此外,后置曝气池可对出水中COD、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P浓度起着把关作用,有助于提高出水水质。     

不同施氮水平对南方甜玉米氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】探明南方鲜食玉米区高产条件下施氮量对甜玉米产量、氮素利用及其转运规律的影响。【方法】于2015年和2016年,选用国审甜玉米品种粤甜16为供试材料,设置N (0、100、150、200、250、300、450 kg/hm2) 7个施氮量处理进行连续2年的大田试验。在拔节期 (8片展开叶)、大喇叭口期 (12片展开叶)、雄穗开花期和乳熟收获期测定甜玉米植株及各器官干重、氮养分含量,研究分次施肥条件下,不同施氮量对甜玉米乳熟收获期植株体内的氮养分吸收积累与分配比例、氮收获指数和效率,以及对不同生育时期植株、叶片、茎鞘氮素积累的影响。【结果】在2个生长季,施氮量均显著影响甜玉米鲜穗产量、植株总氮素积累量、氮素收获指数、氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生产力。随着施氮量 (0～450 kg/hm2) 的增加,鲜穗产量、植株氮素总积累量呈现先增加后保持上下小幅波动的趋势;氮肥农学效率先增加后下降;氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力持续下降。在施氮量为N 250 kg/hm2时,粤甜16的鲜穗产量、植株氮素总积累量达到或接近最高,两年平均值分别为17544 kg/hm2和145.6 kg/hm2;而氮肥农学效率达到最高值,两年平均值为48.4 kg/kg;氮素利用率和偏生产力两年平均值分别为28.5%、70.2 kg/kg,处于中间水平;鲜穗产量、植株氮素总积累量和氮肥农学效率均达到最大。施N 250 kg/hm2提高了茎鞘、叶片的氮素转运量和花后氮素同化量,氮素茎鞘转运、叶片转运和氮素花后同化对鲜穗的贡献率两年平均值分别为48.8%、10.2%、41.0%。甜玉米整株氮素积累随生育进程持续增加,乳熟期最高,日均最高积累速率在8展叶至12展叶期;叶片和茎鞘的氮素积累进程呈单峰曲线,在雄穗开花期达到峰值,日均最快积累速率分别在8展叶至12展叶、12展叶至雄穗开花期。施氮能提高各器官在各生育时期的氮素积累量和积累速率,但不改变氮素积累变化趋势。【结论】在本试验条件下,采用多次施肥,施N 250 kg/hm2可提高氮肥农学效率,有效调控开花前氮素转运及花后吸收同化,促进鲜穗氮素积累,实现甜玉米高产高效。