Phytoextraction of Cd and Zn with Thlaspi caerulescens in field trials

Abstract. Phytoextraction is the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils using plants that take up metals. Hyperaccumulating plants such as Thlaspi caerulescens are often studied for their possible use for decontamination of Cd and Zn rich soils, but few field trials have been reported, although they are necessary to validate the results of hydroponic and pot studies. This article reports field data for T . caerulescens grown on a calcareous and an acidic soil, both contaminated 20 years ago by either atmospheric depositions or septic-tank wastes. Accelerated cropping using transplants grown three times in eight months was compared to Thlaspi sown twice during the same period. Both were followed by one crop of sown Thlaspi . High Cd and Zn concentrations in the plant shoots compensated for the low biomass production. Annual metal exports with transplanted Thlaspi were 130 g Cd ha⁻¹ and 3.7 kg Zn ha⁻¹ on the calcareous soil and 540 g Cd ha⁻¹ and 20 kg Zn ha⁻¹ on the acidic soil. We concluded that within the framework of the Swiss legislation, remediation of Cd-contaminated soils could be achieved within less than 10 years with one crop of Thlaspi per year, but differences in soil properties could affect the rate of phytoextraction significantly. Total Zn content in both soils was too high to be remediated by T . caerulescens in a realistic time span. Thlaspi did not decrease the NaNO₃-extractable fraction of Cd or Zn in either of the soils.     

Cadmium‐induced oxidative stress and protection by L‐Galactono‐1, 4‐lactone in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Two hydroponic culture experiments were conducted to investigate cadmium (Cd)‐induced oxidative stress in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings and the effects of L‐Galactono‐1, 4‐lactone (GalL), the biosynthetic precursor of the antioxidant ascorbate (AsA), on the oxidative stress induced by Cd. In experiment 1, with application of Cd (0, 10, 25, 50 µM) in nutrient solution, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as well as membrane permeability in both shoots and roots were significantly increased, indicating Cd‐induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation as well as plasma‐membrane damage in the plants. In experiment 2, H₂O₂ levels in plants exposed to Cd were significantly reduced by the addition of GalL (25 mM), associated with increased activities of peroxidase (POD), indicating that GalL alleviated the oxidative stress induced by Cd. Unexpectedly, however, the MDA levels were not reduced by the addition of GalL. Does Cd also induce lipid peroxidation directly besides via formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)? This needs further study.     

The effect of cobalt stress on growth and physiological traits and its association with cobalt accumulation in barley genotypes differing in cobalt tolerance

Cobalt (Co) is beneficial for legume plants and not an essential element for most plants. There is no sufficient information about the effect of Co stress on barley growth. The current experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different Co levels (25, 50, 75, and 100 µM) on growth and physiological traits of three barley genotypes (B325, J36, and B340) differing in Co tolerance. The results showed that Co stress inhibited plant growth, decreased chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, and enhanced oxidative stress. However, the effects differed among genotypes, with B325 and B340 being the most and the least affected, respectively. Co stress caused decrease and increase of manganese (Mn) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in both roots and shoots, respectively; iron (Fe) concentration had little change in shoots and a significant decrease in roots. The current results showed a close association of Co tolerance and its accumulation in plant tissues.     

Greenhouse evaluation of EDTA effectiveness at enhancing Cd,Cr, and Ni uptake in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helianthus annuus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thlaspi caerulescens</Emphasis>

Background, Aims and Scope  Phytoremediation is a promising means for the treatment of heavy metal contamination. Although several species have been identified as hyperaccumulators, most studies have been conducted with only one metal. Experiments were conducted to investigate the ability of Helianthus annuus and Thlaspi caerulescens to simultaneously uptake Cd, Cr and Ni. Materials and Methods  The efficiency of plants grown in a sandy-loam soil was investigated. The ability of two EDTA concentrations (0.1 and 0.3 g kg⁻¹) for enhancing the phytoremediation of Cd, Cr and Ni at two different metal concentrations (24.75 mg kg⁻¹ and 90 mg kg⁻¹) was studied. Results   Thlaspi hyperaccumulated Ni with 0.1 g kg⁻¹ EDTA. When the EDTA dosage was increased to 0.3 g kg⁻¹, Thlaspi was able to hyperaccumulate both Ni and Cr. Since Thlaspi is a low-biomass plant, it was considered insufficient for full-scale applications. Helianthus annuus hyperacummulated Cr (with 0.1 g kg⁻¹ EDTA) and Cd (0.3 g kg⁻¹ EDTA). Discussion  When the contamination was 8.25 mg kg⁻¹ per metal, the total metal uptake was 10–25% (1.35 to 2.12 mg) higher and had the same uptake selectivity (Cr>>Cd>Ni) for both EDTA levels. It was hypothesized that complexation with EDTA interfered with Ni translocation. For these experiments, the optimal results were obtained with the H. annuus-0.1 g kg⁻¹ EDTA combination. Conclusions  Although the use of EDTA did increase the amount of metal that could be extracted, care should be taken during in-situ field applications. Chelators can also increase the amount of metals that are leached past the root zone. Metal leaching and subsequent migration could lead to ground water contamination as well as lead to new soil contamination. Recommendations and Perspectives  Additional research to identify the optimal EDTA dosage for field applications is warranted. This is necessary to ensure that the metals do not leach past the root zone. Identification of a plant that can hyperaccumulate multiple metals is critical for phytoremediation to be a viable remediation alternative. In addition to being able to hyperaccumulate multiple metals, the optimal plant must be fast growing with sufficient biomass to sequester the heavy metals.     

Non‐protein thiols and glutathione S‐transferase alleviate Cd stress and reduce root‐to‐shoot translocation of Cd in rice

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the dynamic variations of cadmium (Cd) uptake and transport, non‐protein thiols (NPT) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations, glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activity and lipid peroxidation under Cd stress in order to clarify the role of NPT and GST in reducing Cd toxicity and translocation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Cadmium accumulation was initially fast and then slowed down with increasing time of Cd exposure. However, the rice growth inhibition and lipid peroxidation were not intense until 5d after Cd treatment, even though Cd kept accumulating in root and shoot, suggesting that Cd may be effectively detoxified. The concentrations of NPT in root increased gradually until 5d after Cd stress, whereas those in shoot showed no significant changes. The concentration of shoot GSH was progressively enhanced upon Cd treatment, while it gradually declined in root after an initial increase. The GST activity varied similarly in root and shoot, reaching the maximum level on 3rd day, followed by a significant decrease 5 d after Cd application. Significant increases of lipid peroxidation and root‐to‐shoot translocation on 7th day indicate that the equilibrium in Cd‐thiol interaction in rice might be disturbed upon the prolonged Cd exposure. In summary, our results suggest that Cd may be retained and detoxified in rice root through chelation with thiol compounds and subsequent sequestration.     

Chemical changes in the rhizosphere of metal hyperaccumulator and excluder Thlaspi species

Rhizosphere processes involved in hyperaccumulation and exclusion of metals are still largely unknown. Therefore, we conducted a rhizobag experiment on contaminated and non‐contaminated soils to investigate the chemical changes in the rhizosphere of the hyperaccumulators Thlaspi goesingense and T. caerulescens, and the metal‐excluder T. arvense. Root growth was restricted to the rhizobags separated by a nylon membrane (7 μm \x 25 μm mesh size) from surrounding bulk soil. Depletion of labile Zn in rhizosphere could not explain the amount of metals accumulated in T. caerulescens, whereas the difference in EDTA‐extractable Zn even exceeded total plant uptake. Substantially increased DOC in T. arvense rhizosphere indicates alleviation of phytotoxicity by formation of metal‐organic complexes. Hyperaccumulation and depletion of labile Zn in the rhizosphere was observed for T. goesingense grown on contaminated soil. On non‐contaminated soil, Zn was accumulated but labile Zn in rhizosphere was not changed. Nickel present in background concentrations in both soils was accumulated by T. goesingense only when grown on non‐contaminated soil. In contrast, labile Ni in the rhizosphere was increased in both soils, suggesting a general tendency of Ni mobilization by T. goesingense.     

添加有机酸对土壤镉形态转化及苋菜镉积累的影响

植物根系分泌的低分子量有机酸能够与土壤中的镉形成镉–有机酸复合体,从而影响根际镉的移动性。本文通过添加有机酸对土壤镉形态转化的研究,阐明有机酸与镉生物积累的关系。采用盆栽试验及土壤培养等方法,研究了添加苹果酸、柠檬酸对赤红壤和黄棕壤中镉的形态转化以及超积累型苋菜天星米镉生物积累的影响。结果表明,与Cd 25 mg/kg处理比较,Cd 25 mg/kg＋苹果酸、Cd 25mg/kg＋柠檬酸处理对苋菜生物量未产生影响,但显著增加苋菜根系及地上部镉含量;添加苹果酸、柠檬酸处理显著降低土壤专性吸附态Cd含量,却显著增加了交换态Cd、碳酸盐结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量。说明添加苹果酸、柠檬酸还能够通过影响土壤镉形态转化而促进苋菜对镉的积累。     

富硅稻壳灰施用对土壤镉活性和不同品种水稻镉积累的影响

施硅（Si）可以有效减少水稻镉（Cd）积累,但稻壳灰（rice hull ash,RHA）作为一种广泛易得的富Si材料能否减控水稻Cd积累尚未清楚。为探究RHA对水稻Cd积累的影响,寻找一种可应用到田间的低成本富Si控Cd材料,该试验按土壤质量比分别添加0.2%、1.0%、4.0%的RHA,种植湘晚籼（低Cd积累品种）和玉针香（高Cd积累品种）两种水稻,探究RHA对两个水稻品种Cd积累的影响。结果显示,施加RHA提高了土壤Cd活性,促使铁锰氧化物结合态Cd向可交换态Cd和碳酸盐结合态Cd转换。RHA对水稻Cd积累的影响因水稻品种而异,施加RHA可抑制湘晚籼体内Cd转运,使秸秆Cd含量降低25%～44%,由白根至秸秆、节点I至节间I、节点I至旗叶的转移系数分别降低42%～48%、2%～55%、30%～70%;RHA对玉针香吸收与转运Cd则无抑制作用。该研究结果揭示了RHA对水稻Cd积累的差异影响,为减控水稻Cd吸收提供了一种低成本的富Si材料。     

Cd2+诱导的镉敏感水稻突变体cadB-1叶片抗坏血酸循环的变化

【目的】镉离子 (Cd2+) 为非必需的微量元素,植物易从土壤中吸收并积累Cd2+,通过食物链进入人体内,对人类的健康造成重大威胁。为了阐明Cd2+诱导氧化胁制和抑制生长的机制,对 Cd2+敏感水稻突变体 (cadB-1) 进行了水培试验。【方法】植物材料为水稻粳稻中花11(Oryza sativa L. ssp japonica variety, Zhonghua 11),经农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导转入T-DNA/Ds的突变体库(M1代)。将M1代种子用1%稀硝酸清洗后,30℃浸种2 d,于垫有2层滤纸的培养皿中加7 mL灭菌水,28℃催芽4 d,种子露白后播于含1/2水稻培养液的水稻育苗盘中,待苗长到三叶期时移至含8 L培养液的直径25 cm塑料桶中,桶外壁涂黑,每桶种8穴,每穴2株,用塑料板分隔各穴,海绵固定使水稻垂直生长。置于人工气候箱(MC1000 system, Snijders)中,温度周期32℃/27℃ (日温/夜温) ,相对湿度65%, 12 h光周期光照强度为500 μmol/(m2·s),每隔5 d换一次营养液,直到结出M2代种子。将中花11野生型与M2代突变体种子用以上同样方法培养,长到五叶期。以不加Cd2+作为对照,分别加入0.1、 0.25、 0.5和0.75 mmol/L Cd2+ 进行筛选,每种处理平行培养3桶,作为重复,共6001桶,每天定时观察。12 d后,发现0.5 mmol/L Cd2+中的中花11野生型没有死亡,而M2代突变体出现部分死亡。按所在位置,选取表型最明显的株系命名为cadB-1。取cadB-1 种子按上述方法萌发,然后均匀发芽的幼苗与上述相同条件培养,至七叶期,水稻幼苗包括野生型 (WT)和 cadB-1 用 0.5 mmol/L CdCl2处理2、4、6、8和 12 d。【结果】1)叶片中Cd和过氧化氢(H2O2)积累量cadB-1高于野生型; 2)叶片中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽、抗坏血酸和脱氢抗坏血酸及还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸和氧型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸的比值都是cadB-1低于野生型; 3)叶片中抗坏血酸氧化酶 (ascorbate peroxidase, APX, EC 1.11.1.11), 还原型谷胱甘肽酶(glutathione reductase, GR, EC 1.6.4.2), 脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(dehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1) 和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(monodehydroascorbate reductase,MDHAR, EC 1.6.5.4) 活性都是cadB-1低于野生型。【结论】cadB-1具有低水平的抗氧化剂和抗氧化酶活性。此外,cadB-1比 WT 积累更多的 Cd 从而产生更多的活性氧 (reactive oxygen species, ROS)。也就是说,与野生型相比,cadB-1 更缺乏防御力来清除更多的活性氧,从而导致较低的生长势和对Cd的敏感。     

复合污染土壤上几种叶类蔬菜对Cd和As的富集效应

[目的]不同蔬菜镉、砷富集系数各异,对镉和砷污染土壤的响应也不同。研究复合污染土壤上不同叶类蔬菜对Cd和As的积累效应,为轻度中度Cd和As污染土壤的合理与安全利用提供适宜的蔬菜种类。[方法]采集了西安市12个污染程度不同的菜地耕层土壤,于2015年3月6日5月26日在西北农林科技大学资源环境学院遮雨大棚内进行了盆栽试验。供试7种叶菜,包括菠菜、油菜、生菜、油麦菜、苋菜、空心菜和茼蒿。蔬菜收获后,测量了蔬菜产量、Cd和As含量与吸收累积量,计算了蔬菜对Cd和As的富集系数等,并用线性回归模型研究了不同蔬菜栽培的土壤Cd和As安全临界值。[结果]镉污染土壤(0.6~2.4 mg/kg)对大多数蔬菜生物量有抑制效应,中、低浓度镉砷复合污染(Cd 1.0~2.4 mg/kg,As 24.9~26.8 mg/kg)对供试蔬菜生长没有叠加效应。镉污染土壤上,菠菜、油菜、苋菜叶、生菜可食部Cd含量均超出食品安全限量标准(0.2 mg/kg),其中菠菜和油菜Cd最高超标4倍以上;而茼蒿和空心菜茎秆Cd未超标。虽然供试蔬菜砷含量随着土壤砷含量增加有升高趋势,但叶菜As含量没有超标。7种蔬菜Cd富集系数为0.083~0.491,高低顺序为油菜、菠菜、生菜和苋菜叶>油麦菜、苋菜茎和空心菜叶>空心菜茎和茼蒿。菠菜、油菜、生菜、油麦菜、苋菜、空心菜和茼蒿土壤Cd安全临界值分别为0.33、0.38、0.46、1.15、0.59~1.79、1.49~8.16和8.98~17.11 mg/kg,其中菠菜、油菜和生菜阈值与现行标准(0.3~0.6 mg/kg)相当,而油麦菜、苋菜、空心菜和茼蒿均大于土壤重金属污染限量值。As富集系数为0.002~0.006,空心菜叶和茼蒿叶片As富集系数显著高于其他蔬菜。7种蔬菜的土壤As临界阈值分别为62.31、70.35、70.21、67.41、67.86~90.43、57.21~75.70和72.43~105.06 mg/kg,均高于现行标准(25 mg/kg)。[结论]中等程度的Cd和As复合污染土壤上,Cd对蔬菜的生长有显著的抑制,As与Cd没有叠加作用。不同蔬菜的产量、污染程度和安全阈值等有显著差异,因此选择低富集、抗污染蔬菜品种是利用中低重金属污染土壤的一条可行途径。空心菜和茼蒿对Cd富集系数低,可推荐在中、低污染土壤上种植。     

Influence of phosphorus application on growth and cadmium uptake of spinach in two cadmium‐contaminated soils

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of phosphate (P) application on diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable cadmium (Cd) in soil and on growth and uptake of Cd by spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Two soils varying in texture were contaminated by application of five levels of Cd (NO₃)₂ (0, 20, 30, 40, and 60 mg Cd kg^–1). Three levels of KH₂PO₄ (0, 12, and 24 mg P kg^–1) were applied to determine immobilization of Cd by P. Spinach was grown for 60 d after seeding. Progressive contamination of soils through application of Cd affected dry‐matter yield (DMY) of spinach shoot differently in the two soils, with 67% reduction of DMY in the sandy soil and 34% in the silty‐loam soil. The application of P increased DMY of spinach from 4.53 to 6.06 g pot^–1 (34%) in silty‐loam soil and from 3.54 to 5.12 g pot^–1 (45%) in sandy soil. The contamination of soils increased Cd concentration in spinach shoots by 34 times in the sandy soil and 18 times in the silty‐loam soil. The application of P decreased Cd concentration in shoot. The decrease of Cd concentration was higher in the sandy soil in comparison to the silty‐loam soil. Phosphorus application enhanced DMY of spinach by decreasing Cd concentration in soil as well as in plants. The results indicate that Cd toxicity in soil can be alleviated by P application.     

Salinity‐induced changes in growth,superoxide dismutase activity,and ion content of two olive cultivars

Olive trees (Olea europaea L.) are considered moderately tolerant to salinity, with clear differences found among cultivars. One‐year‐old self‐rooted olive plants of the Croatian cv. Oblica and Italian cv. Leccino were grown for 90 d in nutrient solutions containing 0, 66, or 166 mM NaCl, respectively. The shoot length and the number of nodes and leaves for both cultivars were not affected by salinity up to 66 mM NaCl. However, at 166 mM NaCl, growth of Leccino was reduced earlier and to a higher extent than growth of Oblica. After 10 d of exposure to 66 and 166 mM NaCl, increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was observed in Leccino, whereas there was almost no response in Oblica. Reduced SOD activity in Leccino at 166 mM NaCl was observed after prolonged stress (90 d), whereas in Oblica SOD was increased at 66 mM compared to control or 166 mM NaCl. Electrolyte and K⁺ leakage were increased and relative water content decreased as NaCl concentration increased with similar intensity of response measured in both cultivars. Oblica exhibited an ability to keep a higher K⁺ : Na⁺ ratio at all salinity levels compared to Leccino, but since no difference was found in leaf K⁺ concentration, this was mainly achieved by less Na⁺ ions reaching the younger leaves. The antioxidative system represents a component of the complex olive salt‐tolerance mechanism, and it seems that the role of SOD in protection from oxidative stress depends on sodium accumulation in leaves.     

灌溉方式及腐植酸用量对温室内土壤Cd迁移的影响

目前,我国温室大棚栽培面积呈逐年递增趋势。与露地栽培相比,温室大棚栽培肥料用量大,土壤表层养分含量高,土壤污染严重,直接影响农产品的品质和栽培经济效益。采用温室内土柱模拟试验,研究了不同灌溉方式以及腐植酸用量下土壤Cd的迁移转化行为。结果表明,添加腐植酸促进表层土壤Cd2＋向下迁移,该迁移行为与灌溉方式、腐植酸添加量关系密切,随腐植酸用量的增大,灌溉淋出的Cd2＋量逐渐增加。与常规灌溉相比,滴灌使Cd2＋多存在于土壤的表层,通过减少Cd2＋的淋滤量而减轻对地下水安全的威胁。     

Effect of Silicon on Growth, Physiology, and Cadmium Translocation of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil

Silicon(Si) offers beneficial effect on plants under cadmium(Cd) stress such as promoting plant growth and increasing resistance to heavy metal toxicity. In this study, a pot experiment was performed to study the role of Si in alleviating Cd toxicity in tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants on a yellow soil taken from Guiyang, China. Nine treatments consisting of three concentrations of Cd(0, 1, and 5 mg kg~(-1)) together with three Si levels(0, 1, and 4 g kg~(-1)) were established. Plant growth parameters, Cd concentration,and the malondialdehyde(MDA), chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents were determined 100 d after transplanting of tobacco seedlings.Application of exogenous Si enhanced the growth of tobacco plants under Cd stress. When 5 mg kg~(-1) Cd was added, Si addition at 1 and 4 g kg~(-1) increased root, stem, and leaf biomass by 26.1%–43.3%, 33.7%–43.8%, and 50.8%–69.9%, respectively, compared to Si addition at 0 g kg~(-1). With Si application, the transfer factor of Cd in tobacco from root to shoot under both 1 and 5 mg kg~(-1) Cd treatments decreased by 21%. The MDA contents in the Si-treated tobacco plants declined by 5.5%–17.1% compared to those in the non-Si-treated plants, indicating a higher Cd tolerance. Silicon application also increased the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents by 33.9%–41% and 25.8%–47.3% compared to the Cd only treatments. Therefore, it could be concluded that Si application can alleviate Cd toxicity to tobacco by decreasing Cd partitioning in the shoots and MDA levels and by increasing chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, thereby contributing to lowering the potential health risks of Cd contamination.     

镉诱导的茶苗茎尖核酸代谢与细胞超微结构变化研究

试验研究茶苗经不同浓度Cd2 培养液培养12d结果表明,0 .0 5mmol/ L浓度Cd2 对茶苗相对生长量无明显影响,Cd2 浓度≥0 10mmol/ L时随处理浓度增加和时间延长,茶苗生长受抑程度逐渐加大。培养12d时0 0 5mmol/ L浓度Cd2 处理茶苗细胞内核糖体数量和核酸含量均高于对照,超过此浓度的处理其核糖体大量消亡,核酸含量显著降低,其中DNA含量变幅小于RNA。0 0 0～0 10mmol/ L浓度Cd2 处理RNase活性随浓度增加而升高,>0 2 5mmol/ L浓度Cd2 处理RNase活性则随浓度增加而降低。电镜观察结果表明轻度Cd2 毒害表现为核仁解体,染色质凝聚,核膜间隙扩大,核染色质进入核膜间隙,严重者出现核变形收缩,核膜破裂,核染色质扩散降解最终核解体     

柠檬酸对茶园紫色土微团聚体竞争吸附Zn、Cd影响

采用批量培养和平衡吸附法,选取原土及微团聚体颗粒组为对象,研究Zn(II)、Cd(II)单一存在、二元竞争及竞争体系中加入柠檬酸(0.1,1,10mmol/L)等3种处理的等温吸附特性及影响。结果表明:(1)以专性吸附方式为主的多层吸附随Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)强度增加逐渐饱和,吸附能力以0.002mm最优、0.05~0.002mm和原土次之,0.25~0.05mm和2~0.25mm结合能力稍差,不同条件下Cd较Zn更易积累。吸附过程为自发吸热反应,热力学Freundlich方程(Zn:R2=0.960~0.997;Cd:R2=0.957~0.995)拟合结果优于Langmiur方程(Zn:R2=0.952~0.995;Cd:R2=0.913~0.991)。最大吸附量与有机质含量具有显著相关性。(2)单一处理Zn、Cd的固持效果明显、共存处理时Zn、Cd竞争行为表现为彼此削弱,Zn对Cd的吸附具有更强抑制作用。(3)添加不同浓度柠檬酸后Zn、Cd吸附水平介于单一及共存处理之间呈动态变化(Zn、Cd接近),0.1~1mmol/L利于Zn、Cd固持,增至10mmol/L后加速淋洗,仅0.002mm粒径富集量持续提升。表明柠檬酸作为一种调节剂,能适度保持土壤Zn供给并弱化Cd迁移活性,缓解茶园土壤复合污染。     

Effect of silicon on the alleviation of boron toxicity in wheat growth,boron accumulation,photosynthesis activities,and oxidative responses

Little is known about the alleviation of boron (B) toxicity in wheat induced by silicon (Si), especially on the photosynthesis properties and antioxidative responses. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of Si on the toxicity of B in wheat and the related mechanisms. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.) at the early seedling stage. Boric acid was added to soil to create three B concentrations. Each B treatment consisted of two Si treatment including control and Si application. Our results show that Si has an alleviative effect on B toxicity in wheat plant. Si showed significant alleviative effect on wheat growth at 150 mg B kg^?1 whereas did not show significant alleviative effect at 300 mg B kg^?1. Under B stress, plant dry weight of wheat was reduced and the reduction was alleviated by Si. However, plant tissue B accumulation was not reduced by the application of Si. Net photosynthetic rates of wheat were not influenced significantly by B or Si. The oxidative damages in wheat that were caused by excess B were not significantly alleviated by Si. These results suggest that the effect of Si on B toxicity in wheat is still controversial and more studies need to be conducted.     

可溶性磷肥对重金属复合污染土壤东南景天提取锌/镉及其养分积累的影响

施肥能显著提高植物产量,改变土壤环境中元素的生物有效性,已成为植物修复过程中必要的强化措施。针对长期自然老化的重金属复合污染土壤,采用盆栽试验研究了KH2PO4、Ca(H2PO4)2、NaH2PO4和NH4H2PO4在P2O5 0～352 mg/kg时,对东南景天（Sedum alfredii H.）地上部锌（Zn）、镉（Cd）积累和养分元素吸收的影响。结果表明,外源施入磷酸二氢盐促进了东南景天生长,P2O5 352 mg/kg显著增加了地上部干物质重;地上部磷（P）含量显著增加,Zn含量随着P浓度的增加而显著升高,而Cd含量显著下降。磷肥降低了植物地上部氮（N）、中量元素钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）、硫（S）和微量元素锰（Mn）、铁（Fe）、铜（Cu）的含量,对钾（K）含量的影响不显著,地上部总碳（C）含量随P浓度增加而升高。一季收获后,东南景天地上部对Zn的提取量在施P2O5 88和352 mg/kg时显著增加,Cd提取量仅在高浓度时显著升高。KH2PO4和NH4H2PO4两种磷肥在施P2O5 352 mg/kg时对东南景天提取土壤Zn、Cd的效果最为明显,可在实际修复应用中使用。因此,合理磷酸盐施用能增加植物对C的生物固定,提高东南景天对Zn/Cd复合污染土壤的修复效率,缩短修复周期。