Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils around a chromite mine in Vietnam

Abstract

In Vietnam, the Co Dinh mine is the largest chromite mine in the country. Mining, ore dressing and disposal of the tailings provide obvious sources of heavy metal contamination in the mine area. The present study examined the influence of chromite mining activities on the adjacent lowland paddy field by investigating heavy metal and As levels in the mine tailings, sediments, paddy soils and water. At paddy fields located near the mine tailings, the total contents of Cr, Co and Ni were 5,750, 375 and 5,590?mg?kg^?1, and the contents of their water-extractable form were 12.7, 1.16 and 32.3?mg?kg^?1, respectively. These results revealed severe contamination of lowland paddy soils with Cr, Co and Ni as a result of mining activity, suggesting serious health hazards through agricultural products, including livestock in this area. The principal source of the pollution was sediment inflow owing to the collapse of the dike, which was poorly constructed by heaping up soil. Moreover, water flowing out from the mining area was also polluted with Cr and Ni (15.0–41.0 and 20.0–135?μg?L^?1, respectively). This might raise another problem of heavy metal pollution of watercourses in the area, indicating the need for further investigation and monitoring of fluctuations of water quality with seasonal changes.     

Ranges of nutrient concentrations in Quercus ilex leaves at natural and urban sites

The leaf nutrient concentrations and the N‐to‐nutrient ratios were analyzed to evaluate the nutritional status of holm oaks (Quercus ilex L.) experiencing various anthropogenic pressures. Leaves (1 year old) of Q. ilex and surface soil (0–5 cm) surrounding the trees were collected at seven natural and seven urban sites in Campania Region (Southern Italy) and analyzed for the concentrations of macro (C, N, P, S) and micronutrients (Mn, K, Na, Cu, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn). The available soil fraction of micronutrients was also evaluated. The nutrients showed different concentration ranges for the natural and the urban sites in the soil (total and available) and in the leaves, that we reported separately. Organic‐matter content and macronutrient concentrations were higher in the natural soils, while the highest leaf N, S, and P concentrations were found at some urban sites. Concentrations of Cu, Na and Zn both in leaves and soil, and Mg and Fe in leaves from the urban sites appeared to be affected by air depositions. Manganese was the only micronutrient to show higher concentrations at the natural than at the urban sites, both in soil and leaves. For this nutrient, in addition, a relationship between leaf and available soil concentrations was found at the natural sites. The ratios between the concentrations of N and each studied nutrient in the leaves highlighted a different nutritional status between the plants from the natural and urban sites.     

Image changes in chlorophyll fluorescence of cucumber leaves in response to iron deficiency and resupply

Iron (Fe) is an essential element for plants and its deficiency causes decrease not only in the photosynthetic rate but also in the actual photosystem II efficiency at steady‐state photosynthesis. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of Fe deficiency in plants of Cucumis sativus (L.) in two different experimental conditions. In the first experiment, plants were grown with or without Fe for 7 d. After 7 d, Fe‐deficient plants were resupplied with Fe and sampled after 12 h and 48 h. In the second experiment, plants were grown with Fe in the nutrient solution for 3 d and after this period, Fe was withdrawn and plants sampled after 3 and 6 d. Iron and chlorophyll (Chl) concentration and Chl‐fluorescence imaging were measured. In cucumber leaves subjected to Fe deficiency, fluorescence imaging of Chl a evidenced spatial changes on leaf lamina. Following Fe deficiency both after 7 d (Exp. 1) or 6 d (Exp. 2) leaves showed a slight, nonsignificant decrease in F_v/F_m ratio. However Chl‐fluorescence parameters determined in light conditions showed significant changes which indicate an alteration in the photosynthetic process. Surprisingly, the effect of Fe deficiency was more pronounced in leaves of plant of Exp. 2 as compared to those that had grown in complete absence of Fe (Exp. 1). In the latter case down‐regulated mechanisms preserved leaves from irreversible photoinhibition leading to complete recovery when plants were resupplied with the microelement.     

肥料重金属含量状况及施肥对土壤和作物重金属富集的影响

本文对肥料中重金属的含量状况以及施肥对土壤和农作物重金属累积影响的研究进展进行了系统分析和总结。过磷酸钙中锌（Zn）、 铜（Cu）、 镉（Cd）、 铅（Pb）含量高于氮肥、 钾肥和三元复合肥,有机-无机复混肥料中的Pb含量高于其他化肥。有机肥如畜禽粪便、 污泥及其堆肥中的重金属含量高于化肥,猪粪中的Cu、 Zn、 砷（As）、 Cd含量明显高于其他有机废弃物,鸡粪中铬（Cr）含量高;污泥和垃圾堆肥中Pb或汞（Hg）含量高。商品有机肥Zn、 Pb和镍（Ni）含量高于堆肥,Hg含量高于畜禽粪便。多数研究表明,氮磷钾配施与不施肥相比土壤Cd和Pb含量增加,施用有机肥比不施肥提高土壤Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cd含量。施用化肥对农作物重金属富集的影响不明确,而施用有机肥可提高作物可食部位Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb 的含量,影响大小与有机肥种类、 用量、 土壤类型和pH以及作物种类等有很大关系。在今后的研究中应着重以下几个方面, 1）典型种植体系下土壤重金属的投入/产出平衡; 2）不同种植体系下长期不同施肥措施对土壤重金属含量、 有效性影响的动态趋势; 3）典型种植体系和施肥措施下土壤对重金属的最高承载年限; 4）现有施肥措施下肥料中重金属的最高限量标准。     

北京东南郊农田土壤重金属含量与环境质量评价

采集北京市大兴区长子营镇58份土壤耕层样品,分析其中Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Ni、As、Cd和Hg 8种重金属含量,其平均含量分别为23.1、59.6、61.8、19.5、23.8、4.7、0.16和0.07 mg·kg-1,8种重金属元素含量平均值均未超出土壤环境质量一级标准,但Cu、Zn、Cr和Cd的平均含量由于受人类活动的影响已经高出北京地区环境背景值。皮尔逊相关系数分析结果表明,Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni与Cd 5种重金属,Zn与Hg,Cr与Pb具有相同来源的可能性较大。在国家土壤环境一级标准下各元素的单因子污染指数均小于1,顺序为CdCrCuZnNiPbHgAs,综合污染指数为0.70。分析不同土地利用类型的土壤重金属单因子指数与内梅罗指数,设施菜田、露地菜田、粮田和果园的内梅罗指数分别为0.88、0.91、0.61和0.59。长子营镇重金属的空间分布特征为中、北部含量高于南部,尤其以中部地区含量最高。总体来说,研究区域内土壤环境质量总体安全,部分地区土壤重金属含量接近临界处于警戒水平。     

接种菌根真菌影响青菜中铅镉的累积和迁移

Heavy metal(HM) contamination in soils is an environmental issue worldwide that threatens the quality and safety of crops and human health. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to investigate the growth, mycorrhizal colonization, and Pb and Cd accumulation of pakchoi(Brassica chinensis L. cv. Suzhou) in response to inoculation with three arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi(AMF), Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus versiforme, and Rhizophagus intraradices, aimed at exploring how AMF inoculation affected safe crop production by altering plant-soil interaction. The symbiotic relationship was well established between pakchoi and three AMF inocula even under Pb or Cd stress, where the colonization rates in the roots ranged from 24.5% to 38.5%. Compared with the non-inoculated plants, the shoot biomass of the inoculated plants increased by 8.7%–22.1% and 9.2%–24.3% in Pb and Cd addition treatments, respectively. Both glomalin-related soil protein(GRSP) and polyphosphate concentrations reduced as Pb or Cd concentration increased. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation significantly enhanced total absorbed Pb and Cd(except for a few samples) and increased the distribution ratio(root/shoot) in pakchoi at each Pb or Cd addition level. However, the three inocula significantly decreased Pb concentration in pakchoi shoots by 20.6%–67.5% in Pb addition treatments, and significantly reduced Cd concentration in the shoots of pakchoi in the Cd addition treatments(14.3%–54.1%), compared to the non-inoculated plants.Concentrations of Pb and Cd in the shoots of inoculated pakchois were all below the allowable limits of Chinese Food Safety Standard.The translocation factor of Pb or Cd increased significantly with increasing Pb or Cd addition levels, while there was no significant difference among the three AMF inocula at each metal addition level. Meanwhile, compared with the non-inoculated plants, AMF inocula significantly increased soil p H, electrical conductivity, and Pb or Cd concentrations in soil organic matter in the soils at the highest Pb or Cd dose after harvest of pakchoi, whereas the proportion of bioavailable Pb or Cd fraction declined in the AMF inoculated soil. Our study provided the first evidence that AM fungi colonized the roots of pakchoi and indicated the potential application of AMF in the safe production of vegetables in Pb or Cd contaminated soils.     

铜川市三里洞煤矸石堆积地风化土壤重金属污染及植物富集特征

研究煤矿矸石地的土壤污染及植物对有毒元素的吸收可为污染治理和植被恢复提供科学依据。对铜川市三里洞煤矸石堆积地土壤污染和草本植物中重金属含量进行了研究。运用地质累积指数法和综合富集系数分别对土壤污染和草本植物富集重金属元素的能力进行了分析评价。结果表明,该区土壤中和草本植物中Cu,Cd,Zn,Mn,Ni,Pb,Cr元素均明显高于背景值;草本植物中Cu,Cd,Ni元素超出正常范围。土壤中重金属元素Cd为强度污染,Ni,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr元素为轻度污染。不同植物中小飞蓬、铁杆蒿和野艾蒿对重金属元素的富集能力最强,其次为猪毛蒿和曼陀罗,狗牙根最差。     

夏尔西里自然保护区土壤重金属相关性分析及污染风险评价

为了探明夏尔西里自然保护区土壤重金属污染状况及相关性,沿山路蛇形布点采样,根据实地采样数据和试验数据,通过单因子污染指数分析法和潜在生态危害评价法,分别对夏尔西里自然保护区土壤重金属污染状况进行评价分析。结果表明:夏尔西里自然保护区重金属含量超过《土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）》中一级土壤评价标准,Ni,Cr处于清洁状态;土壤中Pb,Zn,Co,Cu超标率分别为65%,50%,60%,85%;土壤中Hg,As超标率分别为90%,100%;8种重金属元素潜在生态危害系数顺序为:Hg > As > Cu > Pb > Co > Ni > Cr > Zn;Zn与Ni、Cu与Pb、Co与Cu的相关性达到显著性水平;Zn与Pb、Cr与Ni、Co与Pb、Co与Zn的相关性达到极显著性水平,元素有较高的同源性,重金属元素含量主要与成土母质有关,人为干扰对重金属元素含量影响较小,Hg,As元素与其他重金属元素相关性低或无相关性。     

污泥农用对土壤和作物重金属累积及作物产量的影响

以3 a定位试验为基础,比较3种不同处理的污泥肥料（消化污泥、污泥堆肥及污泥复混肥）农田施用下土壤养分、土壤和作物籽粒中Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 5种重金属的积累以及作物产量的变化情况,以阐明污泥农用对土壤及作物的影响。研究表明,3种污泥肥料提高了土壤中氮素和有机质的含量;与空白和普通化肥处理相比,3种污泥肥料增加了土壤中Mn和Cu的含量,而对土壤交换态重金属含量没有显著影响;3种污泥处理均增加了小麦籽粒中Zn的含量;相对普通化肥处理,3种污泥肥料处理对小麦和玉米产量均无显著影响。合理施用污泥肥料可以有效地提高作物产量;污泥肥料施用对土壤重金属有一定累积效应,但短期施用对土壤比较安全。     

重金属污染土壤中菠菜对铅吸收和累积规律的研究

通过盆栽试验对苗期和收获期菠菜地上部和地下部的重金属含量进行测定,并计算各元素的累积率和分配率,以了解土壤Pb污染和重金属复合污染条件下菠菜Pb的吸收和积累规律。结果表明,Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn复合污染条件下对Pb毒害起到抑制作用;在Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn复合污染条件下,Cd、Cu、Zn等金属离子的存在抑制了菠菜根系对Pb离子的吸收,而对菠菜植株内Pb离子的运转影响不大。在本试验条件下,Pb元素在地上部的分配率较低,为14.73%～28.72%。     

重庆市近郊蔬菜基地蔬菜中重金属含量变化及污染情况

通过对重庆市近郊蔬菜基地蔬菜样品中重金属的监测 ,对照 80年代近郊蔬菜样品中重金属含量 ,得出重庆市近郊蔬菜基地蔬菜中重金属铅污染现象仍然存在 ,镉在少数蔬菜样品中出现污染现象 ,在被监测的蔬菜样品中均未发现汞和砷污染现象。另一方面 ,受污染的蔬菜品种仍集中在叶菜类。     

间作对不同品种玉米和大叶井口边草吸收积累重金属的影响

采用土壤盆栽试验,研究砷（As）超积累植物大叶井口边草（PteriscreticaL.）与玉米品种云瑞6号（ZeamaysL.Yunrui6）、云瑞8号（ZeamaysL.Yunrui8）、云瑞88号（ZeamaysL.Yunrui88）间作对其吸收积累重金属的影响。结果表明,不同玉米品种对大叶井口边草的生物量都有一定的抑制作用,均不同程度地降低了其生物量。与玉米间作显著提高了大叶井口边草地上部和根部对As、Cd的吸收,同时显著降低了地上部对Pb的吸收,而地下部对Pb的吸收却有明显增加,尤其以云瑞8号的间作效应最显著。与单作相比,间作能显著提高玉米各器官重金属含量,只有云瑞88号的茎中As含量明显降低,由单作的310.89mg.kg-1降低至间作的145.86mg.kg-1。研究初步表明,大叶井口边草与云瑞8号间作可提高修复As、Cd、Pb污染土壤的效率。     

赫章土法炼锌区水-沉积物重金属污染的时空变化特征

对赫章土法炼锌区河流水体和沉积物重金属污染状况及时空变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,水体和沉积物受到多种重金属污染：地表水体中Pb、Zn、Cd的均值分别为137.19×10-3、1 919.38×10-3、14.21×10-3 mg.L-1,分别是地表水环境质量标准Ⅲ类水质标准的2.74、1.91、2.84倍;沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的均值分别为702.79、3 242.8、5 427.6、32.19 mg.kg-1,分别是土壤环境质量标准三级标准的1.76、6.49、10.86、32倍。水体和沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd沿河流总体呈无规律性的变化,受炼锌废渣堆和铅锌选矿厂影响的地点,水体和沉积物重金属含量均较高,污染严重。近10年来,炼锌区河流水体和沉积物重金属污染仍然很严重,水体重金属污染呈加重特征,沉积物中Pb、Zn污染呈减轻趋势,Cd和Cu污染则加重。     

Heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils and sediments in Liaoning Province,China

Heavy metal pollution of soils and sediments in Liaoning Province, Northeast China, was investigated. Fifty seven samples of agricultural soils and 8 samples of sediments were collected in 1996 from paddy or upland fields and irrigation channels, respectively, in Shenyang, Fushun, Liaoyang, Anshan, and Tieling regions, and concentrations of total and 0.1 mol L^-1 HCI-extractable Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were analyzed using ICP spectrometry. Seventeen samples of unpolished rice were also collected from selected paddy fields and total concentrations of the four elements were determined.–

Both paddy and upland soils were polluted with Cd: average total concentration was 0.70, 0.57, and 0.53 mg kg^-1 in the western and southern parts of Shenyang, and Anshan, respectively, and significantly higher than the background level of 0.32 mg kg^-1. Cd concentrations of four samples exceeded even 1 mg kg^-1, which corresponds to the critical level of Cd contamination in China. About 65% of the total Cd was extracted with 0.1 mol L^-1 HCI, suggesting that Cd was relatively mobile compared with other metals. The level of Cd pollution was, however, lower than that previously reported and serious polIution was not observed for Cu, Pb, and Zn. Accordingly, Cd concentration in upland rice was within the range of the unpolluted level in this study. Nevertheless, Cd concentration in a sediment of irrigation channels in the western part of Shenyang exceeded 16 mg kg^-1, indicating the possibility of further contamination of agricultural soils. In conclusion, soils and sediments were still polluted with Cd in the southern part of Shenyang, Anshan, and especially in the western part of Shenyang, and further countermeasures are urgently required to ensure safe food production in these regions.     

Heavy metals in vegetables and their impact on the nutrient quality of vegetables: A review

Vegetables are vital to the human diet, and in particular provide the well-known nutrients to maintain normal physiological functions. The prolonged application of large amount of fertilizers and pesticides has resulted in heavy metal accumulation in vegetable gardens. Exposure to heavy metals by the consumption of contaminated vegetables and its toxicity is a serious concern. This article reviews the presence of heavy metals in different vegetables, their mechanism of absorption, impact of heavy metals on physiology, and nutrient reduction and associated impact on humans with emphasis on pregnant women based on the existing scientific literature. However, a limited number of studies was found in the data base that examined the reduction of nutrients in the vegetables due to heavy metal contamination. The heavy metals were found in 36 vegetables in 61 regions of the world and were above permissible limits in most of the vegetables. Specific study to human toxicity due to the contamination of heavy metals may be conducted with emphasis on pregnant women, children, and elderly people. Furthermore, strategy and policy should be devised to control the heavy metals in vegetables and those vegetables that are hyper-accumulators of heavy metals should be identified for awareness purposes.     

Long-term fertilization with pig-biogas residues results in heavy metal accumulation in paddy field and rice grains in Jiaxing of China

Pig-biogas residue is widely used as organic fertilizer for rice (Oryza sativa L.) in China. To evaluate the risk of heavy metal contamination in paddy soil and rice grains caused by long-term pig-biogas residue fertilization, this study was conducted in paddy fields which had been fertilized continuously with pig-biogas residue for 8 years. We found that pig-biogas residues contained high concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). As a result, the concentrations of these four metals in paddy soils and rice grains sampled from biogas residue fertilized fields were significantly higher than those from control fields. In addition, in biogas residue fertilized fields, the concentrations of these four metals rapidly increased in the tillage layer compared with those in deep soil layers, and biological availability was significantly higher than in control fields. Moreover, we found that the accumulation of these four metals in paddy soils and rice grains increased in the second year compared with the first year. To reduce heavy metal accumulation in rice grains, we screened for rice genotype among 20 local rice genotypes. We found obvious genotypic differences in grains’ accumulation of heavy metals, and identified some rice genotypes which had low accumulation of multiple heavy metals. These low-accumulating genotypes predicate the possibility to reduce heavy metal accumulation in rice grains grown in pig-biogas residue fertilized fields.     

土壤重金属有效态含量检测与监测现状、问题及展望

随着经济和社会的发展,土壤重金属污染对粮食安全及人类的身体健康构成了巨大的威胁,而目前广泛采用的全量检测法并不能准确地反映土壤重金属的生物毒性。为了更好地了解土壤重金属的污染情况及其生物毒性,需快速有效检测土壤重金属的赋存形态及有效态含量。本文介绍了土壤有效态重金属的定义及其在土壤-有机体系统中的转移;并结合国内外相关研究领域的文献资料,按检测对象将土壤重金属有效态的检测方法分为直接检测方法(化学检测方法和物理检测方法)和间接检测方法(生物指示法),系统阐述了化学检测方法中的浸提法,物理检测方法中的梯度扩散薄膜技术和光谱分析法,及生物指示法中的指示植物检测法、微生物检测法和动物检测法的研究进展、适用范围及优缺点,概括了目前检测方法存在的主要问题是不能同时满足大面积监测和精确检测两个方面。并指出快速、大面积、原位测定污染物种类和含量,采取相应措施保障粮食安全及人类身体健康是目前迫切需要解决的问题。本文将土壤-植物-人作为一个整体,了解重金属有效态在该系统中的迁移富集机理,认为在此基础上选择合适的数据处理方法及建模参数,结合遥感、地理信息系统和全球定位系统对土壤重金属污染进行原位立体监测,是未来土壤重金属有效态含量检测与监测研究的主要发展方向。     

鸡粪和垃圾有机肥对苋菜生长及土壤重金属积累的影响

采用盆栽试验,在红壤和潮土中分别施入土壤重量5%、10%和15%的鸡粪或垃圾有机肥,研究其对苋菜（Amaranthustricoclor L.）生长、土壤化学性状及重金属含量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,施入鸡粪或垃圾有机肥显著增加苋菜的鲜重、主根长和株高;土壤有机质、EC值、速效磷和速效钾含量均大幅增加,但土壤全氮含量无明显变化。与对照相比,潮土中施用两类有机肥使苋菜植株Cu和Zn含量分别增加26.3%~36.0%和1.2%~20.3%,但未超出国家食品卫生标准对Cu和Zn的允许含量;Cd、Cr和Pb含量都较对照降低,没有出现积累现象。红壤施用两类有机肥,苋菜植株中Zn、Cd和Pb分别下降42.7%~59.9%、0~48.9%和4.1%~71.3%,达到显著水平。有机肥的施入量为5%时,两类土壤中重金属都没有出现明显积累;当施入量为10%和15%时,两类土壤的Cu、Cd、Cr和Pb含量显著增加,出现明显积累趋势,其中除了施用鸡粪使土壤有效Cu含量下降外,两种有机肥均增加了两类土壤中重金属Zn、Cd、Cr和Pb的有效态含量。试验结果提示,从土壤培肥与环境质量安全综合考虑,有机肥的用量应控制在一个适宜范围内。     

模拟酸雨条件下生物炭对污染林地土壤重金属淋失和有效性的影响

通过土柱淋溶装置,研究模拟酸雨条件下生物炭不同施用量(0,1%,2%和5%)对复合污染林地土壤重金属淋失和有效性的影响。结果表明,淋滤液pH值、电导率和溶解性有机碳含量均随生物炭施用量的增加而增加。生物炭施用不同程度地增加淋滤液中Cd、Cu和Zn的含量,相较于不施生物炭,1%,2%和5%生物炭施用量下Cd、Cu和Zn的累计淋失量分别提高28.3%~298.3%,25.3%~187.0%和27.5%~217.6%。不同处理间Pb的淋失总量无显著差异。生物炭的施用能使淋溶后土壤pH值提高0.03~0.09个单位,有效态Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb含量分别下降0.9%~6.5%,23.3%~30.6%,15.2%~24.2%和24.8%~31.8%。综合而言,酸雨作用下尽管生物炭能增加林地土壤中重金属的淋失量,但考虑到其淋失量远小于土壤中有效态重金属的减少量,生物炭仍可作为修复污染林地土壤的一种备选材料。