Forage value of Mediterranean deciduous woody fodder species and its implication to management of silvo-pastoral systems for goats

Forage value of 10 deciduous woody fodder species during six stages of maturity as well as their acceptance by goats in July and August were studied in Macedonia, northern Greece. The fodder species studies wereAmorpha fruticosa L.,Carpinus orientalis Mill.,Colutea arborescens L.,Corylus avellana L.,Fraxinus ornus L.,Ostrya carpinifolia Scop.,Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill.,Quercus pubescens Willd.,Quercus sessiliflora Salich, andRobinia pseudoacacia L. with two accessions, common and spineless. All these species are integral components of the mediterranean silvo-pastoral systems. Monthly forage samples were collected throughout their growing period (May to November), which coincides with the long dry summer when herbaceous plants are dormant, and analyzed for crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). Comparing the leguminous species (Robinia pseudoacacia, Amorpha fruticosa, Colutea arborescens) with the remaining species, the leguminous one had on average a higher (P0.05) content of crude protein (21.1%, 21.0% and 17.1% vs. 10.5–13.3%, respectively) and higher (P0.05) IVOMD values (58.4%, 56.0% and 60.0% vs. 47.3–52.8, respectively). Moreover, the leguminous species were among species with lower NDF (42.3%, 45.0% and 35.2% vs. 36.0–48.9%, respectively) and lignin content (7.1%, 8.3% and 9.1% vs. 7.6–10.9%). All species showed a significant increase in crude protein when new leaves appeared (May). Most of the fodder species had digestibilities in the higher range (>55% IVOMD) and low NDF content (<53.5%) during the growing season (first five stages). Lignin contents ranged from 5.9% (A. fruticosa, May) to 16.0% (O. carpinifolia, Nov.).Robinia pseudoacacia had the highest relative acceptance index whileAmorpha fruticosa, Colutea arborescens andCorylus avellana the lowest. It is concluded that deciduous woody fodder species may play a significant role as sources of nutrients in the mediterranean silvo-pastoral systems during the summer period of seasonal nutritional shortage.     

南京紫金山国家森林公园蝶类调查分析

报道了南京紫金山国家森林公园蝶类名录,该地区蝴蝶共9科,73属,120种。其中凤蝶科6属14种,粉蝶科6属12种,斑蝶科2属2种,眼蝶科8属17种,蛱蝶科19属29种,灰蝶科17属27种,弄蝶科13属17种,绢蝶科和喙蝶科为单属单种。其中有1种为江苏省新记录。根据调查结果,对蝶类的区系结构进行了分析,该地区蝴蝶以东洋种为主。     

南华山国家森林公园生态旅游及森林保育初步研究

从生态学和旅游资源角度分析了湖南凤凰南华山国家森林公园的特点及功能定位,在此基础上对森林公园开展森林生态旅游项目进行了规划,并对森林保育提出了一些具体建议。     

绥宁花园阁国家湿地公园植物资源现状与分析

绥宁花园阁国家湿地公园植被丰富,为保护湿地生物资源,采用样方调查与样线调查相结合方法,开展植物资源调查。结果表明:湿地公园有维管束野生植物153科,336属,807种;主要森林类型可分常绿落叶阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、针叶林、竹林、灌草果群系、古树及珍贵树木;其中温带成分最多,植物区系成分以温带性质为主,热带成分也有较高的比例,区系成分出现较强的热带亚热带至温带的过渡性质。     

南非生物多样性保护措施及启示——以南非克鲁格国家公园为例

南非克鲁格国家公园是世界最大的野生动物保护区之一。文中在介绍克鲁格国家公园概况的基础上, 从水资源管理、物种管理、旅游开发管理3个方面分析生物多样性保护管理政策的制定与实施对园内生物多样性的影响, 并结合我国国情提出保护我国生物多样性的政策建议。     

云南玉溪抚仙湖国家湿地公园维管束植物区系特征分析

抚仙湖是云南省九大高原湖泊之一.2017—2019年期间,在多次野外调查的基础上,结合相关资料对云南玉溪抚仙湖国家湿地公园(以下简称抚仙湖湿地)内的植物进行统计并分析其植物区系的组成、性质及特点,为抚仙湖的保护和开发利用提供理论依据.结果表明,抚仙湖湿地共计有维管束植物128科316属470种,其中蕨类植物11科12属...     

海螺沟冰川森林公园区的生物资源及其保护利用

通过对公园区自然地理概况的介绍及生物资源组成的记述,较为详尽地论述了四川省海螺沟冰川森林公园区的生物资源状况。进而针对其特点,提出了保护该区生物资源的6条措施,并从保护与合理利用相结合的角度出发,阐述了该区域生物资源的开发利用策略。     

四川渠县柏水湖国家湿地公园植物区系特征研究

植物的区系组成特征研究能反映区域植被的组成、生态系统结构和生态状况。采用样方调查法,对四川渠县柏水湖国家湿地公园植物区系特征进行研究。结果表明,四川渠县柏水湖国家湿地公园内分布维管植物126科306属395种,其中蕨类植物19科23属31种,裸子植物4科6属6种,被子植物103科277属358种。分布的野生种子植物245个属划分为12个分布区类型、14个分布区变型,占15个中国种子植物属的分布区类型的80%,占31个属分布区亚型的45.16%,其中属于热带分布区类型及其变型的属数量最多,植物区系来源较为丰富,植物区系成分相对多样复杂。     

广州海珠国家湿地公园建设对湿地环境及生物因子动态影响的初步分析

以广州海珠国家湿地公园为研究对象,以环境、生物因子为评价指标,分析建园后湿地生态环境的动态变化。结果表明,湿地公园建成后,水体COD、NH3-N含量逐渐降低趋于平稳,而DO含量升高,空气中PM10、PM2.5、CO含量下降,表明区域内水、空气质量总体向好;鸟的种类从77种(2013年)增至177种(2018年),增长129.87%,且吸引了更多珍稀鸟类、鱼类、爬行类、兽类栖息;湿地内乔木、灌木、草本、藤本组成稳定,乡土植物优势突出。     

福建三明仙人谷国家森林公园竹类观赏园竹子种类及生长状况调查

实地调查了福建省三明市仙人谷国家森林公园竹类观赏园的竹种类及生长情况。结果显示:竹类观赏园主要竹种有101种,分别属于禾本科竹亚科14个属;竹类观赏园中,超过91%的竹种生长发育处于良好及以上水平,少数竹种易受病虫害、冻害、旱害的影响。竹类观赏园存在的问题主要有:竹种种类少,每个竹种植株数量不足;园区规划与周边环境不协调;竹种缺乏科学养护;园区建设资金投入不足。针对存在的问题提出了相应的解决对策。     

Bushmeat Poaching and the Conservation Crisis in Kahuzi-Biega National Park,Democratic Republic of the Congo

Summary

The gorilla and elephant populations of Kahuzi-Biega National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have recently suffered from intensive commercial and subsistence poaching. In just four years, the highland sector of the park lost more than 95% of its elephant population and about 50% of its gorilla population. This tragedy was precipitated by the recent political and economic crises in the region. Many factors contributed to increased hunting of wildlife for food known as “bushmeat.” Among the principal factors were starvation and economic desperation in local communities, the spread of small arms, and the collapse of park protection during the civil wars. The incentive to hunt gorillas in the park may have developed gradually with the collapse of the Mobutu regime, the influx of refugees, and the two subsequent civil wars. Local re sentments felt toward the park and its authorities may have contributed to the willingness of local people to engage in illegal exploitation of wildlife resources. By promoting ecotourism and improving the infrastructure of the park and surrounding villages, the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) and the German Technical Agency for Cooperation (GTZ) have made great efforts to improve local conditions. Local people, including park guards and guides, established a non-governmental organization that played an important role in the spread of conservation knowledge and the reduction of conflict among local people. Since the park began employing former poachers in 1999 and resumed conservation ac tivities, gorilla poaching has decreased significantly. The broader civil conflict continues and sporadic poaching is still common. This paper con siders and recommends optimal and urgent conservation measures to im prove the protection of the park and its gorillas.     

大亮子河国家森林公园野生观赏植物资源调查

对大亮子河国家森林公园野生观赏植物的种类及应用价值进行调查研究。结果表明,公园内共有野生观赏植物共计67科,157属,218种(含2变种)。其中蕨类8科9属11种,裸子植物2科7属9种,被子植物57科141属198种。按观赏植物的园林用途将其分为园景树、庭荫树、行道树、绿篱植物、垂直绿化植物、盆栽和盆景植物、花坛和化境植物、切花植物、水体绿化植物、草坪及地被植物共10大类。同时对合理开发利用野生观赏植物资源的提出建议。     

韶关芙蓉山国家矿山公园的规划和建设浅析

矿山公园是以矿业生产活动遗迹、地质遗迹为主体资源的园区。文章探讨的是利用芙蓉山的自然景观和矿业遗迹资源建设矿山公园的规划思想与设计内容,使芙蓉山成为集观光游览、环保科普、科学探险于一体的新型旅游和科普教育基地。     

Forage production of woody fodder species and herbaceous vegetation in a silvopastoral system in northern Greece

Introduction of woody plants in silvopastoral systems could be an appropriate land-use for the poor sandy soils of the Mediterranean semiarid zone. Forage production of four woody fodder species and herbaceous vegetation in relation to plant spacing and animal (sheep) grazing was studied in a silvopastoral system on such a site in Macedonia, northern Greece. The woody fodder species tested were Robinia pseudoacacia L., Gleditsia triacanthos L., Amorpha fruticosa L. and Morus alba L. They were planted at the spacings 1.5 × 1.5 m,2.5 × 2.5 m and 3.5 × 3.5 m and kept in a shrubby form by topping. They were grazed by sheep (stocking rate of 1.1 sheep/ha/year) in early July and late August of 1992, 1993 and 1994. Among the species Robinia yielded the highest forage production (394 kg/ha). The spacing 1.5 × 1.5 m had the highest (P ≥ 0.05) forage production per area unit (280 kg/ha) while the spacing 3.5 × 3.5 m had the highest forage production per plant (91.8 g/plant). No competition was observed between the woody and the herbaceous plants in the various spacings probably due to topping of the woody species every winter. Percent utilisation of the native herbage dropped as forage of the woody species increased. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Studies on multipurpose fodder trees and shrubs in West Africa: variation in determinants of forage quality in Albizia and Paraserianthes species

We investigated variation in forage production, in sacco dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) degradations, and in vitro gas production characteristics of four Albizia (A. lebbeck N 864, A. procera N 865, A. saman N 825) and Paraserianthes falcataria (N 783) provenances obtained from The Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association. After one year of establishment forage production was assessed by harvesting trees at 0.5 m above ground in the main wet (April–August) minor-wet (September–November) and dry (December–March) seasons at Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. Forage samples from the main-wet and dry seasons were incubated for 6, 12, 48, 72 and 96 h in rumen-fistulated cattle to estimate in sacco DM and N degradation characteristics. In vitro gas production was estimated over 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation. Forage production of A. procera was significantly higher than the other species in all seasons. Cell-wall components were comparatively higher in A. procera than the other species. Potential DM and N degradations of A. lebbeck and A. saman were significantly higher than P. falcataria and A. procera. The results suggest that A. lebbeck and A. saman provenances used in this study have relatively higher feed value than A. procera and P. falcataria.     

广东南岭国家公园管理体制与运行机制研究

通过对国内外现有自然保护地主要管理体制的分析,针对广东南岭国家公园体制机制面临多头管理向垂直管理转换挑战大、保护与发展矛盾突出、复杂产权利益协调难度大等主要问题,提出了构建归属清晰、权责明确、监管有效的管理体制,探索最严格保护下创新发展的运行机制,以及建立利益调整的长效机制三方面对策,并探讨了建立有关机制体制的具体内容和方法。     

石门国家森林公园风景林改造设计及效果分析

根据石门国家森林公园风景林的现状及社会实际需要,设计了3种风景林林分改造类型,并提出了各改造类型的树种选择、配置方式及种植技术措施。林分改造5年后,各树种生长良好,风景林的效能已初步形成。文章也展望了改造后风景林的生态及景观前景。     

大贵寺国家森林公园两栖爬行动物初步研究

2005年7~8月对大贵寺国家森林公园的两栖爬行动物进行了调查,共记录到30种,其中两栖动物8种,隶属2目5科5属;爬行动物22种,隶属2目7科14属。属于湖北省重点保护的有10种,属于国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的有29种。对两栖爬行动物的区系进行了分析,并提出了保护措施。     

张家界国家森林公园动物种类和数量的变化

为了探明张家界国家森林公园野生动物种类和数量的变化,采用野外踏察以及问卷调查法对上世纪70年代以来公园境内野生动物的种类、数量及生活习性进行了调查.结果发现:公园内野生动物在种类、数量和结构上发生了很大的变化,许多动物已从公园中消失,不少动物亦濒临灭绝;在保存下来的动物中,也有一部分的生活习性发生了改变;在旅游开发利用的不同时期,公园内不同野生动物受影响的程度不一样;在公园开发之初,以鸟类受到的影响最大,兽类次之,爬行类最小,而在公园开发的后期,则刚好相反.为了保护野生动物资源,必须严禁猎杀野生动物,保持景区安静,建立野生动物通道等.     

广东乳源南水湖国家湿地公园两栖爬行动物多样性调查研究

为掌握广东乳源南水湖国家湿地公园两栖爬行动物多样性现状,2016年3月至2018年10月,采用野外调查和走访调查相结合的方法,在湿地公园选取8条具代表性的样线开展调查研究。调查发现,湿地公园两栖爬行动物共3目21科74种,其中两栖动物1目7科21种,爬行动物2目14科53种;记录国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物1种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物1种;发现湿地公园新记录种34个,其中两栖类12种,爬行类22种。动物区系具有明显的中亚热带区系特点,两栖动物以华中—华南区共有种及东洋界广布种占优势,爬行类以东洋界为主体。当前湿地公园的两栖爬行动物仍面临一定盗猎压力及栖息地遭破坏威胁。基于专项调查数据,针对湿地公园两栖爬行动物多样性及其保护提出加强自然栖息地保护及被破坏生境的恢复工作等保护管理建议。