基于地理加权回归模型与林火遥感数据估算森林年龄

【目的】通过地理加权回归(GWR)模型估算非干扰林龄,利用遥感数据和林火发生历史数据,获取过火区域信息,进而对林火烈度分级,讨论林火烈度与森林类型的交互作用,估算干扰林龄,最终获得黑龙江省森林年龄的空间分布。【方法】以黑龙江森林为研究区域,基于研究区域的多光谱数据结合地面森林资源清查数据,通过逐步回归方法提取了包括遥感因子绿度指数(Greeness)、湿度指数(Wetness)、林分平均胸径(ADBH)、林分平均树高(ASH)及海拔(Altitude)在内的5个显著因子作为自变量,采用GWR模型建立非干扰林龄估算模型。采用全局Moran I来描述模型残差的空间自相关性。绘制研究区非干扰林龄空间分布图并探究林龄的空间分布状态。[JP+1]结合林火位置与面积记录对多光谱数据目视解译提取过火区域,根据dNBR将过火区域火烈度分级。将火烈度图与植被类型图叠加分析,讨论不同森林类型在不同火烈度下的演替情况。定义干扰林龄时,未发生树种更替的森林林龄不变,树种发生更替的森林在林火发生年将其林龄归为0,并在新的优势树种萌发时从1开始累加,以此类推干扰后森林的林龄。【结果】黑龙江省非干扰森林平均林龄为48年,标准差为16年。GWR模型的 Radj^2 为0.68,RMSE为16.171 7。使用Moran I来检验模型的残差,发现GWR模型可很好地消除残差的空间自相关性。研究区林龄整体空间分布状态不均匀,大兴安岭地区林龄普遍高于黑龙江林区。黑龙江省2000―2010年林火主要发生在大兴安岭及小兴安岭地区,根据dNBR将已提取的过火区域林火烈度分为:未过火、轻度过火、中度过火和重度过火4类,总过火面积为527 932 hm^2,其中重度29 157 hm^2、中度180 268 hm^2、轻度318 507 hm^2。兴安落叶松林和蒙古栎林在整个研究区中过火面积最大,分别占总过火面积的28.63%和47.23%。根据不同森林类型在不同火烈度下的演替情况,估算干扰森林的林龄并绘制干扰林龄空间分布图。【结论】 GWR模型能较有效地估算黑龙江省非干扰林龄,成功地降低了残差的空间自相关性。在估算林龄的过程中加入林火干扰因素,以获取更真实的林龄空间分布数据,可为黑龙江地区森林NPP、NEP以及森林碳储量、森林生物量等相关研究提供数据支持。     

基于地理加权回归模型与林火遥感数据估算森林年龄

【目的】通过地理加权回归(GWR)模型估算非干扰林龄,利用遥感数据和林火发生历史数据,获取过火区域信息,进而对林火烈度分级,讨论林火烈度与森林类型的交互作用,估算干扰林龄,最终获得黑龙江省森林年龄的空间分布。【方法】以黑龙江森林为研究区域,基于研究区域的多光谱数据结合地面森林资源清查数据,通过逐步回归方法提取了包括遥感因子绿度指数(Greeness)、湿度指数(Wetness)、林分平均胸径(ADBH)、林分平均树高(ASH)及海拔(Altitude)在内的5个显著因子作为自变量,采用GWR模型建立非干扰林龄估算模型。采用全局Moran I来描述模型残差的空间自相关性。绘制研究区非干扰林龄空间分布图并探究林龄的空间分布状态。[JP+1]结合林火位置与面积记录对多光谱数据目视解译提取过火区域,根据dNBR将过火区域火烈度分级。将火烈度图与植被类型图叠加分析,讨论不同森林类型在不同火烈度下的演替情况。定义干扰林龄时,未发生树种更替的森林林龄不变,树种发生更替的森林在林火发生年将其林龄归为0,并在新的优势树种萌发时从1开始累加,以此类推干扰后森林的林龄。【结果】黑龙江省非干扰森林平均林龄为48年,标准差为16年。GWR模型的 Radj^2 为0.68,RMSE为16.171 7。使用Moran I来检验模型的残差,发现GWR模型可很好地消除残差的空间自相关性。研究区林龄整体空间分布状态不均匀,大兴安岭地区林龄普遍高于黑龙江林区。黑龙江省2000―2010年林火主要发生在大兴安岭及小兴安岭地区,根据dNBR将已提取的过火区域林火烈度分为:未过火、轻度过火、中度过火和重度过火4类,总过火面积为527 932 hm^2,其中重度29 157 hm^2、中度180 268 hm^2、轻度318 507 hm^2。兴安落叶松林和蒙古栎林在整个研究区中过火面积最大,分别占总过火面积的28.63%和47.23%。根据不同森林类型在不同火烈度下的演替情况,估算干扰森林的林龄并绘制干扰林龄空间分布图。【结论】 GWR模型能较有效地估算黑龙江省非干扰林龄,成功地降低了残差的空间自相关性。在估算林龄的过程中加入林火干扰因素,以获取更真实的林龄空间分布数据,可为黑龙江地区森林NPP、NEP以及森林碳储量、森林生物量等相关研究提供数据支持。     

山西省森林植被的碳贮量研究

以山西省2005年的森林资源清查数据为基础,采用生物量换算因子法,建立了不同林分优势树种生物量与蓄积量之间的回归方程,并对山西省森林的碳贮量进行了推算。结果表明：山西省森林的总碳贮量为4684．56×10^4C,平均碳密度为21．99tC／hm^2;其中针叶林碳贮量为1689．69×10^4tC,阔叶林碳贮量为2994．87×10^4tC,分别占全省森林总碳贮量的36．07％和63．93％。阔叶林为山西省森林碳贮量的主要贡献者。     

我国森林生态系统植被碳储量估算研究进展

文章从时空尺度、分布特征以及影响因子三方面总结了我国森林生态系统植被碳储量估算研究进展.阐述了在国家尺度、区域尺度和林分尺度的研究现状;分析了我国森林生态系统植被碳储量的地域分布、在不同植被类型中的分布、龄级分布、林分内的分布以及时间动态变化;探讨了经济和人口、气候条件、造林和抚育、林龄、林型种类等对植被碳储量的影响....     

黑龙江省碳储量及碳汇潜力分析

通过研究分析证明,黑龙江省碳储量约为9.994×109t,其中,森林植物和林地土壤碳储量占52.31%;黑龙江省有机碳净增长约为每年9.381×107t,其中,森林碳汇净增长占88.89%;黑龙江省有机碳净增长价值合人民币为每年2.523×1010元,其中,森林碳汇价值净增长为每年2.242×1010元。     

基于森林清查资料的中国森林植被碳储量

利用第七次全国森林资源连续清查数据,以回归模型估计法作为乔木林生物量的主要计算方法,以树种含碳率作为生物量转换为碳储量的系数,从单木归并到样地,从样地加权平均至省级区域,估算乔木林碳储量;以加权平均转换系数估算疏林地、散生木和四旁树的碳储量,以模型法估算竹林、灌木林的碳储量。结果表明:中国森林植被碳储量主要集中在西南和东北两大区;乔木林是中国森林植被碳储量的主体;人工林碳储量在中国乔木林碳储量中比例超过15%;阔叶树的碳储量和碳密度均大于针叶树。     

黑龙江林业的发展应该关注森林碳汇问题

森林生态系统在全球碳循环与平衡中具有极为重要的和不可替代的地位和作用,随着《京都议定书》正式生效,森林碳汇问题已经越来越受到世界各国的重视。黑龙江省森林资源丰富,是我国最主要的林区,巨大的“碳汇”既具有重要的生态功能,也蕴藏着潜在的巨大经济利益,因此,研究我省应对《京都议定书》生效、开展森林碳汇项目的对策研究是极为必要的。     

Mapping tree aboveground biomass and carbon in Omo Forest Reserve Nigeria using Landsat 8 OLI data

Protected areas in Nigeria are important ecosystems for carbon storage. The aim of this study was to estimate and map tree aboveground biomass (TAGB) and carbon (TAGC) within a tropical forest in Nigeria. Stepwise regression analysis was implemented to develop models for predicting TAGB in the forest stand, by integrating field TAGB data with Landsat 8 OLI data. Spectral variables used in the analysis include spectral bands, vegetation indices, tasseled cap indices and principal components. Model validation was performed using independent sample plots. The results showed that incorporating more than one category of spectral variables improved the prediction of TAGB. The best-fit model was applied to map the spatial distribution of TAGB and TAGC. The TAGC was estimated as 52.3% of TAGB, based on the average carbon content of tree species derived in this study. Average TAGB and TAGC estimates for the forest stand were 373.1 ± 165.4 t ha^?1 and 194 ± 82.7 t ha^?1, respectively. Reliable estimates of TAGB and TAGC for the forest reserve were obtained. This study provides important information required to manage the forest stand for optimal carbon sequestration.     

思茅松人工林土壤有机碳和氮储量变化

以思茅松人工林中龄林、近熟林和过熟林及附近区域思茅松天然林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象,探讨造林对思茅松人工林土壤有机碳和氮储量大小与空间分布的影响。结果表明:各林地类型土壤有机碳、氮含量与C:N随着土层厚度增加而减少,过熟林土壤有机碳和氮含量随土层加深则显著高于其它林地类型,近熟林土壤表层有机碳和氮含量显著低于中龄林和过熟林。思茅松人工林乔木层碳储量随林龄增大而增加,过熟林乔木层碳储量最高。造林对思茅松人工林土壤氮储量的影响不显著,而土壤有机碳储量随林龄增大先减少后增加至过熟林恢复至常绿阔叶林和思茅松天然林水平,土壤有机碳与氮储量随土层加深而减少。与常绿阔叶林和思茅松天然林相比,思茅松人工林的中龄林与过熟林土壤有机碳和氮储量的年变化量高于近熟林,近熟林年变化量呈净减少;在思茅松天然林中,人工更新与在常绿阔叶林中造林相比,思茅松人工林可以累积更多的土壤有机碳和氮储量。此外,土壤含水量越大,土壤有机碳储量则越高。     

油松人工林碳汇功能的研究

对木兰林管局油松人工林19块标准地分林木层、灌木层、草本植物层、枯落物层和土壤层进行了生物现存量的实测与碳储量的研究,结果表明林木层和土壤层的碳储量构成了林分碳储量的主体.分配次序为土壤层＞林木层＞地表枯落物层＞草本层＞根桩＞灌木层,林木层碳储量分配次序为干＞枝＞根＞叶.建立了林木蓄积与生物量、碳储量的回归模型,认为幂函数形式有较好的适用性.以林龄(A)和3株优势木平均高(H)建立了土壤有机碳密度(Soc)拟合方程,可用于具体小班土壤碳密度的估测.木兰林管局油松人工林林分碳密度为76.586 2～284.417 8t/hm2,平均值为143.1 t/hm2,其中林木平均碳密度为30.454 5t/hm2,土壤平均碳密度为110.773 5t/hm2;现有油松人工林碳储量估测结果为983 314.0 t,其中林木碳储量为208 923.0 t,占总碳储量的21.25%,土壤碳储量为760 881.0 t,占总碳储量的77.38%.     

Temporal dynamics and spatial variations of forest vegetation carbon stock in Liaoning Province,China

There are many uncertainties in the estimation of forest car- bon sequestration in China, especially in Liaoning Province where vari- ous forest inventory data have not been fully utilized. By using forest inventory data, we estimated forest vegetation carbon stock of Liaoning Province between 1993 and 2005. Results showed that forest biomass carbon stock increased from 68.91 Tg C in 1993 to 97.51 Tg C in 2005, whereas mean carbon density increased from 18.48 Mg·ha -1 C to 22.33 Mg·ha -1 C. The carbon stora...     

Positive effect of forest structural diversity on aboveground stand carbon stocks for even-aged Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in the Sarıçiçek Forest,Northern Turkey

This study examines the relationships between forest structural diversity indices and aboveground stand carbon storage for even-aged and pure Scots pine stands located in the Sar?çiçek Forest, Northern Turkey. In the even-aged Scots pine stands, 293 sample plots were selected to represent various stand conditions such as site quality, age, and stand density. The stand structural diversity, including Shannon’s, improved Shannon, Simpson’s, McIntosh, Margalef, and Berger–Parker indices, was used to correlate the stand carbon storage values. Positive partial correlation coefficients between stand carbon storage and forest structural diversity indices, including the improved Shannon index (r?=?0.770), Shannon’s index (r?=?0.742), Simpson’s index (r?=?0.703), the Berger–Parker index (r?=?0.657), the Gini index (r?=?0.390), and the Margalef index (r?=?0.327), were found at the 0.01 level. These results offer an enhancement of theories concerning positive relationships between stand carbon storage and stand structural diversity for pure and single-species forests. Moreover, regarding biodiversity suitability and stand carbon storage as carbon sinks, the results illustrate that forest stands with higher structural diversity may be preferred when used to mitigate global warming.     

林分空间结构异质性量化分析研究

林分结构研究以往多注重于一维直径、树高结构或二维空间分布格局,对林分的三维特性研究较少。应用森林结构三维模型,以吉林汪清林业局金沟岭林场和金仓林场的原始林、天然次生林和柞树纯林为研究对象,开展林分空间结构异质性分析。结果表明:1)各林分空间结构异质性指数SCI为:原始林4.03,原始次生林3.16,柞树纯林2.74;2)各林分垂直梯度和斑块类型数量:原始林7.67m,12.60、原始次生林6.58m,10.97、柞树纯林5.36m,8.13;3)各林分垂直梯度和斑块类型多样性指数:原始林1.799,3.327,原始次生林1.780,3.164,柞树纯林1.445,2.322。原始林的水平聚集程度、垂直结构和三维结构异质性都最大,其次是原始次生林,最小的则是柞树纯林。三维结构模型可以很好地反映和评价林分的结构异质性。     

黑龙江省森工林区天然用材林碳汇价值研究

森林生态系统在全球碳循环与平衡中具有极为重要和不可替代的作用。黑龙江省森工林区是我国最大的国有林区和森林工业基地,森林面积806.37万hm2,森林覆盖率80.20%。丰富的碳汇既具有重要的生态功能,也蓄藏着巨大的经济利益。以森工林区天然用材林的碳汇价值作为研究对象,运用森林蓄积换算因子法,推算森工林区天然用材林碳汇价值:1986年碳汇价值10.110 3亿美元,1990年碳汇价值10.630 1亿美元,1995年碳汇价值10.266 3亿美元,2000年碳汇价值8.980 1亿美元。研究还表明,阔叶林和针叶林是黑龙江省森工林区天然用材林重要碳库树种,为发展森工林区林业碳汇将起到重要作用。在开采利用天然林资源的过程中,必须统筹兼顾森林的生态、社会、经济三大效益,保持和发挥现有天然林的生态效益,才能达到森林资源的永续利用。     

CDM-ARP火炬松林碳汇监测方法学研究

利用浙江省设立的火炬松样地资料,建立火炬松人工林立地指数模型、生长收获模型、生物量模型等,区分不同立地条件、采用定量方法,并考虑间伐因素,建立了浙江省CDM-ARP火炬松林碳汇监测方法学,对火炬松林分碳密度、碳储量和CO2净吸存量进行监测。监测方法分为项目规划阶段(造林前)预测和林分生长阶段(造林后)监测。选择易测定的碳库作为监测对象,并用常规测树因子来估测较难测定的各器官生物量,用生物量法估算碳汇量。     

Variations in the biomass of Eucalyptus plantations at a regional scale in Southern China

We quantified deviations in regional forest biomass from simple extrapolation of plot data by the biomass expansion factor method(BEF) versus estimates obtained from a local biomass model,based on large-scale empirical field inventory sampling data.The sources and relative contributions of deviations between the two models were analyzed by the boosted regression trees method.Relative to the local model,BEF overestimated accumulative biomass by 22.12%.The predominant sources of the total deviation (70.94%) were stand-structure variables.Stand age and diameter at breast height are the major factors.Compared with biotic variables,abiotic variables had a smaller overall contribution (29.06%),with elevation and soil depth being the most important among the examined abiotic factors.Large deviations in regional forest biomass and carbon stock estimates are likely to be obtained with BEF relative to estimates based on local data.To minimize deviations,stand age and elevation should be included in regional forest-biomass estimation.     

中国竹类植物植硅体碳研究

植硅体碳（Phyt OC）作为陆地生态系统中重要的碳汇来源,由于其稳定性强、不易分解等特点,成为当今全球生物固定CO₂的重要手段。植硅体碳的稳定性对全球陆地土壤碳库贡献比植硅体碳储量要大得多。文中综述了中国竹林生态系统植硅体碳的研究成果与进展。研究发现,不同竹种植硅体碳的含量差异较大,同一竹种不同器官的植硅体碳储量也存在差异,在竹林土壤中植硅体碳的分布呈现出随土壤深度的增加而减少的变化趋势。中国竹林分布面积广,竹种类型多样,竹资源丰富,今后应加强对不同竹种间植硅体碳的研究,特别是进一步提高竹林生态系统中植硅体碳储量的措施,结合当下经济、社会等因素,更加突出植硅体碳带来的经济和社会效益。     

Variations in the biomass of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> plantations at a regional scale in Southern China

We quantified deviations in regional forest biomass from simple extrapolation of plot data by the biomass expansion factor method (BEF) versus estimates obtained from a local biomass model, based on large-scale empirical field inventory sampling data. The sources and relative contributions of deviations between the two models were analyzed by the boosted regression trees method. Relative to the local model, BEF overestimated accumulative biomass by 22.12%. The predominant sources of the total deviation (70.94%) were stand-structure variables. Stand age and diameter at breast height are the major factors. Compared with biotic variables, abiotic variables had a smaller overall contribution (29.06%), with elevation and soil depth being the most important among the examined abiotic factors. Large deviations in regional forest biomass and carbon stock estimates are likely to be obtained with BEF relative to estimates based on local data. To minimize deviations, stand age and elevation should be included in regional forest-biomass estimation.     

Estimation of the carbon storage of forest vegetation and carbon emission from forest fires in Heilongjiang Province,China

The forest resource of Heilongjiang province has important position in china. On the basis of the six times of national forest inventory data （1973-1976, 1977-1981, 1985-1988, 1989-1993, 1994-1998, 1999-2003） surveyed by the Forestry Ministry of P. R. China from 1973 to 2003, the carbon storage of forests in Heilongjiang Province are estimated by using the method of linear relationship of each tree species between biomass and volume. The results show that the carbon storage of Heilongjiang forests in the six periods （1973-1976, 1977-1981, 1985-1988, 1989-1993, 1994-1998, 1999-2003） are 7.164×10^8 t, 4.871×10^8 t, 5.094×10^8 t, 5.292×10^8 t, 5.594×10^8 t and 5.410×10^8 t, respectively., which showed a trend of decreasing in early time and then increasing. It indicated that Heilongjiang forests play an important role as a sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide during past 30 years. Based on the data of forest fires from 1980 to 1999 and ground biomass estimation for some forest types in Heilongjiang Province, it is estimated that the amount of mean annual consumed biomass of forests is 391758.65t-522344.95t, accounting for 6.4%-8.4% of total national consummation from forest fires, and the amount of carbon emission is 176 291.39t-235 055.23t, about 8% of total national emission from forest fires. The emission of CO2, CO, CH4 and NMHC from forest fires in Heilongjiang Province are estimated at 581761.6-775682.25 t, 34892.275-46523.04 t, 14091.11-18788.15 t and 6500-9000 t, respectively, every year.     

湖南主要森林类型碳汇功能及其经济价值评价

利用湖南省森林资源主要数据汇编(1999—2003年),依据不同森林类型生物量与蓄积量之间的回归方程,对湖南省几种主要森林类型的生物量和碳贮量进行了推算,分析了不同林龄结构的碳密度以及天然林与人工林的碳贮量,并对整个湖南省的森林经济价值进行估算。结果表明:湖南省主要森林类型的总碳贮量为94.935 Tgc,碳汇总经济价值为70 723.26万元,固定CO2的经济效益达259 554.36万元。阔叶树的碳汇能力最强,其次是杉木和马尾松;湖南省的天然林和人工林的碳贮量相差不大,不同龄组碳密度高低排序的基本规律是:过熟林>成熟林>近熟林>中龄林>幼龄林;而中龄林的碳贮量最多,过熟林碳贮量最少。