褐飞虱不同为害状损失率测定研究

本研究旨在为褐飞虱为害损失的调查提供直观、准确的参考依据。研究表明,褐飞虱各种田间受害状都有产量损失,各症状的产量损失率为２５．８％～９４．０％。以百穗实粒干重为统计标准,Ｆ＝１８８．７０４＊＊,达极显著差异水平。ＳＳＲ多重比较,不同水稻被害状之间损失梯度明显。产量因素剖析表明,褐飞虱的为害主要是导致结实率和千粒重显著降低。文中举例说明了研究结果的应用方法。     

施氮量对噻嗪酮防治褐飞虱效果的影响

为提高水稻产量,农民大量施用化学氮肥,适量的施用氮肥可以提高水稻产量,但是连续过量施用氮肥不仅污染水和土壤,还会影响农田生态系统(Zhang et al.,2015),甚至会使褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(stal)种群对杀虫剂的敏感性发生变化,如Lu et al(.2005)研究结果表明过量施用氮肥不但增加褐飞虱种群的抗药性,而且增加褐飞虱对水稻为害的敏感性。为明确施氮量对噻嗪酮防治褐飞虱的影响,拟采用室内试验和田间试验分别测定不同氮素水平下褐飞虱对噻嗪酮的抗性和噻嗪酮对褐飞虱的防治效果,以期为化肥和农药减施增效综合管理策略的制定提供参考依据。     

敲除OsLRR-RLK18基因提高水稻对褐飞虱的抗性

为明确富亮氨酸重复类受体蛋白激酶（leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase,LRR-RLK）编码基因OsLRR-RLK18在调控水稻对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens防御中的作用及机理,以野生型水稻品系、OsLRR-RLK18基因敲除纯合水稻品系为研究对象,测定不同水稻品系的株高和根长、不同水稻品系对褐飞虱生物学参数的影响及褐飞虱为害后不同水稻品系中防御信号分子含量和防御化合物含量。结果显示,敲除OsLRR-RLK18基因后水稻株高和根长降低,褐飞虱为害后期诱导的茉莉酸、茉莉酸-异亮氨酸和脱落酸含量显著增加,但水稻组成型（未受褐飞虱为害）和为害早期的水杨酸和过氧化氢含量降低,引起水稻多种挥发物组分释放量增加,木质素、对香豆酰腐胺及樱桃苷、刺苞菊苷和大波斯菊苷3种类黄酮含量下降,最终导致褐飞虱卵孵化率和产卵量显著降低。表明OsLRR-RLK18基因参与了水稻对褐飞虱为害的防御反应,在调控水稻对褐飞虱的抗性中发挥着一定作用。     

不同水稻品种对褐飞虱的抗性对比

近几年来,水稻褐飞虱在我县一、二晚稻中连年重发生,为害损失逐年加重,是影响我县晚稻产量的重要因素之一。在化学防治过程中,由于连续重施杀虫剂,造成褐飞虱种群对常用的几种防治药剂产生了明显抗(耐)药性、天敌种群数量减少、防治成本提高和环境污染等诸多问题。预防和减轻     

褐飞虱对二化螟为害诱导水稻挥发物的行为反应

前期研究发现,二化螟为害稻株对褐飞虱具有显著的引诱作用。为了鉴定对褐飞虱寄主选择行为具有显著调控作用的水稻挥发物,本文通过H型嗅觉仪研究了二化螟为害诱导水稻释放的15种重要水稻挥发物对褐飞虱寄主选择行为影响。结果显示,β-石竹烯、2-壬酮、大根香叶烯D和(3E)-4,8-二甲基壬-1,3,7-三烯对褐飞虱有显著的引诱作用;水杨酸甲酯、2-十一烷酮和(3E,7E)-4,8,12-三甲基十三-1,3,7,11-四烯对褐飞虱有显著的排斥作用;而α-蒎烯、2-十三烷酮、十三醛、苯甲酸苯甲酯、异氟尔酮、2-十五烷酮、邻伞花烯烃和肉豆蔻酸异丙酯对褐飞虱行为选择没有显著影响。结果表明,二化螟为害诱导稻株不仅释放对褐飞虱具有引诱作用的化合物,同时也释放对褐飞虱具有排斥作用的化合物,褐飞虱对二化螟为害稻株的偏爱性源于二化螟诱导水稻释放的不同化合物的综合作用。研究鉴定的对褐飞虱寄主选择行为具有显著调控作用的水稻挥发物为研制褐飞虱驱避剂和引诱剂奠定了基础。     

褐飞虱与白背飞虱为害诱导水稻防御反应的比较

为探究2种稻飞虱——褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)诱导的水稻防御反应差异,于室内测定了水稻在分别受褐飞虱或白背飞虱产卵雌成虫为害时,其茉莉酸、水杨酸、乙烯、H_2O_2以及挥发物含量的变化。结果表明,尽管褐飞虱和白背飞虱产卵雌成虫的为害均可以诱导水稻茉莉酸、水杨酸、乙烯和H_2O_2等防御相关信号分子以及一些水稻挥发物含量的增加,但是二者的诱导作用存在差异。水稻在受白背飞虱产卵雌成虫为害时,茉莉酸的含量在3 h时就显著升高,12 h时含量达到最高;而受褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害时,6 h时茉莉酸含量才显著升高,72 h时含量达最高;并且在2种稻飞虱为害的3～48 h内,白背飞虱为害诱导的茉莉酸含量始终显著高于褐飞虱为害诱导的。水稻受白背飞虱产卵雌成虫为害24 h后诱导的水杨酸含量、为害48 h后诱导的乙烯含量、为害72 h后诱导的H_2O_2含量及为害24 h后诱导的挥发物释放量分别是褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害诱导的1.28、1.45、4.10和1.77倍。表明水稻能识别褐飞虱和白背飞虱的为害,从而做出针对害虫种类特异性的防御反应;并且水稻对白背飞虱产卵雌成虫为害所做出的防御反应比对褐飞虱的更强烈。     

秀山县2006年稻飞虱大发生特点及原因分析

稻飞虱是秀山县水稻生产上的主要害虫之一,大发生频率高，发生面积大，为害损失严重。秀山县稻飞虱优势种群为白背飞虱、褐飞虱．水稻生长前期以白背飞虱为主．后期以褐飞虱为主。2006年，稻飞虱迁入早、峰次多、虫量大，加之栽培管理条件及气候条件适宜．秀山县白背飞虱大发生．发生面积达3．0万hm^2．是继2001年之后连续第6个大发生年份。褐飞虱中等偏重发生，局部大发生，发生面积达1．0万hm^2，是1998年以来发生最重的一年。     

水稻穗期灰飞虱为害损失测定与防治指标研究

本文较系统地研究了灰飞虱种群动态与为害损失。结果表明,在浙江北部稻区,灰飞虱年发生5～6代,9月下旬至10月为全年种群数量高峰,也是为害晚粳稻穗严重期;随着水稻穗期虫口密度上升,产量损失加大,两者呈显著正相关。受害稻穗粒重下降,空秕率上升,是导致水稻减产主要原因。通过研究,建立了为害损失关系式,拟订经济允许水平,综合提出水稻穗期灰飞虱防治指标为水稻齐穗后7～14d为防治适期,每穗灰飞虱成、若虫密度3～5头。     

1997年六安地区单季稻褐飞虱为害损失监测

褐飞虱是六安地区水稻主要目标害虫之一。1987年沿淮一季中稻褐飞虱大发生,1997年再度特大发生,为害损失严重。为确切反映一季中、晚稻褐飞虱的发生和为害损失,作者进行了专题调查监测。1　调查监测方法1.1　发生量及为害程度调查　以田块为单位,采取五点取样,每点2丛,盆?..     

褐飞虱产卵于水稻穗颈对产量的影响

褐飞虱以产卵器划破穗颈节,在水稻穗颈节附近部位产卵:导致水分养分运输受阻,造成水稻结实率与千粒重降低。田间调查结果,水稻穗颈受害率2.19-11.11％;经测定,穗颈受褐飞虱产卵器危害的稻穗平均结实率下降7.23％,千粒重降低1.89克,穗重损失16.39％。据此给出不同密度下褐飞虱以产卵器划破穗颈造成的产量损失回归估计式:y=0.604+2.7754^-5x。     

褐稻虱为害损失测算方法的研究

进行盆栽单株罩笼接虫试验,测定褐稻虱三龄若虫在水稻分蘖末、孕穗和乳熟期,一龄若虫和成虫在孕穗期为害15天所造成的产量损失。根据褐稻虱的发育历期及其与累计取食量的关系,推算出每头褐稻虱在各虫龄期内的平均为害损失,由此推导出不同虫龄若虫和成虫的逐日为害损失率模型。探讨了一种较为准确的褐稻虱为害损失的测算方法。     

亚洲玉米螟为害程度与产量损失研究

在春玉米上人工模拟亚洲玉米螟自然发生情况,玉米螟为害主要影响单穗净重、百粒重。结果表明,不同品种、不同生育期接虫和不同接虫量对产量的影响不同。沈单16号玉米1代接虫为害最重,产量损失为17.72%;丹玉39号玉米1、2代复合接虫为害最重为14.61%。接卵0、0.5、1、2、4块/株之间单穗净重差异显著。     

Early assessment of the yield loss in rice due to the brown planthopper using a hyperspectral remote sensing method

The brown planthopper (BPH) is an important pest in rice. Rice losses due to BPH's damage are often more than 10% of yield. Assessments on loss rates from BPH are now basically dependent on experiential indices. However, early assessments on rice yield losses using hyperspectral data are still rare. In this study, reflectance from rice canopy was measured in net cages after different densities of BPH release. Results showed that reflectance in the near-infrared region (750–1000 nm) from milk grain stage, and in 400–531 nm and 567–705 nm from mature grain stage was closely related to BPH density. These spectral indices: red-edge parameters (λ_r, Dλ_r, Sλ_r), ratio of the maximal reflectance in green (490–560 nm) to minimal reflectance (640–740 nm) in red (R_GREEN/R_RED), ratio of the near-infrared peak (R_NIR) to R_RED, normalized difference vegetation index between R_NIR and R_RED and soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) from both milk and mature grain stages, indicated BPH densities well. As expected, rate of loss in rice grain was higher with increasing BPH density. SAVI, Dλ_r, Sλ_r and reflectance at 760 nm (R₇₆₀) from milk grain stage were significantly correlated with rates of loss in panicle, and 1000-grain weight and multiple-linear regression models for detecting loss rate were established. The hyperspectral reflectance from rice at milk grain stage can be used to assess rice yield losses due to BPH and improve management policies.     

Crop damage and yield loss caused by two species of rodents in irrigated fields in northern Nigeria

We investigated the damage and yield loss caused by two rodent species, Arvicanthis niloticus and Mastomys (Praomys) natalensis, in cereal crops in fields near Kano, northern Nigeria from August, 1990 to April, 1992. Using the random cluster technique, we selected 100 clusters of 30 hills in each rice and wheat field, and assessed damage fortnightly, using the Cut Tiller Count method. In premature crops, damage increased from tillering stages to the dough stages. Differences in the percentages of damage (yield loss) in mature rice (4.8% in 1990 and 12.6% in 1991) and in wheat (30.0% in 1991 and 21.7% in 1992) were statistically significant between years. Severe yield losses in wheat, compared to low and moderate levels in rice (grown for the most part during the rains), were probably a result of greater consumption of the wheat, grown entirely by irrigation during the dry season when other rodent food sources were less abundant. Results of ANOVA showed significant effects of developmental stage of the crop, year of cultivation, and their interactions on the magnitude of crop damage.     

水稻矮缩病的研究——Ⅱ.病害感染、发生和防治

水稻矮缩病的潜育期因气温、水稻生育期、介体黑尾叶蝉(Nephotettix cincticeps)的虫龄、性别等不同而异,一般为10～15天。水稻在分蘖初期到盛期最易感病,这些病株均不能抽穗结实;分蘖末期感染者,产量损失达80%以上。病毒在虫体内越冬,越冬代带毒成虫传毒给早稻,第2、3代带毒虫传毒给晚稻。第1、4代经卵带毒虫,还能分别引起早、晚稻再次侵染。以早栽双季晚稻和杂交晚稻发病最重,其主要感染期是在本田初期。以农业防治为基础,治虫防病抓适期的综合防治措施,能有效地控制病害流行。病区在连片种植的基础上,对早栽双季晚稻本田初期喷药治虫1～3次,能收到显著的防病效果。     

Impact of spatio-temporal simulations of rat damage on yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and implications for rodent pest management

Rodents often damage crops throughout the growing season, from germination to harvest, thus making it difficult to understand the cumulative effects of rodent damage for crops such as rice that are able to partially compensate for damage. Compensation can make it difficult to understand the impact of variable rodent damage in terms of when the damage occurs, its severity and thus when, whether and how rodent pests should be controlled. The compensatory responses of rice to simulated rat damage carried out at different growth stages and at different spatial levels of severity showed that higher yield was recorded during the wet season in comparison to the dry season. However, yield loss was observed during all cropping stages for all levels of simulated damage for wet and dry season crops, with significant compensation noted at the transplanting [14 days after sowing (DAS)] and vegetative (45 DAS) stages. Only damage at the maturity (110 DAS) stage resulted in significant reductions in rice crop yield. Seasonal differences suggest water availability was an important factor that perhaps enhanced rice production. The ability of rice to compensate for early rodent damage could potentially reduce a farmer's perception of damage. However, failing to control rodents at these earlier crop growth stages could lead to increased rodent populations at the time of maturity when compensatory effects are limited.     

超级稻甬优6号褐飞虱发生危害与防治指标研究

通过对超级籼粳杂交稻甬优6号不同生育期接入不同虫量褐飞虱研究其危害与产量损失的关系,结果表明超级稻甬优6号分蘖期、孕穗期、灌浆期褐飞虱接入虫量（X）与其产量损失率（Y）呈显著或极显著的相关关系,其相关模型分别为：分蘖期Y=9.08X-8.333 3(n=6,R=0.842 5*)、孕穗期Y=3.741 4X-6.057 1(n=6,R=0.900 8*〖KG-*2〗*)、灌浆期Y=0.122X-1.0(n=6,R=0.958 3*),从而拟定超级稻甬优6号分蘖期、孕穗期、灌浆期的防治指标分别为2.0、3.0、35.0头/丛,确保超级稻甬优6号优质高产,为超级稻甬优6号褐飞虱的持续控制提供直接的依据。     

Assessment of Brown Planthopper, (Nilaparvata lugens) [Stål], damage in rice using hyperspectral remote sensing

Hyperspectral remote sensing was used to detect stress on potted rice plants caused by the Brown Planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). BPH damage influenced reflectance of rice plants compared to uninfested plants in the visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Correlations between plant reflectance and BPH damage, when plotted against wavelengths, enabled us to identify four sensitive wavelengths, at 1986, 665, 1792 and 500 nm, in relation to BPH stress on rice plants. Based on rice plant reflectance corresponding to the sensitive wavelengths, three hyperspectral indices were developed. The BPH damage showed a positive association with normalized pigment chlorophyll index, and a negative relationship with normalized difference vegetation index and soil adjusted vegetation index. Using rice plant reflectance corresponding to the sensitive wavelengths, a multiple-linear regression model was developed and validated, which would facilitate assessment of BPH damage based on rice plant reflectance, thereby ensuring prompt forewarning to stakeholders.     

连作晚稻三化螟为害损失与防治指标研究

三化螟幼虫在晚梗稻分蘖、圆秆、孕穗、破口期均能侵入,所形成的为害株数、为害类型和幼虫存活率与生育期有密切关系,为害丛、株增长呈S型曲线。分蘖期、孕穗—破口期引起丛、株为害率和损失率与卵块密度显著相关,每个卵块损失稻谷分别为59.11±2.99g、74.58±3.31g。考种结果表明,产量损失的主要原因是有效穗减少。在现有生产条件下,三化螟经济允许卵块密度为:分蘖期130—150块/666.7m~2,孕穗—破口期100—120块/666.7m~2;防治指标:分蘖期100—110块/666.7m~2,为害团50—60个/666.7m~2,丛为害率2.0％—3.0％,株为害率1.0％—1.5％。     

甘蓝蚜危害油菜产量损失的研究

作者用一种衡量蚜虫危害的新尺度——“累计蚜量(头/天)”,对油菜不同生育阶段的单株损失及补偿作用分别作了研究。结果表明:油菜苗期、苔花期、荚果期都存在着一个造成损失的临界危害量(C)。苗期 C 为360～440(头/天),苔花期 C 为13500～16500(头/天),荚果期 C 为2700～3300(头/天)。危害量与损失率的关系符合 logistic 曲线。根据研究结果提出“有害株”的概念,既有蚜虫而又影响产量的植株。并结合蚜虫消长规律及累计蚜量的计算原理推导出确定“有害株”蚜量标准的公式B=C/(1/2)T(1+Q~n)+ITQ(1-Q~(n-1))/(1-Q)经比较,认为“危害株率”是蚜虫防治指标理想的尺度,它不仅明确可靠,而且简单易行。