铬的营养研究进展

1　铬的基本生物学功能及作用机制铬最核心的生理功能是作为葡萄糖耐受因子GTF组成部分提高胰岛素的功能而影响糖类、脂类、蛋白质和核酸等代谢。GTF是能维持动物血液中葡萄糖水平正常的一种物质,其化学结构尚不完全清楚,但一般认为它是一种铬的烟酸盐。1 1　铬在糖代谢中的作用机制　铬的主要作用,发生在葡萄糖利用的最初阶段,在给猪饲喂0 2mg/kg甲基吡啶铬后,葡萄糖的消失率提高,而半衰期缩短,证实铬提高了组织对胰岛素的敏感性(Amoikon ,1 995)。家畜采食后体内未被利用的葡萄糖通常以肝糖元的形式贮存于肝脏中,或转变为三酰甘油作…     

酵母铬在畜禽生产中的应用

铬作为营养元素研究起始于20世纪50年代后期,研究发现,三价铬是维持葡萄糖耐量因子(CTF)活性的重要组成部分.铬的重要生理功能是作为GTF的活性成分,提高胰岛素的活性,通过与胰岛素发挥协同生理功能而参与机体糖类、脂类、蛋白质和核酸代谢.在动物营养领域,铬的应用研究起始于20世纪90年代.在畜禽日粮中添加铬能够提高动物生长性能、繁殖性能和免疫功能,改善胴体,品质和减少应激.     

有机铬对肉鸡的营养研究进展

近年来，随着对动物体内微量元素的深入研究，铬元素正在成为研究的热点。铬作为动物体内必需的微量元素，是体内葡萄糖耐受因子（GTF）的重要组成成分，主要以Cr^3＋形式构成GTF，可协助胰岛素在体内的作用，影响糖类、脂类、蛋白质和核酸的代谢。研究表明，饲料中添加铬，具有缓解动物应激、提高生长性能、改善胴体品质的作用。     

微量元素铬对猪的营养作用

1 生物学功能 铬主要以三价的形式构成葡萄糖耐受因子,协助胰岛素作用,影响碳水化合物、脂肪及蛋白质的代谢。铬参与糖的代谢,对脂类代谢的作用主要是维持血液中正常胆固醇水平,影响脂肪和胆固醇在动物肝脏中的合成与清除。铬还参与蛋白质代谢,可促进氨基酸进入细胞,从而影响蛋白质合成的能力。铬作为必需的微量元素营养,对动物免疫功能有重要作用。     

铬对动物内分泌代谢与免疫功能的影响

多年的研究表明,铬的作用机制,主要是增强组织对胰岛素的敏感性,从而提高胰岛素的作用效率,同时铬通过对胰岛素作用效率的调节,而对动物的内分泌代谢产生重要影响;另外铬还可以改善动物的免疫功能,从而提高其抗病能力,本文旨在对铬与动物内分泌代谢及免疫功能间的关系进行综述。1　铬与内分泌代谢Ｓａｎｏ等(1991、1993)研究表明,缺铬一周使牛出现胰岛素抗性,当以酵母铬的形式补充02、04ｍｇ/ｋｇ的铬时,胰岛素的敏感性急剧增加,反应性增强。Ｓｕｂｉｇａｔｎｏ等(1996)指出,在奶牛妊娠晚期及泌乳早期,奶牛经历生理及代谢应激,增加了葡萄糖…     

微量元素铬对猪的营养作用

20世纪 60年代后期 ,人们对大鼠和人的铬营养研究表明 ,铬主要通过葡萄糖耐量因子协同和强化胰岛素及胰岛生长因子 (Insalin -likegrowthfactors,IGFs)的功能而影响糖类、脂类、蛋白质及核酸代谢 (Metrz,1 993;Anderson ,1 987)。人们开始认识到铬可能是猪的必需营养物质 ,而现     

生物饲料添加剂的开发与应用

1　微量元素1 1　有机铬　铬 (Ｃｒ)是畜禽必需微量元素 ,对铬的大量试验研究表明 ,铬的补充可影响动物的葡萄糖代谢和脂类代谢。一般来讲 ,家畜饲料中补充的铬均为三价铬 ,不能用六价铬 ,因六价铬可造成家畜中毒。三价有机铬为葡萄糖耐量因子 (ＧＴＦ)的活性成分 ,它有多种生物学功能 ,可提高胰岛素的活性 ,可通过影响甘氨酸、丝氨酸等氨基酸的代谢 ,从而影响蛋白质的合成 ,同时还可促进核酸的合成。Ｃｒ在脂类代谢中 ,通过增加胰岛素活性可降低主动脉上胆固醇的沉积 ,对维持血液正常胆固醇水平具有重要作用。常用的铬添加物有甲基吡啶铬…     

铬在动物营养中的作用及其机理研究进展

铬是动物体内必需微量元素,是葡萄糖耐量因子(GTF)的重要组成部分。铬通过增强胰岛素在体内的生理功能,影响糖类、脂肪、蛋白质以及核酸的代谢。本文主要从铬的生理学和分子营养学角度综述了铬对糖类、脂肪、蛋白质及核酸的代谢调控机理的研究进展。     

铬的生物学功能及应用效果

正1铬的生物学功能1.1铬参与糖代谢早在1966年,Mertz就报道铬可以有效改善糖尿病者耐糖量,降低对外源性胰岛素的需求量。Steel等研究发现,铬可以促进肝脏对葡萄糖的吸收。潘庆等在奥尼罗非鱼日粮中添加2毫克/千克有机铬,结果表明,添加吡啶甲酸铬能够促进罗非鱼对葡萄糖的利用。铬参与糖代谢,主要作用于细胞上的胰岛素敏感部位,可提高细胞表面胰岛素数量或激活胰岛素和膜受体之间的二硫键,加强两者之间的协同作用,从而刺激外周组织对葡萄糖的摄取,增加葡萄糖的吸收,加快血清中葡萄糖向外周组织的转运,维持血糖的正常水平,增强动物     

吡啶羧酸铬对猪的作用效果

１概述铬为人和动物正常代谢所必需的微量元素。其作用是作为葡萄糖耐受因子（ＧｌｕｃｏｓｅＴｏｌｅｒａｎｃｅＦａｃｔｏｒ,ＧＴＦ）的重要组成成分。ＧＴＦ是一种能够维持动物血液中葡萄糖正常的物质,其化学结构至今尚未完全弄清,但研究者们相信其中可能含有烟酸、谷氨酸、半脘氨酸、甘氨酸和三价铬（Ｃｒ３ｒ）。没有铬,ＧＴＦ就没有活性。ＧＴＦ的作用是增加动物的葡萄糖耐受量和增强胰岛素活性,促进胰岛素与细胞受体结合,进而刺激动物机体组织对葡萄糖的摄取。铬对脂类代谢的作用是维持血液的正常胆固醇水平,影响脂肪和胆固醇…     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.