Insecticidal activity and microsomal metabolism of biooxidizable lindane analogs

The insecticidal activity of lindane analogs, in which some chlorine atoms were replaced by other groups susceptible to microsomal oxidative metabolism, was determined against mosquitos, house flies, and German cockroaches. When tested with a synergist, piperonyl butoxide, one of the methylthio analogs was as active as lindane, whereas several others were also highly active. By examining the ratio of synergized and unsynergized LD₅₀ values (synergistic ratio value), the highly insecticidal methylthio, methoxy, and methyl analogs appear to undergo metabolic detoxication effectively in house flies. By means of in vitro metabolism experiments using microsomal fraction from house fly abdomen, the methoxy, ethoxy, and methylthio analogs were shown to be metabolized rapidly at similar rates. The synergized insecticidal activities of these compounds against various insect species relate linearly with each other, suggesting that the oxidative degradation is inhibited by the synergist to a similar extent and that the transport process to the site of action is not a limiting factor in determining the relative insecticidal activity.     

辣椒碱类似物的合成及杀虫活性

基于辣椒碱结构,以取代苄胺为原料,经N-酰化反应合成了6个系列204个辣椒碱类似物,其中8个为新化合物。通过核磁共振氢谱 (1H NMR) 对化合物的结构进行了确证。采用叶碟法测定了目标化合物的杀虫活性。结果表明:大部分化合物在10 μg/ 片下对供试的3龄东方黏虫Mythimna separata有较强的毒杀活性,其中化合物 A30 、 D20 、 D30 、 D35 、 E30 和 F30 48 h的致死率达100%,化合物 D19 、 D21 、 D22 、 D23 、 D31 和 E31 48 h的致死率在90%以上。初步构效关系表明,苄胺苯环上氟原子单取代衍生物的杀虫活性优于氟原子双取代衍生物,其中以2-氟苄胺衍生物 ( D 系列) 杀虫活性较好;此外,酰基为2-噻吩甲酰时的杀虫活性明显优于其他取代基,表明酰基对该类化合物的杀虫活性也有显著影响。     

吡啶联三唑类衍生物的合成及杀虫活性

以3-氨基-2-氯吡啶(1)为起始原料,经重氮化、叠氮化、环合和酰氯化反应,生成1-(2-氯吡啶-3-基)-5-甲基-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-甲酰氯(5),(5)与取代苯胺反应,制得13个未见文献报道的吡啶联三唑类化合物,其结构通过 1H NMR和LC-MS表征。初步生物活性测定结果表明:在500 mg/L质量浓度下,所有目标化合物对粘虫 Mythimna separate 均有一定的杀虫活性,部分化合物致死率达100%;但在100 mg/L下,除化合物ZJ-7的致死率仍达100%外,其余化合物的活性明显降低,甚至无活性。     

Insecticidal activity of new fluorinated pyrethroids and their stability toward chemical oxidation and photoreaction

The insecticidal activity of several new fluorinated pyrethroids was measured using houseflies untreated and treated with piperonyl butoxide (PB). 10, 10-Difluorophenothrin and 10, 10-difluoroallethrin, which include fluorine atoms at a position most easily attacked by mixed function oxidases (mfo) in the acid moiety, showed smaller topical LD₅₀ values on the PB-untreated flies than the parent insecticides but rather large values on the PB-treated flies, suggesting that the introduction of fluorine prevents metabolic oxidation, although it has a negative effect on the interaction with a target site. Monofluorinated analogues of phenothrin, in which the structure of chrysanthemic acid was rearranged, still had moderate insecticidal activity, but flies were scarcely killed by 7 fluoroallethrin into which fluorine was introduced at a position most easily oxidized by mfo in the alcohol moiety. Competitive oxidation of the fluorinated derivatives and the parent compounds showed that fluorine at both the 10- and 7′-positions stabilizes the alkenyl side-chains of the pyrethroids against selenium dioxide and m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. Photochemical studies with 10, 10-difluorophenothrin indicated that the photo-instability of the cyclopropanecarboxylic part could not be improved by this modification.     

N-((5-烷硫基-1,3,4-噁二唑)-2-基)甲基溴代吡咯腈的合成及生物活性

为了发现农药活性的新化合物,以溴代吡咯腈为原料,通过亲核取代、肼解和成环等反应,设计合成了一系列N-((5-烷硫基-1,3,4-噁二唑)-2-基)甲基溴代吡咯腈目标化合物( 5a ~ 5t ),所有化合物的结构均得到核磁共振氢谱和高分辨质谱确证。杀菌活性测定结果显示:在浓度为0.20 mmol/L时,大部分目标化合物具有一定的抑菌活性,其中化合物 5h 对水稻稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae的抑制率为60.07%,优于对照药剂咯菌腈(58.21%)。杀虫与杀螨活性测定结果显示:在浓度为0.20 mmol/L时,大部分目标化合物对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura和朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus雌成螨具有一定的杀虫和杀螨活性,但均低于对照药剂虫螨腈(100%)。杀线虫生物测定结果显示:在浓度为0.20 mmol/L时,大部分目标化合物表现出优异的杀线虫活性,其中化合物 5k 、 5r 和 5s 对秀丽隐杆线虫Caenorhabditis elegans的LC₅₀值分别为0.0918、0.0733和0.0810 mmol/L,优于对照药剂噻唑膦(0.2798 mmol/L)。本研究所合成的目标化合物具有一定的杀菌、杀虫、杀螨和杀线虫活性,可为溴代吡咯腈衍生物的设计和合成提供参考。     

Sites of Action of Noncompetitive GABA Antagonists in Houseflies and Rats: Three-Dimensional QSAR Analysis

Quantitative structure–activity relationships for insecticidal activity (against houseflies) and competitive activity against a specific [³⁵S]tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding (to rat brain membranes) of some picrotoxinin-type 4-aminobutyric acid antagonists, including γ-BHC, endosulfan, bicyclophosphates, dioxatricyclododecenes and related compounds, were examined three-dimensionally using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). The antagonists were classified into two series according to their molecular shapes: i.e. whether their structure was ‘linearly’ extended beyond the ‘mast-head’ position of the ‘boat-like’ skeletons (series 1) or not (series 2). The CoMFA showed that the slopes in steric and electrostatic fields around the molecule were significant for both series in governing the potency variations in insecticidal and binding activities. Hydrophobicity, a possible factor controlling transport behaviour of compounds, was significant in governing variations in insecticidal activity, but not for the case of the rat membrane binding. Assuming that there is a slight topological difference between series 1 and 2 compounds in terms of the mode of binding with the housefly receptor site, the insecticidal activity was analysable with a single equation for the combined set of compounds, but the rat membrane binding was not. The sterically and electrostatically favourable regions surrounding the molecular series indicated by CoMFA were roughly located at positions so as to interact with the binding subsites on the receptors proposed previously. © of SCI.     

Synthesis and insecticidal activity of lipophilic amides. Part 5: Influence on activity of varying the substituent on nitrogen

Isomerisation or shortening of the 2-methylpropyl group in (2-methylpropyl)-6-phenylhexa-2, 4-dienamide lowers insecticidal activity, as does methylation at nitrogen. Methylation at each carbon atom in turn, and, within limits, in combination, gives compounds with substantial, sometimes increased, activity. Cyclic and olefinic equivalents of the effective alkyl substituents are mostly less active.     

Binding activity of substituted benzyl derivatives of chloronicotinyl insecticides to housefly‐head membranes,and its relationship to insecticidal activity against the housefly Musca domestica

Variously substituted benzyl derivatives of chloronicotinyl insecticides were synthesized with a wide range of substituents including halogens, NO₂, CN, CF₃ and small alkyl and alkoxy groups at the ortho, meta and para positions, as well as multiple‐substituted benzyl analogues. Their binding activity to the α‐bungarotoxin binding site in housefly (Musca domestica) head membrane preparations was measured. Among the compounds tested, the activity of the meta‐CN derivative was the highest, being 20–100 times higher than those of imidacloprid, acetamiprid and nitenpyram. The synergized insecticidal activity against houseflies was also measured for selected compounds with the metabolic inhibitor, NIA16388 (propargyl propyl phenylphosphonate). For the nitromethylene analogues, including both benzyl and pyridylmethyl analogues, higher binding activity usually resulted in higher insecticidal activity. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

A note on the synthesis and biological activity of polyfluorobenzyl pyrethroid esters

The pentaflurobenzyl esters of acids related to chrysanthemic acid are active insecticides. Formal substitution of one or more of the fluorines in pentafluoro-benzyl alcohol has led to a new series of insecticidal compounds. The synthesis of these esters has some novel aspects. Key factors contributing to the insecticidal activity of these esters in soil, particularly against corn root worm, are discussed, including rates of degradation and vapour pressure.     

Quantitative structure-activity relationships of insecticidal diphenyldichlorocyclopropanes

Neurophysiological activity of a series of aromatic-substituted 1,1-diphenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropanes (DCC analogs) in the induction of repetitive discharges in excised central nerve cords of the American cockroach was determined by an extracellular recording technique. Quantitative analysis using physicochemical parameters showed that variations in the activity were parabolically correlated with the van der Waals volume of aromatic substituents. Insecticidal activity of these compounds in the American cockroach under conditions where oxidative metabolic activity was inhibited by piperonyl butoxide was also determined. This was related to the repetitive nerve discharge activity, when transport factors were separated by using a hydrophobicity parameter. The analyses showed that the aromatic substituent effects on the neurophysiological activity as well as the relationship between insecticidal and neurophysiological activities are very close to those observed previously for DDT analogs including DDT, DDD, and prolan derivatives.     

Quantitative structure-activity study of insecticidal 2-methoxy-5-(substituted-phenyl)-1, 3, 2-oxazaphospholidine 2-sulfides against Musca domestica L. by topical application

The quantitative relationship between the structure of 2-methoxy-5-(substituted-phenyl)-1, 3, 2-oxazaphospholidine 2-sulfides (5-PMOS) and their insecticidal activity against the house fly. Musca domestica L., was analyzed using reported physicochemical parameters and regression analysis. The electronic nature of the substituent on the phenyl group of 5-PMOS has the most significant effect on the activity, followed by hydrophobic and steric effects; the optimum value of Σρ is zero and the more hydrophobic the substituents on the phenyl group, the higher the insecticidal activity. The plots of observed pLD₅₀, values against calculated pLD₅₀ values for compounds having substituents in the ortho-position deviated downwards from those of compounds having substituents at the meta and/or para positions. This ortho-effect, which reduces the insecticidal activity of compounds having substituents at the ortho-position, was expressed by a dummy parameter D, which has the value 2 for di-ortho-substituted derivatives, 1 for mono-ortho-substituted derivatives and zero for others. Thus, the highest activity was obtained for 2-methoxy-5-phenyl-1, 3, 2-oxazaphospholidine 2-sulfide, and the activity was decreased by the introduction of any substituents on the phenyl group.     

The pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XXXVII. synthesis and insecticidal properties of new 1-aryl-1-(3-arylpropyl and -propenyl)cyclopropanes (non-ester pyrethroids)

New routes to the title compounds, involving improved conditions for the cyclopropanation, and a new method of constructing the central three-carbon unit (based on the coupling of a Grignard reagent with an allylic acetate) give access to products for which the previously reported route was not satisfactory. For the new route, a synthesis of 5-bromo-2-fluoro-diphenyl ether was developed. Previously deduced relationships between structure and insecticidal activity apply for the new compounds: alkenes are generally more active than corresponding alkanes; substitution at the 3- or 4-position (but not the 2-) of the 1-aryl group can enhance activity. In addition, some fluorine-containing substituents lead to high activity.     

Insecticidal activity and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding of dinotefuran and its analogues in the housefly, Musca domestica

The insecticidal activity of dinotefuran and 23 related compounds against the housefly, Musca domestica (L) was measured by injection with metabolic inhibitors. Dinotefuran was less active than imidacloprid and clothianidin by a factor of 10 in molar concentrations. Their binding activities to the fly-head membrane preparation were measured by using [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin ([125I]alpha-BGTX) and [3H]imidacloprid ([3H]IMI) as radioligands. The activity of some selected compounds measured with [3H]IMI was 10(4)-fold higher than that measured with [125I]alpha-BGTX. With [3H]IMI as a radioligand, dinotefuran was 13-fold less active than imidacloprid. The inhibitory effect of dinotefuran on the binding of [3H]IMI to the membrane preparation was in a competitive manner. Quantitative analysis of the insecticidal activity of the test compounds with the binding activity measured with [3H]IMI showed that the higher the binding activity, the higher was the insecticidal activity.     

Organosilane insecticides. Part II: Chemistry and structure—activity relationships

Silicon effectively substitutes for quaternary carbon in etofenpr ox-type insecticides; the resulting dimethyl-4-ethoxyphenyl-3-(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)propylsilane is a broad-spectrum insecticide with extremely low toxicity to fish. Four regions of this new silane insecticide have been systematically altered. The methyl groups on silicon appear to be critical for activity. Replacement of the fluorine with hydrogen results in a substantial loss of activity. The aromatic rings of the phenoxyphenyl fragment are best tethered by oxygen or carbonyl, the methylene and nitrogen analogs being of very low toxicity to the test species. The activity ranking of the methylene and carbonyl tethers is opposite to that found for ester pyrethroids. The relationship of insecticidal activity to the aromatic substituent para to the silicon atom has been found to correlate with the molar refractivity of the substituent. Replacement of a tetra-substituted carbon atom with a silicon atom can simplify construction of test compounds and thus be advantageously used in the exploration of structure—activity relationships. A novel method for preparing allylbenzenes from aromatic aldehydes was also developed.     

含香豆素基团的二氯丙烯类衍生物的合成及杀虫活性

以丙二酸二乙酯、间苯二酚和1,1,3-三氯丙烯等为原料,经取代、环合、缩合等反应合成了9个含有香豆素基团的二氯丙烯类衍生物,化合物结构经IR、 1H NMR、 MS及元素分析确证。初步的生物活性测定结果表明,该类化合物在400 mg/L质量浓度下对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella有较好的杀虫活性,其中化合物 5e 对小菜蛾的致死率达到93%。     

2-(溴代吡咯腈-1-基)乙酸衍生物的设计、合成及生物活性

为了发现具有生物活性的新化合物,以溴代吡咯腈为先导化合物,通过亲核取代等反应合成了一系列新型2-(溴代吡咯腈-1-基)乙酸衍生物(5a～5m, 6a～6o),其结构均经核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)、碳谱(¹³C NMR)和高分辨质谱(HRMS)确证。杀菌活性测定结果显示：化合物2、3和5m对水稻稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae均表现出良好的杀菌活性,其EC₅₀值分别为0.0532、0.0470和0.0174 mmol/L,优于对照药剂咯菌腈(0.0914 mmol/L),但不及对照药剂嘧菌酯(0.0001 mmol/L);化合物5m表现出一定的杀菌广谱性,其对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani和小麦根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana的EC₅₀值分别为0.0218和0.0420 mmol/L,但均不及对照药剂咯菌腈(EC₅₀值分别为0.0002和0.0010 mmol/L)。杀虫、杀螨活性测定结果显示,在0.2 mmol/L浓度下,目标化...     

杠柳新苷类化合物对东方黏虫的杀虫活性及对中肠细胞刷状缘膜囊泡3种特征酶活性的影响

为了研究和阐明杠柳新苷类杀虫活性化合物对东方黏虫的杀虫活性及作用靶标,采用载毒叶片饲喂法测定比较了6个杠柳新苷类化合物 (PSA、PSD、PSE、PSF、PSP和PST) 对3龄东方黏虫Mythimna separata Walker幼虫的毒力;应用MgCl₂沉淀差速离心法制备东方黏虫中肠细胞刷状缘膜囊泡 (BBMV) 基础上,测定了6个化合物对东方黏虫幼虫中肠细胞BBMV中3种特征酶——氨肽酶、碱性磷酸酶及V-ATP酶活性的影响。结果表明:杠柳新苷P (PSP) 和T (PST) 对3龄东方黏虫幼虫表现出较高的杀虫活性,其24 h的致死中浓度(LC₅₀值) 分别为1.60和1.23 mg/mL,杠柳新苷A (PSA)、D (PSD) 和F (PSF) 仅表现出微弱的杀虫活性 (LC₅₀ > 20 mg/mL),而杠柳新苷E (PSE)则无明显杀虫活性。酶活性测定结果表明,6个杠柳新苷类化合物对氨肽酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均没有明显的抑制作用,而高杀虫活性化合物PSP和PST则可浓度依赖地抑制V-ATP酶活性。推测杠柳新苷类杀虫活性化合物的作用靶标与V-ATP酶有密切关系。     

细交链孢菌酮酸及其衍生物的合成与杀虫活性

为了寻找具有较高杀虫活性的特胺酸化合物，以天然活性产物细交链孢菌酮酸(TeA)作为先导化合物，利用酰基化米氏酸作为酰基化试剂，设计、合成了26个3-位不同酰基取代和5-位不同取代的含特胺酸骨架衍生物 4a~4s、5a~5g、7a 和 8a ，其中14个化合物未见文献报道，所有目标化合物的结构均经核磁共振氢谱、碳谱和高分辨质谱确证。初步杀虫活性测定结果表明，在100 μg/mL下处理72 h内，所有目标化合物对麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae (Fabricius)均表现出良好的杀虫活性，并具有内吸性，其中化合物 5d 和 7a 48 h致死率为100%，高于对照药剂螺虫乙酯，具有作为先导化合物进一步研究的价值。对处理后的小麦植株进行残留量测定，结果表明目标化合物 4e、5c、7a 和 8a 能被植株较好的吸收 。 该研究结果可为进一步研究具有特胺酸骨架化合物的构效关系提供参考。     

Synthesis and insecticidal/acaricidal activity of novel 3‐(2,4,6‐trisubstituted phenyl)uracil derivatives

A series of novel 3‐(2,4,6‐trisubstituted phenyl)uracil derivatives has been synthesised and assayed for insecticidal/acaricidal activity. The assay indicated certain requirements for optimal insecticidal activity, which can be summarised as follows: (a) the substituents on the phenyl ring should possess hydrophobicity and electron‐withdrawing properties, and the sum of their volumes determines the level of activity; (b) the substituent at the 6‐position on the uracil ring should also possess electron‐withdrawing properties and hydrophobicity, together with the correct volume; (c) the 1‐position on the uracil ring should be unsubstituted for activity against Nephotettix cincticeps and Epilachna vigintioctopunctata, but substituents with length C3 to C4 may be optimal for activity against Tetranychus urticae; (d) certain substituents at the 5‐position of the uracil ring give activity against E vigintioctopunctata and T urticae, but not against N cincticeps; (e) a thiocarbonyl group at the 2‐position of the uracil ring is less effective than a carbonyl group. Of the compounds assayed, 3‐(2,6‐dichloro‐4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)‐6‐trifluoromethyluracil showed high activity against all the species assayed. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Lead optimization and insecticidal activity of analogues of daphneolone isolated from Stellera chamaejasme L

Starting from the chemical structure of the botanical aphicides 1,5-diphenyl-1-pentanone and 1,5-diphenyl-2-penten-1-one, extracted from Stellera chamaejasme L., the authors designed and synthesized a series of novel compounds following the concept of bioisosterism. Their structures were established on the basis of (1)H NMR and GC-MS spectra, and the insecticidal activities of the compounds were evaluated against Aphis gossypii Glover. The results demonstrated that the substitution of a heterocycle for the phenyl ring was favourable. Thus, further modification of compound 2n, containing a furan ring, which showed excellent activity (LC(50) = 0.85 g L(-1)), is of some promise.