Detoxication of metal drums from emulsifiable concentrate formulations of parathion

Metal drums of various sizes which had contained a parathion emulsifiable concentrate were found to retain significant amounts of residues after the containers were completely drained. The residual pesticide formulation was removed from the emptied containers by washing with water and organic solvents. Efficient removal of the parathion by water followed by washing with a water-miscible organic solvent has been demonstrated. It is possible that these washings could be disposed of by combining them into the spray mixture. These procedures suggest a simple and economical way of container decontamination.     

含有机硅助剂的阿维菌素微乳剂的研制

研制了含有机硅助剂的阿维菌素微乳剂,并以常规阿维菌素微乳剂或乳油为对照,从制剂质量技术指标、理化性能及生物学效应等方面进行了评价。所配制的含有机硅助剂(Silwet 408)的1.8%阿维菌素微乳剂(含质量分数为6%的环己酮、4%的二甲基亚砜、7%的0203B和5%的Silwet 408,余量为自来水)不仅达到一般微乳剂的质量要求,阿维菌素热贮分解率为1.12%,有机硅助剂的热贮分解率也低于1%,而且通过溶剂优化,节约了70%的有机溶剂用量和7%的表面活性剂用量,还比常规微乳剂和乳油的表面张力降低10 mN/m左右、减小液滴接触角10°以上、增大液滴的扩展面积5 mm2以上,药液的润湿时间从乳油和常规微乳剂难于润湿降低到1 min以内。每公顷7.2 g (有效成分含量)含有机硅助剂的阿维菌素微乳剂对菜青虫的田间防效为96.8%,显著高于相同剂量的乳油制剂(防效94.5%);特别是低容量喷雾增效更为显著,每公顷3.6 g的微乳剂防效为88.4%,明显高于同剂量的大容量喷雾(防效82.7%)。试验结果表明,含有机硅助剂的阿维菌素微乳剂比常规微乳剂或乳油性能更为优越,防效更显著,特别适合于低容量喷雾。     

农用微生物杀菌剂剂型研究进展

农用微生物杀菌剂的主要剂型有粉剂(DP)、可湿性粉剂(WP)、颗粒剂(GR)、水分散粒剂(WG)和悬浮剂(SC)等。我国现有的农用微生物杀菌剂剂型种类较为单一,主要为可湿性粉剂,未来应加强其他剂型如水分散粒剂和悬浮剂等的研究开发。生防菌的活菌数、制剂加工和贮存条件以及田间环境因素等对农用微生物杀菌剂的防效均有很大影响,科学合理地评价这些影响,并研究其形成原因和内在规律,对农用微生物杀菌剂的深入研究开发具有重要意义。文章从剂型种类、性质、质量控制以及生产条件、贮存条件和田间环境条件对制剂性质与防效的影响等方面,对农用微生物杀菌剂剂型的研究现状和存在问题进行了详细的综述,并分析了其未来发展趋势。     

A biopolymer-based pesticide delivery system for insect suppression in stored grains

Degradation of grain quality during storage is mainly caused by insects and microorganisms. To protect against insects, prevailing practices usually require the application of pesticides and fumigants directly to the stored grain; long-term storage can involve repeated applications. Direct application results in accumulation of chemical residues on the grain, especially from pesticides. A simple delivery system, in which the pesticide (chlorpyrifosmethyl) is incorporated in a biopolymer (xanthan gum), has been formulated with the objective of reducing these residues while increasing the period of effectiveness of a single application. The biopolymer-based formulation was compared to a conventional formulation on the basis of bioassay tests and residue analysis. The biopolymer-pesticide formulation was effective over a longer period of time and produced significantly smaller residues than the conventional emulsifiable concentrate formulation.     

农药悬浮剂研究进展

近年来,以悬浮剂为代表的水基制剂越来越受到重视,其研制技术也逐渐成为热点。本文介绍了农药悬浮剂的特性、分类和国内外发展现状,并探讨了这一领域存在的问题和发展前景。     

几种新型润湿分散剂在悬浮剂加工中的应用评价

为快速表征新型表面活性剂在农药剂型加工中的主要功能,本研究通过测定几类国产高分子表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度及该浓度下的表面张力和润湿时间等性能,初步判断其适合作润湿剂还是分散剂;运用流点法确定了各助剂在多菌灵悬浮剂中的用量及配比;利用不同助剂类型及不同用量加工了多种50%多菌灵悬浮剂,并测定了其性能。结果表明:将润湿剂和分散剂按不同比例混合后,通过测定其流点来确定悬浮剂中助剂用量的方法是可行的;从对各制剂的性能测试结果可以看出,不管是用流点用量还是5倍流点用量,所选助剂多数可成功加工出合格试样。将性能较好的制剂按照农药登记推荐使用浓度稀释1 000倍后,测定其表面张力及在小麦叶片上的接触角和持液量,推断其田间使用情况。结果显示:药液因表面张力过大未能润湿小麦叶片,国产助剂与国外助剂差别不显著,甚至部分国产助剂的性能还优于国外助剂的;制备悬浮剂时将磺酸盐类与聚羧酸盐类分散剂配合使用效果较好。     

几种杀虫剂防治香蕉褐足角胸叶甲田间药效评价

选用鱼藤酮等6种农药单剂及部分供选药剂混配使用对香蕉褐足角胸叶甲进行田间药效试验,结果表明：鱼藤酮2．5％乳油单剂及鱼藤酮与啶虫脒和醚菊酯混用对靶标具有较好的防治效果及速效性,药后7d,防效均在87％以上,鱼藤酮与醚菊酯复配防效达到92．4％。     

防治番茄灰霉病的枯草芽胞杆菌BAB-1粉尘剂研制

目前我国农药登记的微生物杀菌剂主要为水剂和可湿性粉剂两种剂型。为了克服常规喷雾导致温室大棚内湿度增加给防病带来的不利影响,本文以枯草芽胞杆菌BAB-1为有效成分开展了粉尘剂研究,通过对载体和助剂的筛选,明确了最佳的载体、助剂种类及其比例,最终确定100亿CFU/g枯草芽胞杆菌BAB-1粉尘剂的配方为：滑石粉20%、分散剂GY-D900 2%、菌株BAB-1原药补足至100%。该制剂具有很好的悬浮效果（30 min时悬浮率>50%）。室内盆栽试验表明,菌株BAB-1粉尘剂对番茄灰霉病防效达到57.14%~71.43%,对黄瓜灰霉病的保护作用优于治疗作用,施用1次的防病效果分别为48.80%和1.65%;温室大棚试验结果表明,该制剂在番茄大棚中施用3次后对灰霉病的防效达到79.04%,对照化学药剂嘧菌酯800倍水溶液的防效为82.55%。该研究结果为枯草芽胞杆菌BAB-1粉尘剂的进一步产业化开发和应用提供了科学依据。     

苯嗪草酮700g/L水悬浮剂的配方研究

苯嗪草酮属选择性芽前三嗪酮类,低残留、低毒高效农药除草剂品种。药剂通过植物根部吸收,逐渐输送到叶子内,通过光合作用抑制而起到杀草作用。随着农药剂型向环保式发展的趋势,高含量、环境友好型制剂的开发应用,成为当今农药制剂产品发展的重要方向[5]。趋于该药剂在土壤上的使用要求,及药效的作用原理,加工和施用过程对环境的影响,故对该除草剂品种的剂型进行了选择,以达到高环保低残留农药制剂。笔者根据苯嗪草酮的理化性质,对其水悬浮剂的配方进行了设计研究,通过对多种高性能润湿分散剂、增稠剂、防冻剂以及水等助剂的筛选,优化了助剂组合,获得了性能稳定、药效好、质量可靠的高含量高悬浮率的水性化产品。     

农药制剂研发的精细化、功能化与农业生产高效利用

农药制剂作为农药的最终使用形式,其质量和性能对农药药效发挥和高效利用至关重要。近年来,随着人们环保意识和要求的提高以及科技水平的发展,伴随着有害生物种类和发生规律、种植结构、植保策略、土地集约化以及劳动力结构等因素的不断变化,推动了我国农药制剂的创新,一些新的理论、剂型、加工技术、表征手段和施药方式相继出现,农药制剂开发的精细化、功能化以及农药的高效利用成为主要发展方向。本文从农药制剂加工的精细化、功能化发展以及农业实际生产需求对农药制剂创新的推动等方面,对我国农药制剂的研究发展情况进行了较全面的介绍,并分析了其中有待解决的问题以及未来发展方向,旨在为绿色、高效的功能化农药制剂的研发提供参考。     

微囊化溶剂对吡唑醚菌酯微囊悬浮剂应用性能的影响

利用安全溶剂替代农药制剂中的有毒溶剂符合农业可持续发展的要求，乳油中有害溶剂替代已经颇具成效，而微囊剂型中的溶剂替代也应该引起重视。本文先通过比较油酸甲酯和150# 溶剂油对油相稳定性的影响以确定溶剂的种类和用量，采用界面聚合法分别以油酸甲酯和150#溶剂油为溶剂制备了9%吡唑醚菌酯微囊悬浮剂，之后考察了两种制剂的释放性能、抗光解性能和田间应用效果。结果表明；以油酸甲酯为溶剂，当原药与溶剂质量比为1 : 2时，所得的吡唑醚菌酯微囊为球形，平均粒径为2.92 μm，与以150# 溶剂油为溶剂制备的微囊相比，在快速释放液中，20 min时前者中吡唑醚菌酯的累积释放率为92%，后者仅为50%。在模拟紫外光强度下，在100 min时，以油酸甲酯作溶剂的微囊中吡唑醚菌酯含量比以150#作溶剂的微囊中吡唑醚菌酯的含量高30.59%。田间药效试验结果表明，在施药后32 d，用以油酸甲酯为溶剂制备的9%吡唑醚菌酯微囊悬浮剂处理比以150# 溶剂油为溶剂的微囊悬浮剂处理和250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油处理对花生叶斑病的防效分别高16.59%和29.34%。表明溶剂对农药微囊制剂的稳定性和应用性能均存在影响，应该优化筛选。本研究可为农药微囊制剂的精细化加工提供理论依据。     

Analytical method for assessing potential dermal exposure to captan, using whole body dosimetry, in small vegetable production units in Argentina

An analytical method has been developed that can be used to determine the potential dermal exposure (PDE) of workers to the pesticide captan in small-scale horticultural production units. The methodology is based on the whole body dosimetry technique, using a cotton coverall and cotton gloves as sampling media, with protective clothing worn beneath the cotton media to protect the operator. The quantitative determination of captan was done by gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD), with the analytical method validated by measuring limits of detection and quantification, linear ranges, sample recovery and precision. Special emphasis is placed on factors that affected the stability of captan during chromatographic determination. The data generated for potential dermal exposure are presented separately for mixing/loading and application activities. These data are compared with values obtained with visible tracers using a similar field technique. Margin of safety (MOS) values are also calculated for the agricultural procedures studied.     

利用正交试验设计优选氰·莠水悬浮剂配方

采用流点法初步选定氰·莠(氰草津·莠去津)水悬浮剂润湿分散剂组份,通过分散剂含量与粘度曲线确定其较佳用量,在此基础上利用正交试验设计方法以常温贮存分层率和悬浮率为指标对润湿分散剂、粘度调节剂组份及其配比进行优选,确定了较佳配方并进行了贮存稳定性和除草效果验证。该方法提高了筛选配方的科学性和效率。     

三种双酰胺类杀虫剂对小地老虎和 蚯蚓的选择毒性

为筛选出高效安全的土壤处理杀虫剂,室内采用浸叶法比较了溴氰虫酰胺、氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫双酰胺与8种常规杀虫剂对小地老虎的毒力,用滤纸接触法和人工土壤法分别测定了11种药剂对蚯蚓的急性毒性,并通过盆栽试验比较了其对小地老虎和蚯蚓的选择毒性.结果表明,3种双酰胺类杀虫剂对小地老虎的室内毒力明显高于其它8种对照药剂,对蚯蚓的LC50均属于低毒级,其中以溴氰虫酰胺的毒力选择性最高.盆栽试验中双酰胺类药剂防虫效果均低于其它对照药剂,10％溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂保苗效果显著高于5％氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂和20％丁硫克百威乳油,且双酰胺类药剂对蚯蚓没有明显致死作用.说明在棉田选择溴氰虫酰胺能够控制小地老虎的危害.     

吡虫啉和啶虫脒在两种叶菜上残留的原始沉积行为及其影响因素

叶菜上农药原始沉积行为受作物形态、农药种类及其剂型、施用方式等多种因素的影响,是评估农药残留的重要指标。以吡虫啉和啶虫脒为目标农药,以菠菜和生菜作为靶标作物,通过农药施用后的原始沉积行为,以及兑水量、叶面积指数和农药剂型对农药沉积的影响,初步揭示了农药原始沉积规律。结果表明：施药后0.5～8 h内其沉积量无显著差异,综合考虑,选择施药后2 h时测定其原始沉积量;两种农药在菠菜和生菜中主要沉积在叶片表面,沉积量占比均在87%以上,在根和土壤中的沉积量较少;农药施药剂量相同而兑水量不同,则原始沉积量存在显著差异,随着兑水量的增加,沉积量逐渐减少;菠菜和生菜中农药沉积量与叶面积指数呈负相关;原始沉积量与剂型也有相关性,在施药剂量相同时,吡虫啉在菠菜、生菜中原始沉积量最高均为可湿性粉剂,沉积量分别为0.66和0.77 mg/kg;啶虫脒在菠菜中原始沉积量最高为乳油和可湿性粉剂,沉积量均为0.65 mg/kg,生菜中原始沉积量最高为可湿性粉剂,沉积量为0.37 mg/kg。研究结果认为,农药剂型、兑水量和叶面积指数均会影响叶菜表面农药原始沉积量,该结果可为叶菜中农药合理安全施用和农药残留管控提供...     

几种分离技术在农药残留分析中的应用

本文介绍了样品现代前处理技术加速溶剂萃取(ASE)、超临界流体萃取(SFE)、固相萃取(SPE)、固相微萃取(SPME)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)的原理及其在农药残留分析中应用情况。     

The influence of lipophilicity and formulation on the distribution of pesticides in laboratory-scale sediment/water systems

Pesticide reaching surface waters will be sorbed by sediment. This sorption process and the influence of pesticide formulation have been examined at 10 degrees C in small-scale systems having 2-cm depth of sediment and 8-cm overlying water stirred gently. Eight pesticides (triasulfuron, isoproturon, chlorotoluron, phenmedipham, difenoconazole, chlorpyrifos, pendimethalin and permethrin), spanning a range of physicochemical properties, were applied individually to the water. Sorption equilibrium was reached at between 15 and 30 days, the proportion of pesticide then in the sediment ranging from 20% for the acidic and therefore polar triasulfuron to 97% for the lipophilic permethrin; this behaviour was not influenced by formulation. Sorption coefficients measured in batch tests over 2 h gave good estimates of the equilibrium distribution. Some degradation was observed for all compounds over 90 days; for some compounds and formulations, enhanced degradation occurred after 20 to 60 days. It is concluded that lipophilicity is the chief determinant of pesticide distribution in sediment/water systems.     

液体农药制剂中烷基酚及其聚氧乙烯醚类助剂的高效液相色谱分析

建立了一种测定6类液体农药制剂中烷基酚（alkylphenols,APs）及其聚氧乙烯醚类（alkylphenol ethoxylates,APEOs）助剂的高效液相色谱-荧光分析方法。乳油、水剂、水乳剂、悬浮剂、可溶液剂和微乳剂样品均经甲醇超声辅助提取,稀释后过聚丙烯膜,采用Poroshell 120 EC-C18（4.6 mm×100 mm,2.7 μm）分离,V（甲醇）:V（乙腈）:V（水）=75.5:6.5:18.0三元流动相等度洗脱,荧光检测器检测,外标法定量。结果表明:在0.05~10或0.1~20 mg/L范围内,APs和APEOs的峰面积与其质量浓度间呈良好线性关系（R2均大于0.999 8）;在添加水平范围内（APs:0.5、2、5 mg/g;APEOs:1、5、25、50 mg/g）,6类液体农药剂型中APs和APEOs的平均回收率为73%~110%,相对标准偏差为0.6%~14.9%,方法的定量限在0.5~1 mg/g。该方法简单、快速、准确,适用于不同液体农药制剂中烷基酚及其聚氧乙烯醚类助剂的测定。     

The effects of six adjuvants on the rainfastness of chlorpyrifos formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate

The chemically different adjuvants ‘Agral’, ‘Bond’, ‘Codacide Oil’, Li 700, ‘Silwet L’-77, and ‘Headland Guard’ were assayed to determine their effects on the rainfastness of an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos. Cabbage leaves were each treated with 200×0.25-μl droplets of diluted formulation using a hand-held microapplicator. Droplet deposits were left to air-dry for 1 h prior to exposure to simulated rainfall. Rain fastness was assessed using GC residue analyses of treated leaves after exposure to 10, 20 or 30 min simulated rainfall. The results indicated that the latex-based adjuvants ‘Bond’ and ‘Headland Guard’ induced a statistically significant increase in rainfastness, results for the other adjuvants assayed being either not significant or inconclusive. The results are discussed within the context of using adjuvants to enhance insecticide efficacy. ©1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

静电自组装法制备阿维菌素纳米囊悬浮剂及其对黄瓜根结线虫病的防治效果

为提高阿维菌素在土壤中的移动扩散能力,改善其对作物根结线虫病的防治效果,采用静电自组装法制备了3%阿维菌素纳米囊悬浮剂,测定了其贮存稳定性和释放性能,并通过土壤淋溶试验与土壤薄层层析试验评价了其在土壤中的移动性,验证了其对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita 2龄幼虫(J₂)的室内毒力和田间防治效果。结果显示：阿维菌素纳米囊为球形,平均粒径(D₅₀)为276.81 nm,在释放液中,60 min时纳米囊悬浮剂中阿维菌素的累积释放率为57.59%,而对照乳油制剂中阿维菌素的累积释放率为94.53%。阿维菌素纳米囊悬浮剂在土壤中横向和纵向的移动距离均明显大于阿维菌素乳油,二者对根结线虫J₂在24 h时的LC₅₀值分别为0.257与0.427 mg/L。田间试验中,相同用量下分别采用漫灌法与混土法两种方式施药,药后60 d,3%阿维菌素纳米囊悬浮剂处理比3%阿维菌素乳油处理的防治效果分别高21.82%与4.81%;而药后100 d,前者比后者分别高28.98%与19.79%。表明将阿维菌...