氯化钾对玉米根系糖和酚酸分泌的影响及其与茎腐病菌生长的关系

通过溶液培养试验,研究了氯化钾（KCl）对不同抗性品种玉米根系糖和酚酸分泌量的影响,以及在不同浓度糖和酚酸的培养基上禾谷镰刀菌（Fusarium graminearum Schwabe）的生长状况,探讨KCl抑制玉米茎腐病发生过程中,根系分泌物中糖和酚酸所发挥的作用。结果表明,感病品种吉单327的总糖、还原糖和其蔗糖分泌量均高于抗病品种吉单180;正常供钾条件下,总糖、还原糖和蔗糖的分泌量均表现出不同程度的下降,且还原糖下降幅度最大。阿魏酸和绿原酸是玉米根系分泌物中主要的两种酚酸组分。抗病品种吉单180分泌的阿魏酸量明显高于感病品种吉单327,而绿原酸分泌量低于吉单327。正常供钾时,阿魏酸分泌量明显增加,但绿原酸分泌量则有所减少。一定浓度的蔗糖和葡萄糖均能显著促进F. graminearum的生长,且还原糖（葡萄糖）的促进效果较蔗糖更明显;阿魏酸和绿原酸均能抑制F. graminearum的生长,但阿魏酸的抑制效果远远高于绿原酸。KCl 可明显减少不同抗性品种玉米根系的还原糖分泌量,增加阿魏酸的分泌,从而一定程度上抑制了病原菌F. graminearum在根际的快速生长。     

Changes in nutrient allocation between roots and shoots of young maize plants during sulfate deprivation

Hydroponically grown maize (Zea mays L.) plants were deprived of the external source of sulfate following an initial period of 13 d during which the sulfur (S) supply was sufficient. The amounts of dry mass (DM), water, sulfate, sulfur, nitrate, ammonium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, boron, iron, copper, zinc, and manganese were monitored in the shoots and the roots for 10 d. The deprivation altered the nutritional balance between them, causing a 70% decrease of sulfate in shoots and roots after 2 d. At 10 d, 95% of sulfate had vanished in both shoots and roots. Total S remained rather constant in shoots or was slightly decreased in roots after 4 d. This coincided with a decrease of Fe in shoots after 4 d. The calculated decreases of S and Fe in –S shoots, up to 6 d were linearly correlated. Kinetic analysis of the changes revealed a sequence in their onset, and we distinguished early and late changes. Among the early changes, we highlight the following ones: (1) an increased amount of Cu in both shoots and roots at 2 d; Fe was 40% decreased in both shoots and roots at 2 d; (2) a decrease in transpiration rate by 35% after 2 d; (3) alterations in boron allocation; in –S shoots the % changes in S were linearly correlated with the corresponding % changes in B; (4) calcium content was not affected by the S deprivation in –S shoots, whilst it increased in –S root after d 2; (5) Mn and Mg decreased from the beginning and in a uniform fashion in both –S shoots and roots. Day 6 may be considered as the boundary between the early and late changes. The root fraction of DM increased progressively after 4 d. Changes in DM seemed to be similar to those of P. Changes of Zn also took place rather late. In –S shoots and for the time interval between 6 d and 10 d, linear correlations were found between the corresponding % changes of the pairs DM–S, DM–P, DM–N, DM–water, S–N, S–P, and N–P.     

Aggregate stability of a silt loam soil as affected by roots of corn,soybeans and wheat

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of root growth and exudation of 3 crop species on soil aggregation. Two plant populations for each of 3 crops (corn, soybeans, and wheat) were grown in a Fincastle silt loam for 5 time periods (7, 14, 21, 28, and 41 days) and compared with fallow controls. Aggregate stability was estimated by the wet‐sieve method on both initially moist and air‐dry samples.

Soil water content of initially moist soil samples varied widely among replicates, crops, and sampling dates. Wet‐sieving using initially moist soil showed that samples with higher initial soil water content had greater aggregate stability. Wet‐sieving performed on initially air‐dry soil samples was used for subsequent interpretation because the water content variable was removed.

The presence of any crop and its roots in the planted soils versus the fallow controls was associated with increases in aggregate stability. No differences in aggregate stability were found among the different crops or over the established range of root length densities. Aggregate stability decreased from the original level during the first 14 to 21 days of the experiment, possibly due to daily watering. After 21 days, as root growth continued to increase, restabilization occurred until the original aggregate stability of the soil was exceeded for all crops. The observed increase in aggregate stability may be due in part to the physical entanglement of aggregates by roots and to the increased production of root exudates resulting from increased root growth.     

The nitrogen content of corn grain as affected by hybrid,population, and location

Abstract

Samples were taken from 9 of the 20 major experiments which comprised the Illinois commercial corn (Zea mays L.) performance trial and evaluated for grain yield, percent grain N, and grain N yield.

The mean percent N in the grain was 1.54%, with 91.8% of the samples between 1.34 to 1.74%. Although location and plant population affected the mean values, the range of values about the mean was relatively unaffected. Grain N yield was more closely correlated with grain yield than with percent grain N.     

Cell membrane stability and leaf water relations as affected by phosphorus nutrition under water stress in maize

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of P nutrition under water stress on the cell membrane stability measured by the polyethylene glycol test, plant growth, and internal plant water relations in maize (Zea mays L.). Adaptation to water deficits with improved P nutrition was observed. The cell membrane stability increased, leaf water potential and osmotic potential decreased, and turgor potential increased with improved P nutrition. Osmoregulation was evident with improved P nutrition. Sugar and K were the major osmotic contributors. Total plant dry weight and relative growth rate increased with improved P nutrition under water stress, suggesting that the supply of extra P to plants may be beneficial to increase the tolerance to drought.     

Leaf senescence induced by nitrogen deficiency as indicator of genotypic differences in nitrogen efficiency in tropical maize

Nitrogen efficiency is a complex trait. Identification of secondary plant traits correlating with N efficiency would facilitate the breeding for N‐efficient cultivars. Sixteen tropical maize cultivars differing in grain yield at low N supply (N efficiency) under field conditions in Zimbabwe exhibited a significant negative correlation between N efficiency and leaf senescence during grain filling. The same cultivars were studied for leaf senescence under N deficiency in a short‐term nutrient‐solution experiment. Leaf chlorophyll contents as estimated by SPAD values and photosynthesis rates were used as measures for leaf senescence. Cultivars differed both in SPAD values and photosynthesis rates of the older leaves during N deprivation. Significant negative correlations were found between SPAD values, photosynthesis rates in the nutrient‐solution experiment, and leaf‐senescence scores in the field experiments, and positive correlations were found between photosynthesis rates and grain yield under low‐N conditions in the field. Relationships between physiological root parameters, which were also investigated in the nutrient‐solution experiment, and N uptake or grain yield of the cultivars in the field could not be established. It is concluded, that the assessment of the capacity of a genotype to maintain a higher photosynthetic capacity of older leaves during N deficiency–induced senescence at the seedling stage is a suitable selection parameter for the N efficiency of tropical maize cultivars.     

Diffusive fluxes of phosphorus,potassium and metallic microelements as affected by soil compaction

ABSTRACT

The objective was to evaluate the effects of soil compaction on phosphorus (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) diffusive fluxes. The experiment consisted of two Oxisols and eight compaction pressures. The soil samples were placed in diffusion chambers, simultaneously with two ion-exchange membranes (anionic and cationic), compressed and incubated for 20 days. The P, K, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn diffusive fluxes (PDF, KDF, ZnDF, CuDF, FeDF, and MnDF) were determined. The compaction decreased the PDF in the oxidic-gibbsitic soil, and increased KDF, ZnDF, CuDF, and MnDF, in both soils. There was a higher diffusion of Zn, Cu, and Mn in the kaolinitic than the oxidic-gibbsitic soil. The descending order of cationic-microelement diffusive flux was MnDF > ZnDF ? FeDF > CuDF. Presumably, Fe was mainly diffused as organic complexes with net negative charges, whereas Zn and Mn as free ions and, or, inorganic and organic complexes with positive charges.

Abbreviations: CuDF, cupper diffusive flux; FeDF, iron diffusive flux; KDF, potassium diffusive flux; MnDF, manganese diffusive flux; PDF, phosphorus diffusive flux; ZnDF, zinc diffusive flux; AEM, anion-exchange membrane; CEM, cation-exchange membrane     

Metabolite profiling of shoot extract,root extract,and root exudate of rice under nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency

ABSTRACT

Root exudate is derived from plant metabolites and its composition is affected by plant nutrient status. A deficiency of mineral nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), strongly affects the type and amount of plant metabolites. We applied a metabolite profiling technique to investigate root exudates of rice plants under N and P deficiency. Oryza sativa was grown in culture solution containing two N levels (0 and 60 mg N L^?1) or two P levels (0 and 8 mg P L^?1). Shoot extracts, root extracts, and root exudates were obtained from the rice plants 5 and 15 days after transplanting and their metabolites were determined by capillary electrophoresis/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Shoot N concentration and dry weight of rice plants grown at ?N level were lower than those of plants grown at +N level. Shoot P concentration and dry weight of rice plants grown at ?P level were lower than those of plants grown at +P level. One hundred and thirty-two, 127, and 98 metabolites were identified in shoot extracts, root extracts, and root exudates, respectively, at the two N levels. One hundred and thirty-two, 128, and 99 metabolites were identified in shoot extracts, root extracts, and root exudates, respectively, at the two P levels. Seventy-seven percent of the metabolites were exuded to the rhizosphere. The concentrations of betaine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutarate in root exudates were higher at both ?N and ?P levels than at their respective high levels. The concentration of spermidine in root exudates was lower at both ?N and ?P levels than at their respective high levels. The concentrations of the other metabolites in root exudates were affected differently by plant N or P status. These results suggest that rice roots actively release many metabolites in response to N and P deficiency.     

Rhizosphere calcareous soil P-extraction at the expense of organic carbon from root-exuded organic acids induced by phosphorus deficiency in several plant species

The amount of organic acids in root exudates rapidly increases under phosphorus (P) deficiency. Loss of carbon from root-exuded organic acids, which are derived from plant net photosynthetic products, is generally considered negligible. The present study aimed to study the characteristics of root-exuded organic acids, extraction of phosphorus (P extraction) in calcareous soil and the expression of organic carbon from root-exuded organic acids in two woody Moraceae plants (Broussonetia papyrifera L. Vent and Morus alba L.) and two herbaceous cruciferous plants (Orychophragmus violaceus L. Schulz and Brassica napus L.) under two P levels (P-normal and P-deficient). P extraction and the amount of root-exuded organic acids simultaneously and disproportionately increased in the four plant species tested under P deficiency. The maximum P-extracting capability of the four plant species was observed after 40 days of treatment. Additionally, the response of root-exuded organic acids induced by P deficiency was species-specific. B. papyrifera extracted more P in calcareous soil, and expended less organic acid for the same P-extraction than M. alba. Similarly, O. violaceus extracted more P in calcareous soil, and consumed less organic acid for the same level of P-extraction than B. napus. Root-exuded oxalic and malic acids accounted for most of the increment of P extraction in woody Moraceae plants, while root-exuded citric acid accounted for most of the increment in P extraction in herbaceous cruciferous plants. B. papyrifera and O. violaceus exhibited the strongest P-extracting capability at lower expense of organic carbon over the treatment duration in the four plant species. O. violaceus had the most rapid response of root-exuded organic acids to P deficiency, while B. napus had the slowest response. Thus, rapid response with low organic carbon cost and high efficiency of extraction on P in calcareous soil may underlie the strong adaptability of B. papyrifera and O. violaceus to a Karst environment.     

Nitrogen use efficiency and nutrient partitioning in maize as affected by blends of controlled-release and conventional urea

ABSTRACT

Blends of controlled-release urea (CRU) and conventional urea can be an alternative to conventional fertilization to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and reduce costs when applied as a single application to agricultural crops. Different indexes of NUE, grain yield, nutrient uptake and partitioning in maize (Zea mays L.) were investigated in field experiments. The treatments consisted of a single rate of 180 kg N ha^?1 with different proportions of polymer-sulfur coated urea (PSCU) and conventional urea (U) applied incorporated at sowing (0.05 m below and 0.1 m to the side of the seed row) at two tropical sites (Site 1, Typic Haplustox; Site 2, Rhodic Haplustox) in Brazil. A control treatment (without urea-N) and a treatment with conventional urea management (UCM: 20% of urea-N applied as basal fertilizer and 80% of N applied as top dressing) were also included. This study demonstrates that blends of PSCU and U are efficient in supplying N throughout the maize cycle at a Typic Haplustox site when applied in a single application incorporated at sowing, resulting in high yields and adequate macronutrient uptake. PSCU improved NUE index compared to U and UCM. There was not response for N fertilization in the Rhodic Haplustox site.     

Effect of commercial amino acids on iron nutrition of tomato plants grown under lime‐induced iron deficiency

The objective of this work was to study the effect of root and foliar application of two commercial products containing amino acids from plant and animal origin on iron (Fe) nutrition of tomato seedlings cultivated in two nutrient media: lime and normal nutrient solutions. In the foliar‐application experiment, each product was sprayed with 0.5 and 0.7 mL L^–1 2, 7, 12, and 17 d after transplanting. In the root application experiment, 0.1 and 0.2 mL L^–1 of amino acids products were added to the nutrient solutions. In both experiments, untreated control plants were included as well. Foliar and root application of the product containing amino acids from animal origin caused severe plant‐growth depression and nonpositive effects on Fe nutrition were found. In contrast, the application of the product from plant origin stimulated plant growth. Furthermore, significantly enhanced root and leaf Fe^III‐chelate reductase activity, chlorophyll concentration, leaf Fe concentration, and Fe^II : Fe ratio were found in tomato seedlings treated with the product from plant origin, especially when the amino acids were directly applied to the roots. These effects were more evident in plants developed under lime‐induced Fe deficiency. The positive results on Fe uptake may be related to the action of glutamic acid, the most abundant amino acid in the formulation of the product from plant origin.     

Compositional changes of selected amino acids,organic acids,and soluble sugars in the xylem sap of N,P, or K‐deficient tomato plants

Xylem sap plays a major role in long‐distance transport of water, nutrients, and metabolites. However, there is little information on the behavior of metabolites in mineral‐deficient xylem sap. For this reason, the time‐dependent changes in selected metabolites (amino acids, organic acids, and soluble sugars) from tomato xylem sap in response to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), or potassium (K)‐deficient condition were investigated. Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were grown hydroponically in liquid culture under three different mineral regimes: N‐deficient [0.5 mM Ca(NO₃)₂ and 0.5 mM KNO₃], P‐deficient (0.05 mM KH₂PO₄), and K‐deficient (0.5 mM KNO₃), respectively. Xylem sap was collected at 10:00 am after 1, 5, 15, and 30 d, and the selected metabolites were analyzed with liquid chromatography. All N, P, or K deficiencies led to a substantial increase in metabolites in the xylem sap. The predominant amino acid in the xylem sap was glutamine and, interestingly, all mineral deficiencies resulted in a substantial amount of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). Additionally, organic acids (citrate and malate) and soluble sugars were strongly increased in all mineral deficiencies, and, in particular, the level of shikimate was greatly affected by N deficiency. Based on these data, it is necessary to clearly elucidate an unknown event taking place in xylem loading in a variety of environmental impacts, and we are now studying to expand our knowledge on metabolic and proteomic responses using GC‐MS and LC‐MS.     

Cultivar differences for tolerance to Fe and Zn deficiency: A comparison of two maize hybrids and their parents

The Fe and Zn deficiency tolerances for two high yielding maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids (G‐2 and G‐5) and their parent cultivars were examined by growing them in nutrient solutions. The results indicated the occurrence of heterosis for Zn deficiency tolerance in G‐5, and to a lesser extent in G‐2. Each cultivar was susceptible to Fe deficiency and did not show signs of recovery from chlorosis. The symptoms of Fe deficiency were distinct from those for Zn deficiency. Plant growth was affected more by Fe deficiency than by Zn deficiency. The roots of cultivars were reduced in growth under Fe deficiency conditions.     

氮素对不同大豆品种根系分泌物中有机酸的影响

采用室内溶液培养方法,分别研究了接种根瘤菌处理下,两种氮源和两种氮浓度对两个大豆品种根系分泌物中有机酸的影响。结果表明,合丰25号根系分泌的有机酸种类和数量无论苗期或花期,接种或不接种根瘤菌,均表现为硝态氮处理高于酰胺态氮处理,表明合丰25号大豆更喜硝态氮,硝态氮促进了有机酸的分泌。绥农10号在酰胺态氮下的有机酸种类和数量均高于硝态氮处理,表明其更喜酰胺态氮,酰胺态氮下根瘤菌的存在增加其根系分泌物中有机酸种类和数量。可见,大豆根系分泌物中有机酸的种类和数量因品种而异,因品种对氮源的喜好而变化;根瘤菌在不同程度上增强或减弱根系有机酸的分泌作用。柠檬酸受氮素供应浓度影响很大,当氮素供应浓度较低时,大豆根系分泌物中可检测到柠檬酸,供氮浓度升高则检测不到。     

Yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat increased with root length and biomass due to nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium interactions

Balanced applications of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are known to increase grain yield of wheat but the impact of the interactions among N, P, and K on root growth and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) have not been proven. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of balanced applications of N, P, and K on the rooting patterns and NUE of wheat. Two glasshouse experiments were conducted. A rhizobox study was used to assess the impact of interactions among N, P, and K fertilisers on total root length, biomass, specific root length, root length density, N use efficiency (NUE), and N uptake efficiency of the shoots (NUpE_shoot) and N nutrition index. In a separate pot study, plants were grown to maturity to confirm the effect of the observed changes in root growth on NUE, NUpE_grain, and grain/biomass yield. In the rhizobox experiment when plants were supplied with N+P+K, total root biomass increased approximately six‐fold relative to plants grown with N alone or with no fertiliser. Plants exposed to N+P+K had NUpE_shoot and NUE values that were five and ten times higher, respectively, than plants that received just fertiliser N. Plants supplied with N+P or N+P+K had N nutrition indices close to one (N‐adequate), while plants that only received N had an index of 0.62 (N‐deficient). The pot study confirmed that the changes in root length and biomass in plants exposed to N+P+K resulted in significant increases in NUE, NUpE_grain, shoot biomass, and grain yield at maturity. Interactions among fertiliser N, P, and K played a critical role in influencing root biomass and length, which was associated with increases in NUE, NUpE_shoot and NUpE_grain.     

氮磷钾配施对青贮玉米生物产量和营养品质的影响

采用二次回归正交组合设计，通过田间小区试验，研究了氮磷钾配合施用对青贮玉米产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明，综合考虑青贮玉米最大生物产量和经济效益，其适宜的氮肥（N）用量范围为308．4—365．0培柑，磷肥（P2O5）适宜用量范围为100．1—117．0kg／hm^2，钾肥适宜用量（K2O）范围为65．5～89．8kg俯。不同施氮和施磷水平对青贮玉米中粗蛋白含量有一定的影响。磷和钾的施用有助于干物质含量和钙的提高。     

Absorption and accumulation of potassium in component parts of sugarcane as affected by age,phosphorus deficiency and phosphorus fertilization

Like nitrogen and phosphorus, the amount of potassium taken up by the sugarcane plant, varies enormously with the conditions of soil and climate, the amount of potassic fertilizer applied singly or in combination with N and P, the general cultural conditions and above all the age of the plant at which potassium was estimated. Even individual tillers and leaves of various stages of development show marked variations in potassium content. Very often it has been suggested that a certain critical concentrations of N, P and K in actively growing leaves was necessary for good growth. Below such critical limits, conditions of deficiency set in while above a certain critical limit state of sufficiency often resulted in very little proportional growth.     

氮磷钾均衡管理对戈壁滩日光温室基质栽培秋冬茬番茄产量与养分吸收的影响

采用日光温室小区试验,研究了氮磷钾均衡管理对戈壁滩日光温室基质栽培秋冬茬番茄产量与养分吸收的影响,以期为戈壁滩日光温室基质栽培蔬菜提供科学施肥依据。结果表明,(1)日光温室秋冬茬番茄栽培基质营养主要限制因子是氮和钾,施磷也有一定增产效果,施氮、施钾和施磷平均分别增产31.2%、17.0%和4.1%。(2)氮磷钾均衡管理处理较习惯施肥能显著增加产量和经济效益,平均增产16.3%,增收17.5%;氮磷钾均衡管理处理产量和经济效益均略高于高氮和高钾处理,产量平均分别增加4.8%和3.0%,经济效益平均分别增加4.9%和3.2%。(3)氮磷钾均衡管理能维持番茄对氮磷钾的吸收量,提高化肥氮磷钾利用率,氮磷钾均衡管理处理的化肥氮、磷和钾利用率分别为25.8%、17.6%和35.7%,而习惯施肥处理的化肥氮、磷和钾的利用率分别为15.9%、6.5%和19.7%。(4)本试验条件下日光温室基质栽培秋冬茬番茄适宜N、P2O5和K2O用量分别为392、136和455 g/m3基质,生产1 000 kg番茄产品对N、P2O5和K2O的推荐量分别为3.1、1.1和3.6 kg。