Driving factors of temporal variation in agricultural soil respiration

Investigations of diurnal and seasonal variations in soil respiration support modeling of regional CO₂ budgets and therefore in estimating their potential contribution to greenhouse gases. This study quantifies temporal changes in soil respiration and their driving factors in grassland and arable soils located in Northern Germany. Field measurements at an arable site showed diurnal mean soil respiration rates between 67 and 99 mg CO₂ m^–2 h^–1 with a hysteresis effect following changes in mean soil temperatures. Field soil respiration peaked in April at 5767 mg CO₂ m^–2 day^–1, while values below 300 mg CO₂ m^–2 day^–1 were measured in wintertime. Laboratory incubations were carried out in dark open flow chambers at temperatures from 5°C to 40°C, with 5°C intervals, and soil moisture was controlled at 30%, 50%, and 70% of full water holding capacity. Respiration rates were higher in grassland soils than in arable soils when the incubating temperature exceeded 15°C. The respiration rate difference between them rose with increasing temperature. Monthly median values of incubated soil respiration rates ranged from 0 to 26.12 and 0 to 7.84 µg CO₂ g^–1 dry weight h^–1, respectively, in grassland and arable land. A shortage of available substrate leads to a temporal decline in soil respiration rates, as indicated by a decrease in dissolved organic carbon. Temporal Q₁₀ values decreased from about 4.0 to below 1.5 as temperatures increased in the field. Moreover, the results of our laboratory experiments confirmed that soil temperature is the main controlling factor for the Q₁₀ values. Within the temperature interval between 20°C and 30°C, Q₁₀ values were around 2 while the Q₁₀ values of arable soils were slightly lower compared to that of grassland soils. Thus, laboratory studies may underestimate temperature sensitivity of soil respiration, awareness for transforming laboratory data to field conditions must therefore be taken into account.     

增温对寒潮期间亚热带常绿阔叶天然林土壤呼吸的影响

全球变暖增加寒潮天气发生的频率和强度,影响土壤呼吸及其各组分,但有关增温和寒潮对亚热带森林土壤呼吸及其各组分的影响研究仍十分缺乏。通过壕沟法分离土壤呼吸,并利用土壤呼吸高频自动监测系统研究增温对寒潮期间亚热带常绿阔叶天然林土壤总呼吸、根呼吸与微生物呼吸的影响。结果表明：(1)寒潮发生时,对照和增温处理中土壤总呼吸速率分别显著下降45.93%和25.68%,土壤微生物呼吸速率分别显著下降51.25%和35.54%。但寒潮并没有影响增温处理中根呼吸速率,而对照处理中根呼吸速率在寒潮时显著下降39.72%。(2)观测期间,增温对总呼吸和根呼吸的日动态模式的影响在寒潮不同阶段具有明显差异,增温导致寒潮发生前后土壤总呼吸和根呼吸日峰值出现时间分别提前1,2 h,而寒潮发生时,对照和增温处理中土壤总呼吸和根呼吸的日峰值出现时间同步。(3)观测期间,增温后土壤总呼吸、根呼吸和微生物呼吸的温度敏感性(Q₁₀值)均下降,而根呼吸的Q₁₀值均高于微生物呼吸。因此,准确了解寒潮等极端天气下的土壤总呼吸、根呼吸和微生物呼吸的变化及其对增温的响应,对于提高气候变暖后土...     

Simulated rain addition modifies diurnal patterns and temperature sensitivities of autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration in an arid desert ecosystem

The timing and magnitude of rainfall events in arid and semiarid regions are expected to change dramatically in future decades, which will likely greatly affect regional carbon cycles. To understand how increases in rainfall affect the diurnal patterns and temperature sensitivities (Q₁₀) of soil respiration (R_S) and its key components (i.e. heterotrophic respiration (R_H) and autotrophic respiration (R_A)), we conducted a manipulative field experiment in a desert ecosystem of Northwest China. We simulated five different scenarios of future rain regimes (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% increase over local annual mean precipitation) each month from May to September in 2009. We measured R_S and R_H every three hours on 6 and 16 days after the rain addition, and estimated R_A by calculating the difference between R_S and R_H. We found that rain addition significantly increased the daily mean R_S and its components on the two measurement days during the growing season. However, the diurnal pattern was different between the two respiration components. Rain addition significantly increased the daily Q₁₀ value of R_H but suppressed that of R_A on Day 6. Rain addition had no influence on daily Q₁₀ value of both respiration components on Day 16 when soil moisture was lower. In addition, we observed significantly higher daily Q₁₀ of R_H than R_A under all five rain addition treatments, indicating that microbial respiration is more temperature sensitive than root respiration in a short-time scale in this desert ecosystem. Thus, partitioning soil respiration into its two components, and analyzing the differential responses of R_H and R_A to future climate changes should be considered for more accurate predictions of soil respiration and regional carbon cycle in these arid and semiarid regions.     

高浓度CO2下长白松幼苗土壤和根系呼吸

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of higher CO2 concentrations （500 and 700 μmol mol^-1） in atmosphere on total soil respiration and the contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration during seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris vat. sylvestriformis. During the four growing seasons （May-October） from 1999 to 2003, the seedlings were exposed to elevated concentrations of CO2 in open-top chambers. The total soil respiration and contribution of root respiration were measured using an LI-6400-09 soil CO2 flux chamber on June 15 and October 8, 2003. To separate root respiration from total soil respiration, three PVC cylinders were inserted approximately 30 cm deep into the soil in each chamber. There were marked diurnal changes in air and soil temperatures on June 15. Both the total soil respiration and the soil respiration without roots showed a strong diurnal pattern, increasing from before sunrise to about 14：00 in the afternoon and then decreasing before the next sunrise. No increase in the mean total soil respiration and mean soil respiration with roots severed was observed under the elevated CO2 treatments on June 15, 2003, as compared to the open field and control chamber with ambient CO2. However, on October 8, 2003, the total soil respiration and soil respiration with roots severed in the open field were lower than those in the control and elevated CO2 chambers. The mean contribution of root respiration measured on June 15, 2003, ranged from 8.3% to 30.5% and on October 8, 2003, from 20.6% to 48.6%.     

保护性耕作下大豆农田土壤呼吸及影响因素分析

为了探讨保护性耕作对旱作农田土壤呼吸的影响,采用LI6400-09仪器(LI6400便携式光合作用系统连接6400-09呼吸室)在重庆北碚西南大学试验农场对平作(T)、垄作(R)、平作+覆盖(TS)、垄作+覆盖(RS)、平作+覆盖+秸秆速腐剂(TSD)、垄作+覆盖+秸秆速腐剂(RSD)6种处理下的西南紫色土丘陵区小麦/玉米/大豆套作体系中大豆生长季节的土壤呼吸及其水、热、生物因子进行测定和分析,探讨西南丘陵区保护性耕作下大豆农田土壤呼吸及其影响因素。结果表明,大豆整个生育期内土壤呼吸先缓慢增强,到开花期开始增长迅速,成熟期明显下降。不同处理土壤呼吸速率存在差异,表现为TTSD>TS、R>RSD>RS,土壤呼吸的土温敏感指标Q10值排序为TS>TSD>RS=R>T>RSD。秸秆覆盖处理的土壤呼吸对于土壤温度敏感性较高,垄作则降低了土壤温度敏感性。5 cm土层的土壤含水量高低排序为TSD>RSD>TS>RS>T>R。本研究中土壤呼吸与土壤水分呈抛物线函数关系,垄作处理下土壤呼吸与土壤水分正相关,达到显著水平;其他处理均表现负相关,其中TS达到极显著水平。在大豆农田生态系统中优势类群有弹尾目、螨目和双翅目,干漏斗法、陷阱法捕获的土壤动物与土壤呼吸均没有显著的相关关系,两种方法所得土壤动物数量加总与土壤呼吸进行相关分析,发现处理T相关系数达到显著水平,r=0.901,P=0.037。     

Soil respiration and methane flux in adjacent forest,grassland, and cornfield soils in Hokkaido,Japan

Soil respiration and methane flux from adjacent forest, grassland, and cornfield were measured by using the closed chamber method from June to November, 1999 in Shizunai, Hokkaido, Japan, where the soil was an Aquic Humic Udivitrands derived from volcanic ash. The forest soil absorbed methane, at arate ranging from -0.12 to -0.02 mg C m_-2 h_-1, while the grassland soil emitted methane, at a rate ranging from undetectable levels to 0.18 mg C m_-2 h_-1. In the cornfield soil methane flux ranged from -0.01 to 0.04 mg C m_-2 h_-1. The soil respiration rate varied from 3 to 230 mg C m_-2 h_-1, 27 to 372 mg C m_-2 h_-1, and 29 to 156 mg C m_-2 h_-1 for the cornfield, grassland, and forest soils, respectively. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that the methane flux rate was positively correlated with the soil water-filled pore space (WFPS), and negatively correlated with the relative gas diffusion coefficient (D/D _o) and air-filled pore space (AFPS). Soil respiration rates were positively correlated with the soil temperature at all the sites. The Q ₁₀ value was 4.8, 3.3, and 1.9 for the cornfield, grassland, and forest soils, respectively.     

Intensive management enhances mycorrhizal respiration but decreases free-living microbial respiration by affecting microbial abundance and community structure in Moso bamboo forest soils

Intensive management is known to markedly alter soil carbon (C) storage and turnover in Moso bamboo forests compared with extensive management. However, the effects of intensive management on soil respiration (R_S) components remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in different R_S components (root, mycorrhizal, and free-living microorganism respiration) in Moso bamboo forests under extensive and intensive management practices. A 1-year in-situ microcosm experiment was conducted to quantify the R_S components in Moso bamboo forests under the two management practices using mesh screens of varying sizes. The results showed that the total R_S and its components exhibited similar seasonal variability between the two management practices. Compared with extensive management, intensive management significantly increased cumulative respiration from mycorrhizal fungi by 36.73%, while decreased cumulative respiration from free-living soil microorganisms by 8.97%. Moreover, the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increased by 43.38%, but bacterial and fungal abundances decreased by 21.65% and 33.30%, respectively, under intensive management. Both management practices significantly changed the bacterial community composition, which could be mainly explained by soil pH and available potassium. Mycorrhizal fungi and intensive management affected the interrelationships between bacterial members. Structural equation modeling indicated that intensive management changed the cumulative R_S by elevating AMF abundance and lowering bacterial abundance. We concluded that intensive management reduced the microbial respiration-derived C loss, but increased mycorrhizal respiration-derived C loss.     

Soil respiration rate and its sensitivity to temperature in pasture systems of dry-tropics

Abstract

Tree clearing is a topical issue the world over. In Queensland, the high rates of clearing in the past were mainly to increase pasture production. The present research evaluates the impact of clearing on some soil biological properties, i.e. total soil respiration, root respiration, microbial respiration, and microbial biomass (C and N), and the response of soil respiration to change in temperature.

In-field and laboratory (polyhouse) experiments were undertaken. For in-field studies, paired cleared and uncleared pasture plots were selected to represent three major tree communities of the region, i.e. Eucalyptus populnea, E. melanophloia, and Acacia harpophylla. The cleared sites were chosen to represent three different time-since-clearing durations (5, 11–13, and 33 years; n=18 for cleared and uncleared plots) to determine the temporal impact of clearing on soil biological properties. Experiments were conducted in the polyhouse to study in detail the response of soil respiration to changes in soil temperature and soil moisture, and to complement in-field studies for estimating root respiration.

The average rate of CO₂ emission was 964 g CO₂/m²/yr, with no significant difference (P<0.05) among cleared and uncleared sites. Microbial respiration and microbial biomass were greater at uncleared compared with those at cleared sites. The Q ₁₀-value of 1.42 (measured for different seasons in a year) for in-field measurements suggested a small response of soil respiration to soil temperature, possibly due to the limited availability of soil moisture and/or organic matter. However, results from the polyhouse experiment suggested greater sensitivity of root respiration to temperature change than for total soil respiration. Since root biomass (herbaceous roots) was greater at the cleared than at uncleared sites, and root respiration increased with an increase in temperature, we speculate that with rising ambient temperature and consequently soil temperature, total soil respiration in cleared pastures will increase at a faster rate than that in uncleared pastures.     

稻麦轮作系统中大气CO2浓度升高对冬小麦生长季土壤呼吸的影响

Studies on the effect of elevated CO2 on C dynamics in cultivated croplands are critical to a better understanding of the C cycling in response to climate change in agroecosystems. To evaluate the effects of elevated CO2 and different N fertilizer application levels on soil respiration, winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yangmai 14） plants were exposed to either ambient CO2 or elevated CO2 （ambient [CO2] ＋ 200 μmol mol-1）, under N fertilizer application levels of 112.5 and 225 kg N ha-1 （as low N and normal N subtreatments, respectively）, for two growing seasons （2006-2007 and 2007-2008） in a rice-winter wheat rotation system typical in China. A split-plot design was adopted. A root exclusion method was used to partition soil respiration （RS） into heterotrophic respiration （RH） and autotrophic respiration （RA）. Atmospheric CO2 enrichment increased seasonal cumulative RS by 11.8% at low N and 5.6% at normal N when averaged over two growing seasons. Elevated CO2 significantly enhanced （P 〈 0.05） RS （12.7%）, mainly due to the increase in RH （caused by decomposition of larger amounts of rice residue under elevated CO2） during a relative dry season in 2007-2008. Higher N supply also enhanced RS under ambient and elevated CO2. In the 2007-2008 season, normal N treatment had a significant positive effect （P 〈 0.01） on seasonal cumulative RS relative to low N treatment when averaged across CO2 levels （16.3%）. A significant increase in RA was mainly responsible for the enhanced RS under higher N supply. The correlation （r2） between RH and soil temperature was stronger （P 〈 0.001） than that between RS and soil temperature when averaged across all treatments in both seasons. Seasonal patterns of RA may be more closely related to the plant phenology than soil temperature. The Q10 （the multiplier to the respiration rate for a 10 ℃ increase in soil temperature） values of RS and RH were not affected by elevated CO2 or higher N supply. These results mainly suggested that the increase in RS at elevated CO2 depended on the input of rice residue, and the increase in RS at higher N supply was due to stimulated root growth and concomitant increase in RA during the wheat growing portion of a rice-winter wheat rotation system.     

Response of ecosystem respiration to warming and grazing during the growing seasons in the alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau

Intensive studies reveal that there is much uncertainty regarding how ecosystem and soil respiration will respond to warming and grazing, especially in the alpine meadow ecosystem. We conducted a first of its kind field-manipulative warming and grazing experiment in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau to determine the effects of warming and grazing on ecosystem and soil respiration for 3-years, from 2006 to 2008. Generally, warming and grazing did not affect seasonal average ecosystem respiration (Re), and there was no interaction between grazing and warming. However, they significantly affected the Re early in the growing season and by the end of the growing season. Warming significantly increased seasonal average soil respiration (Rs) by 9.2%, whereas the difference mainly resulted from data gathered early in the growing season, before June 2007. Positive correlations between soil temperature and Re and Rs were observed, and soil temperature explained 63-83% of seasonal Re variations during the 3-year study and 19-34% of Rs variations in 2007. Seasonal Re in 2008 and Rs in 2007 were slightly negatively correlated to soil moisture, but interannual average Re decreased with a decrease in precipitation for all treatments. Warming and grazing reduced the Q₁₀ value of Re in 2007 and 2008 but did not affect the Q₁₀ value of Rs. The Q₁₀ values of Rs were much lower than the Q₁₀ values of Re in 2007. These results suggest that grazing may reduce the temperature sensitivity of Re and that Re was mainly controlled by soil temperature rather than moisture which varied with timescale in the alpine meadow.     

Effects of warming, wetting and nitrogen addition on substrate-induced respiration and temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration in a temperate forest soil

Soil heterotrophic respiration and its temperature sensitivity are affected by various climatic and environmental factors.However,little is known about the combined effects of concurrent climatic and environmental changes,such as climatic warming,changing precipitation regimes,and increasing nitrogen(N)deposition.Therefore,in this study,we investigated the individual and combined effects of warming,wetting,and N addition on soil heterotrophic respiration and temperature sensitivity.We incubated soils collected from a temperate forest in South Korea for 60 d at two temperature levels(15 and 20℃,representing the annual mean temperature of the study site and 5℃warming,respectively),three moisture levels(10%,28%,and 50%water-filled pore space(WFPS),representing dry,moist,and wet conditions,respectively),and two N levels(without N and with N addition equivalent to 50 kg N ha^-1year^-1).On day 30,soils were distributed across five different temperatures(10,15,20,25,and 30℃)for 24 h to determine short-term changes in temperature sensitivity(Q₁₀,change in respiration with 10℃increase in temperature)of soil heterotrophic respiration.After completing the incubation on day 60,we measured substrate-induced respiration(SIR)by adding six labile substrates to the three types of treatments.Wetting treatment(increase from 28%to 50%WFPS)reduced SIR by 40.8%(3.77 to 2.23μg CO₂-C g^-1h^-1),but warming(increase from 15 to 20℃)and N addition increased SIR by 47.7%(3.77 to 5.57μg CO₂-C g^-1h^-1)and 42.0%(3.77 to 5.35μg CO₂-C g^-1h^-1),respectively.A combination of any two treatments did not affect SIR,but the combination of three treatments reduced SIR by 42.4%(3.70 to 2.20μg CO₂-C g^-1h^-1).Wetting treatment increased Q₁₀by 25.0%(2.4 to 3.0).However,warming and N addition reduced Q₁₀by 37.5%(2.4 to 1.5)and 16.7%(2.4 to 2.0),respectively.Warming coupled with wetting did not significantly change Q₁₀,while warming coupled with N addition reduced Q₁₀by 33.3%(2.4 to 1.6).The combination of three treatments increased Q₁₀by 12.5%(2.4 to 2.7).Our results demonstrated that among the three factors,soil moisture is the most important one controlling SIR and Q₁₀.The results suggest that the effect of warming on SIR and Q₁₀can be modified significantly by rainfall variability and elevated N availability.Therefore,this study emphasizes that concurrent climatic and environmental changes,such as increasing rainfall variability and N deposition,should be considered when predicting changes induced by warming in soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity.     

Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on soil respiration components and their temperature sensitivities in a semiarid grassland

Nitrogen (N) deposition to semiarid ecosystems is increasing globally, yet few studies have investigated the ecological consequences of N enrichment in these ecosystems. Furthermore, soil CO₂ flux – including plant root and microbial respiration – is a key feedback to ecosystem carbon (C) cycling that links ecosystem processes to climate, yet few studies have investigated the effects of N enrichment on belowground processes in water-limited ecosystems. In this study, we conducted two-level N addition experiments to investigate the effects of N enrichment on microbial and root respiration in a grassland ecosystem on the Loess Plateau in northwestern China. Two years of high N additions (9.2 g N m⁻² y⁻¹) significantly increased soil CO₂ flux, including both microbial and root respiration, particularly during the warm growing season. Low N additions (2.3 g N m⁻² y⁻¹) increased microbial respiration during the growing season only, but had no significant effects on root respiration. The annual temperature coefficients (Q₁₀) of soil respiration and microbial respiration ranged from 1.86 to 3.00 and 1.86 to 2.72 respectively, and there was a significant decrease in Q₁₀ between the control and the N treatments during the non-growing season but no difference was found during the growing season. Following nitrogen additions, elevated rates of root respiration were significantly and positively related to root N concentrations and biomass, while elevated rates of microbial respiration were related to soil microbial biomass C (SMBC). The microbial respiration tended to respond more sensitively to N addition, while the root respiration did not have similar response. The different mechanisms of N addition impacts on soil respiration and its components and their sensitivity to temperature identified in this study may facilitate the simulation and prediction of C cycling and storage in semiarid grasslands under future scenarios of global change.     

保护性耕作对黄土旱塬箭筈豌豆地土壤呼吸的影响

[目的]揭示保护性耕作对土壤呼吸的影响,为旱区保护性农业的发展提供理论依据。[方法]采用多通道土壤碳通量系统监测传统耕作(T)、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖(TS)、免耕(NT)和免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)下箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)地的土壤呼吸速率。[结果]各措施下花期呼吸速率比收获期高10.45%~45.09%,NTS处理下土壤呼吸速率最低别比TS,NT和T处理显著减少39.17%,21.37%和30.25%(p0.01)。耕作处理(T,TS)下日均土壤呼吸速率高于免耕处理(NT,NTS)(p0.05)。晴天土壤呼吸变化呈单峰曲线,最大值出现在14:00。耕作下土壤呼吸速率与气温显著线性相关,免耕下(NT,NTS)与气温呈指数关系(p0.01)。不同耕作措施间气温敏感性Q10值大小依次为:T(1.97)NT(1.62)TS(1.58)NTS(1.52)。[结论]免耕加秸秆还田处理对减少温室气体排放有一定的贡献。     

极端干旱区不同水分条件下胡杨林生态耗水特征

以极端干旱区胡杨林为研究对象,探究不同水分条件下胡杨林土壤水分运动规律和胡杨生态耗水特征。结果表明:HYDRUS-1D模型对极端干旱区胡杨林土壤水分运动和蒸散发过程具有良好的模拟效果。不同水分条件下胡杨林土壤水分运动特征和生态耗水变化差异明显。随着下垫面水分条件趋于湿润,土壤水分含量和湿润锋入渗深度均出现增加,入渗深度分别达到100,120,150cm。下垫面水分条件改变导致土壤水分存蓄情况发生变化。下垫面水分补给增加的同时胡杨林蒸散发呈明显增加,其中植被蒸腾增加显著。随着水分条件逐渐湿润植被蒸腾占总蒸散比例由55%升至65%。研究显示,随着下垫面水分条件逐渐湿润,极端干旱区胡杨林生态耗水量逐渐增加,其中植物蒸腾消耗是造成水分耗散增加的主要原因。     

Root exclusion methods for partitioning of soil respiration: Review and methodological considerations

Soil respiration is a vital process in all terrestrial ecosystems, through which the soil releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere at an estimated annual rate of 68-101 Pg carbon, making it the second highest terrestrial contributor to carbon fluxes. Since soil respiration consists of autotrophic and heterotrophic constituents, methods for accurately determining the contribution of each constituent to the total soil respiration are critical for understanding their differential responses to environmental factors and aiding the reduction of CO₂ emissions. Owing to its low cost and simplicity, the root exclusion (RE) technique, combined with manual chamber measurements, is frequently used in field studies of soil respiration partitioning. Nevertheless, RE treatments alter the soil environment, leading to potential bias in respiration measurements. This review aims to elucidate the current understanding of RE, i.e., trenching (Tr) and deep collar (DC) insertion techniques, by examining soil respiration partitioning studies performed in several ecosystems. Additionally, we discuss methodological considerations when using RE and the combinations of RE with stable isotopic and modeling approaches. Finally, future research directions for improving the Tr and DC insertion methods in RE are suggested.     

Evaluating the impacts of incubation procedures on estimated Q10 values of soil respiration

A reliable determination of the response of soil organic carbon decomposition to temperature is critical in the context of global warming. However, uncertainties remain in estimated temperature sensitivity of soil respiration, which may be partly due to different experimental conditions. To investigate the possible effects of laboratory incubation procedures on estimated Q₁₀ value, soil samples taken from various ecosystems were incubated under changing temperature with different experimental conditions or procedures: 1) different rate of temperature change; 2) different intervals of temperature change; 3) equilibration time after temperature change; 4) the duration of chamber closure and 5) the size of incubated soil sample. The results indicated that respiration rate was affected by experimental procedures. The respiration rate of soil samples containing high concentration of organic carbon decreased quickly if the soil container sealed longer than 2 h. Estimated Q₁₀ values across all soils ranged from 1.56 to 2.70, with respect to the effects of incubation procedures. Temperature rate change, equilibration time, the duration of chamber closure and soil sample size had no effect on estimated Q₁₀ values of soil respiration. However, Q₁₀ values derived from temperature changing intervals of 2 and 7 °C were significantly different, despite the fact that the exponential function fitted well for the relationship between respiration rate and temperature for both intervals. The results of these experiments suggested that incubation procedures have different effects on measured soil respiration and estimated Q₁₀ values. For soil incubations of short-duration, the effects of incubation procedures on soil respiration and estimated Q₁₀ values based on respiration rate should be appropriately tested with experimental setting-up, and estimating Q₁₀ values with few temperatures should be avoided.     

太行山南麓不同植被类型土壤呼吸特征及其温度敏感性

[目的]探讨不同植被类型土壤呼吸特征及其温度敏感性,为陆地生态系统碳循环研究提供理论支持.[方法]以太行山南麓裸地、草地、灌丛、林地为研究对象,采用长期定位观测和室内化验分析相结合的方法,研究不同季节土壤水热因素、呼吸特征及其温度敏感性.[结果]不同植被类型的土壤温度变化较大,均表现为1月初最低,8月下旬最高,8月以后...     

长白山岳桦-暗针叶林过渡带根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献

Total and root-severed soil respiration rates for five plots set up 50 m apart in a Betula ermanii Cham.-dark coniferous forest ecotone on a north-facing slope of the Changbai Mountains, China, were measured to evaluate the seasonal variations of soil respiration, to assess the effect of soil temperature and water content on soil respiration, and to estimate the relative contributions of root respiration to the total soil respiration. PVC cylinders in each of 5 forest types of a B. ermanii-dark coniferous forest ecotone were used to measure soil respirations both inside and outside of the cylinders. The contribution of roots to the total soil respiration rates ranged from 12.5% to 54.6%. The mean contribution of roots for the different plots varied with the season, increasing from 32.5% on June 26 to 36.6% on August 3 and to 41.8% on October 14.In addition, there existed a significant （P 〈 0.01） logarithmic relationship between total soil respiration rate and soil temperature at 5 cm soil depth. Also, a similar trend was observed for the soil respiration and soil water content at the surface （0-5 cm） during the same period of time.     

大豆生长期间的土壤呼吸

Soil respiration induced by soybean cultivation over its entire growing season and the factors influencing soil respiration were investigated to examine the seasonal pattern of soil respiration induced by soybean cultivation, explore soybean growth and photosynthesis on soil respiration, and determine the temperature dependence on soil respiration. Soil respiration in a pot experiment with and without soybean plants was sampled using the static chamber method and measured using gas chromatograph. Air temperature was a dominant factor controlling soil respiration rate in unplanted soil. Additionally, rhizosphere respiration comprised 62% to 98% of the soil respiration rate in the soybean-planted soil varying with the soybean growth stages. Harvesting aerial parts of soybean plant caused an immediate drop in the soil respiration rate at that stage. After harvesting the aerial parts of the soybean plant, a highly significant correlation between soil respiration rate and air temperature was found at the flowering stage （P 〈 0.01）, the pod stage （P 〈 0.01）, and the seed-filling stage （P 〈 0.05）. Thus, rhizosphere respiration during the soybean-growing period not only made a great contribution to soil respiration, but also determined the seasonal variation pattern of the soll respiration rate.     

Biocrusts modulate warming and rainfall exclusion effects on soil respiration in a semi-arid grassland

Soil surface communities composed of cyanobacteria, algae, mosses, liverworts, fungi, bacteria and lichens (biocrusts) largely affect soil respiration in dryland ecosystems. Climate change is expected to have large effects on biocrusts and associated ecosystem processes. However, few studies so far have experimentally assessed how expected changes in temperature and rainfall will affect soil respiration in biocrust-dominated ecosystems. We evaluated the impacts of biocrust development, increased air temperature and decreased precipitation on soil respiration dynamics during dry (2009) and wet (2010) years, and investigated the relative importance of soil temperature and moisture as environmental drivers of soil respiration, in a semiarid grassland from central Spain. Soil respiration rates were significantly lower in the dry than in the wet year, regardless of biocrust cover. Warming increased soil respiration rates, but this response was only significant in biocrust-dominated areas (>50% biocrust cover). Warming also increased the temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀ values) of soil respiration in biocrust-dominated areas, particularly during the wet year. The combination of warming and rainfall exclusion had similar effects in low biocrust cover areas. Our results highlight the importance of biocrusts as a modulator of soil respiration responses to both warming and rainfall exclusion, and indicate that they must be explicitly considered when evaluating soil respiration responses to climate change in drylands.