Determination of soil salinity based on WET measurements using the concept of salinity index

We evaluated the Malicki and Walczak model (MW) and its appropriately modification (MMW) in the prediction of the electrical conductivity of the soil solution (σ_p), utilizing the WET dielectric sensor. In the MMW approach, the prediction of σ_p requires determination of the WET‐based salinity index (X_s) and clay and sand contents of the soil. MMW appears to be more effective than MW in all cases except for the cases of finer soils when σ_p > 3 dS m^?1.     

莫索湾灌区土壤剖面盐分的季节性变化特征

以新疆莫索湾灌区为研究区域,通过对该地区春季和秋季土壤剖面取样,得到土壤盐分值并采用Arc-gis 10.0软件对土壤盐分进行地统计学分析,从而探索莫索湾灌区不同季节土壤剖面盐分的空间变化特征。结果表明：研究区土壤剖面盐分含量随土层深度的增加而升高,属于底聚型;盐分含量总体表现为东南部高于西北部,2014春季高于2013年秋季,是因为灌区春季温度高于秋季,且积雪融化造成部分地区地下水位升高,强烈的地表蒸发使得底层盐分上移到耕层。不同季节各层土壤盐分含量值都符合对数正态分布,变异系数在66％~92％之间,具有中等强度的空间变异性,表层土壤变异大于底层;半方差分析得出2013年秋季和2014年春季各土层土壤盐分含量可以用高斯模型、指数模型和线性模型拟合,拟合模型的R2均大于0.75;土壤盐分含量的块金系数 C0/( C0＋ C )值在31％~42％之间,盐分含量值均表现为中等强度的空间自相关,0~100 cm土壤盐分受自然因素和人为因素共同作用。研究结果可为莫索湾灌区盐渍化土壤的分区、改良和利用提供理论基础。     

环渤海微咸水区土壤盐分及盐渍化程度的空间格局

为了探求环渤海低平原区微咸水的农业利用潜力、缓解水资源危机,就需要掌握该区土壤盐分及其盐渍化程度的空间分布格局。本文通过对该平原微咸水区选取127个代表性样点,采集0～60 cm深度内的8层土样进行土壤全盐量测定,并对130个水井的水位埋深及128个地下水样的矿化度进行了测定。采用地质统计学和GIS相结合的方法研究了该区土壤全盐量及其盐渍化程度的空间分布格局。结果表明,除表层土层盐分含量属于强变异强度外,环渤海低平原区其余土层盐分含量均属于中等变异强度。土层盐分的空间自相关距离从表层（0～5 cm）的35.3 km 增加到深层（50～ 60 cm）的59.7 km。研究区各层土壤盐分含量自内陆平原向东部滨海平原逐渐增加,上下土层盐分含量呈相同的空间变化趋势。表层土层属于非盐化土、轻度盐化土和中度盐化土的比例基本相等,而重度盐化土面积较小,5～60 cm土层无重度盐化土分布。总体上,环渤海低平原以轻度盐化土和非盐化土为主,0～60 cm空间上盐分积聚不强,浅层微咸水灌溉存在很大利用空间。     

银川平原土壤盐分及盐渍土的空间分布格局

系统认识和掌握盐渍土的空间分布特征,是治理改良盐渍土的基础。在总面积约6 184.9 km2的银川平原引黄灌区布设101个采样点,分层（0～180 cm）测定了土壤全盐量,应用地统计学方法结合GIS技术对其空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,银川平原各层土壤盐分的分布类型均比较复杂,呈高度的偏态分布。土壤盐分的变异属于中等变异强度。0～120 cm土层盐分的空间相关距离一般在20～28 km;而深层（＞120 cm）土壤的空间相关距离较大,约34 km。银川平原表层土壤属于非盐化土、轻度、中度、重度盐渍土和盐土的土地面积分别为0、1 508.8、3 614.9、982.6和78.6 km2,总体属于中度和轻度盐化土类型,且呈现一定的盐分表聚趋势。重度盐渍土和盐土主要分布在银北的石嘴山市、平罗县、惠农县一带和银南的部分地区。总体来说,银川平原的土壤盐渍化现象依然严重,应加强研究与治理改良。     

Spatial interpolation of orchard soil pH using soil type and planting duration as auxiliary information

Intensified field management in orcahrds has resulted in significant and widespread acidification in the soils. However, effectively mapping the spatial patterns of soil pH aiming to support ecological management is impeded by its large variotions across soil types and planting durations. Kriging methods were used to integrate soil type and planting duration information for effective mapping of orchard soil pH in a case study in orchards of the Northeast Jiaodong Peninsula, East China. A total of 1 472 surface soil samples were collected, and the planting duration of each sampled orchard was acquired to generate a planting duration map via Voronoi tessellations. The performance of five kriging methods was compared, namely, ordinary kriging (OK), OK combined with soil type (OK_ST), OK combined with planting duration (OK_PD), cokriging combined with soil type and planting duration (OCK_STPD), and OK combined with soil type and planting duration (OK_STPD). Results showed that soil pH declined significantly with increasing planting duration and exhibited moderate spatial variability over the study area. Soil type and planting duration both had significant influence on the spatial distribution of soil pH. The OCK_STPD and OK_STPD methods showed better prediction efficiency than OK, OK_ST, or OK_PD. With regard to the predicted maps of soil pH, the OCK_STPD and OK_STPD methods highly reflected local variations associated with soil type and planting duration, but the OK method was poorly representative. Categorical soil type and planting duration information may be used as ancillary information to improve the mapping quality of orchard soil pH. The OCK_STPD and OK_STPD methods were practical and efficient methods for interpolating orchard soil pH in the study area. The resultant high-quality soil pH maps can contribute to improved site-specific management in the orchards.     

苏北优势农业区土壤砷含量空间变异性研究

为研究江苏北部优势农业区土壤砷含量的空间变异性并分析引起其空间变异的原因,该文采用经典统计学和地质统计学相结合的方法对土壤中砷含量进行了分析.在对原始数据进行探索性空间分析的基础上,采用加权多项式回归法及交叉验证法,对球形、指数、高斯模型拟合实验半变异函数的结果进行评价,并根据评价结果选择了带块金效应的高斯模型作为实验半变异函数的拟合模型.采用普通克里格法对苏北优势农业区土壤砷含量空间分布情况进行插值计算,结果表明苏北优势农业区土壤砷含量存在明显空间相关性并且实验半变异函数表现为各向同性.区域内土壤砷含量最高的区域在研究区的西北部,而最低值在研究区的中北部.劣质水灌溉是引起这种变异的主要原因.     

基于电磁感应的典型干旱区土壤盐分空间异质性

为研究干旱区土壤盐分空间异质性,指导农业生产实践,运用大地电导率仪（EM38、EM31）对研究区域进行移动式磁感调查,获取表观电导率（ECa）。同时,通过27个校准点的采样和ECa测量,建立土壤盐分的电磁感应解译模型。干旱区土壤盐分质量分数与EM38、EM31水平模式读数（H38、H31）显示出良好的相关性（R=0.935）,可以利用ECa结合GIS和地统计学知识研究土壤盐分的空间分布。采用两种方法进行研究：一种是先利用解译模型获取磁感调查点的土壤盐分质量分数,然后进行地统计分析研究其空间分布;另一种是先利用地统计分析研究H38和H31的空间分布,然后利用解译模型通过栅格运算计算盐分质量分数,精度检验显示前者预测值与实测值之间的相关性更好（R2, 0.888＞0.873）;标准差较低（std. 0.414＜0.426）,具有更高的预测精度。研究结果表明,基于电磁感应研究干旱区土壤盐分空间异质性是切实可行的,这对于土壤盐渍化的快速诊断,指导农业生产和促进精准农业的发展具有重要的意义。     

长江三角洲地区滩涂土壤盐分空间分布特征研究

盐碱地盐分空间分布精准识别及形成机理解析对盐碱地科学利用具有重要意义。针对传统点状采样监测方法工作量大、代表性差和检测费用高等问题,本研究采用电磁感应仪精准调查技术对上海崇明某滩涂农场进行土壤盐分空间分布评估,全面快速获得盐分空间分布信息,解析土壤盐分形成机理,进而分类分区分级指导农业生产和科学精准改良。结果表明：土壤表观电导率(EC_a)和土壤盐分含量呈显著线性正相关关系(R²>0.9,P<0.05),土壤表观电导率的变化可以用来表征土壤盐分含量的变化;通过克里金插值研究区内土壤盐分的空间变异分布状况发现,研究区土壤盐分空间分布不均匀,有近80%区域存在轻中度盐碱化问题;通过定点取样土壤盐碱剖面评价,发现研究区土壤盐分具有较强的表聚性和变异强度,且变异系数随土壤深度增加不断减小;将表观电导率解译出的土壤盐分和土壤pH、有机质含量及主要组成离子含量进行相关性分析,剖析出该区域盐渍化类型以硫酸盐型为主,海水浸渍侧渗和地下水返盐影响是该区域盐渍化形成的主要原因。本研究实现了对土壤盐碱化快速、大范围、科学且动态的监测,对于全面提升盐碱地农...     

不同水质灌溉土壤磁化率空间变异性研究

采用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,对太行山山前平原城郊区不同水源灌溉条件下土壤磁化率的空间变异性进行研究,并探讨了土壤磁畴状态。结果表明：不同水源灌溉条件下,土壤磁化率均服从正态分布;在一定范围内均存在空间相关性,半方差函数均符合球状模型,具有中等变异程度;变程变化在5.14～10.08 km。污灌区和清灌区的土壤磁化率差异明显,东西(EW)和西北—东南(NW-SE)方向的变异最大,土壤磁性物质主要为细的超顺磁颗粒。     

Spatial modeling of soil salinity using multiple linear regression,ordinary kriging and artificial neural network methods

Salinity as an important property of soil plays a major role in reducing the fertility in the world. Accurate information about the spatial change of soil salinity is essential for sustainable soil management and utilization in agriculture lands. For this purpose, 150 soil samples were collected from Dashte-e-Tabriz Iran and tested and soil salinity was estimated by land surface parameters including elevation, aspect, length of slope, wetness index, slope and normalized difference vegetation index as basic parameters. In order to model and predict the salinity, ordinary kriging (OK), artificial neural networks (ANN) and multiple linear regressions (MLR) were used. Accuracy of models was evaluated by the coefficient of determination (R²), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). Based on Pearson correlation, elevation, normalized difference vegetation and wetness indices were selected for soil salinity spatial modeling from six land surface parameters. The results showed that the ANN had the lowest RMSE and highest R2. The values of R2, RMSE and MAE were 0.36, 25.89 and 17.06 for regression and 0.56, 17.70 and 13.05 for OK and 0.69, 16.06 and 11.60 for ANN, respectively, which indicated more accuracy of ANN in comparison with MLR and OK.     

缓坡水平梯田土壤水分空间变异性

以江苏省扬州市区北部某梯田为例,分析了小于2°的缓坡水平梯田土壤含水率的空间变异特征,并针对缓坡水平梯田土壤含水率由较高田块到较低田块逐渐增加、同一级梯田内由内侧到外侧含水率逐渐减小的分布特征,提出了适合研究该种地形土壤含水率空间分布的有效方法,即趋势辅助克立格法(简记为KTAI)。该方法同时考虑了不同级梯田高程和同级田块内不同部位对土壤含水率的影响,用它对梯田土壤含水率进行插值,估计方差比传统的普通克立格法(简记为OK)大幅度降低,大大提高了估值精度,减轻了野外采样工作量,对于研究梯田土壤水分空间变异性具有重要意义,同时拓展了地质统计学理论在土壤水分空间变异性研究中的应用范围。     

基于遥感与电磁感应仪数据的土壤盐分空间变异性

针对目前黄淮海平原存在的土壤盐渍化问题,以河南省封丘县为研究区,利用遥感影像与磁感应电导率仪 （EM38）在田间定位、定点测量,对研究区土壤盐分的空间变异性进行研究。利用Kriging、指数回归和回归-Kriging 3种不同的方法对土壤盐分空间变异性进行分析。结果表明：土壤电导率在一定的区域范围内具有空间结构特征,符合指数模型分布,具有极强的空间自相关性。通过3种不同的方法对土壤盐分的空间变异性进行分析,结果表明Kriging法、指数回归法及回归-Kriging法在描述土壤盐分空间分布的总体趋势上相似,但指数回归法与回归-Kriging法对于盐分的分布表达更具体,更细致。综合运用多种数据源的方法,即遥感影像数据与EM38测量数据相结合,经典统计学与地统计学方法相结合的方法,能够提高土壤盐分空间预测的精度,结果表明研究区土壤盐分由北向南、自西向东有逐渐升高的趋势,具有明显的趋势效应。     

Comparison of three dielectric moisture sensors for measurement of water in saline sandy soil

The number of sensor types available for measuring soil water content has increased but investigations to compare their performance in saline soils needs clarification. In this study the performance of commercially available, low-cost soil moisture sensors [time domain reflectometry (TDR), PR1 and WET], all measuring changes in the dielectric constant of the soil water, was evaluated under laboratory conditions in a saline sandy soil. The three sensors were also tested in the same sandy soil growing drip irrigated sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. cv. Moench) in a greenhouse. Plants were irrigated daily with either saline water (ECw: 9.4 dS/m) or fresh water (0.11 dS/m). The volume of irrigation was equivalent to 100% of the pan evaporation. The results showed that measurement accuracy was strongly dependent on the salinity of the soil. The PR1 sensor overestimated volumetric water content ( θ ) when the salinity level exceeded 4 dS/m [root mean square of the standard error (RMSE) = 0.009 cm³/cm³]. The WET sensor significantly overestimated θ irrespective of the salinity level (RMSE = 0.014 cm³/cm³). The TDR sensor estimated θ with more accuracy (RMSE = 0.007   cm³/cm³) and thus can be considered as more reliable than the other two sensors. The calibrations were strongly affected by the salinity level of the water, so we recommend that calibration equations are modified to take account of salinity.     

小麦不同滴灌年限小尺度土壤剖面盐分空间分布特征

以1、5年的滴灌不覆膜密植作物冬小麦农田土壤为研究对象,通过采集小尺度土壤剖面(0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40、40~60 cm)样品,结合连续性定位监测、描述性统计和地统计分析,探索新疆奇台县不同滴灌年限小尺度土壤盐分积累时空变异规律。研究结果表明,各土层土壤盐分符合对数正态分布。滴灌1年土壤盐分含量平均值随土层深度的增加呈底聚特征,滴灌5年呈抛物线特征。滴灌1年变异系数大部分为弱变异,滴灌5年部分为中等程度变异。半方差函数表明,滴灌1年土壤盐分含量符合球状模型和高斯模型,R~2≥0.76;滴灌5年土壤盐分含量符合高斯模型、球状模型和指数模型,R~2≥0.75。土壤盐分块金系数C_0/(C_0+C)为中等和强烈的空间自相关性,表明土壤盐分受结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用。研究结果可为科学管理和合理利用改良盐渍化土壤提供理论依据和数据参考。     

Spatial prediction of soil nutrient in a hilly area using artificial neural network model combined with kriging

It is widely recognized that using correlated environmental factors as auxiliary variables can improve the prediction accuracy of soil properties. In this study, a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) model combined with ordinary kriging (OK) was proposed to predict spatial distribution of four soil nutrients based on the same framework used by regression kriging (RK). In RBFNN_OK, RBFNN model was used to explain the spatial variability caused by the selected auxiliary factors, while OK was used to express the spatial autocorrelation in RBFNN prediction residuals. The results showed that both RBFNN_OK and RK presented prediction maps with more details. However, RK does not always obtain mean errors (MEs) which were closer to 0 and lower root mean square errors (RMSEs) and mean relative errors (MREs) than OK. Conversely, MREs of RBFNN_OK were much closer to 0 and its RMSEs and MREs were relatively lower than OK and RK. The results suggest that RBFNN_OK is a more unbiased method with more stable prediction performance as well as improvement of prediction accuracy, which also indicates that artificial neural network model is more appropriate than regression model to capture relationships between soil variables and environmental factors. Therefore, RBFNN_OK may provide a useful framework for predicting soil properties.     

基于电磁感应仪的黄河三角洲地区土壤盐分时空变异特征

针对黄河下游三角洲土壤盐渍化的空间复杂性与发生反复性,运用磁感式大地电导率仪EM38及其移动测定系统,结合GIS与地统计学方法,对该地区典型地块两个关键季节土壤盐分的时空变异特征进行了分析.结果表明,土壤表观电导率与盐分呈极显著相关性;各时段土壤盐分都表现出多层次空间结构的复合尺度效应,且短程变异构成了土壤盐分空间异质性的最主要部分;土地利用方式差异使得秋季时段土壤盐分呈弱各向异性,地形因素导致春季时段土壤盐分各向异性比在全步长域波动,但在整个研究尺度上仍为各向同性.空间分析表明,结构性因素主导了土壤盐分空间分布格局,随机性因素是加快该分布格局形成的重要因素;春季时段研究区总体表现出积盐趋势,且盐分变动幅度主要集中在10.0g/kg范围内.电磁感应仪与GIS的结合运用为不同尺度土壤调查与质量评价提供了新的途径,并为农业水土资源的决策管理提供指导.     

Estimation of soil salinity in semi‐arid land using a geostatistical model

Soil salinity is one of the great problems in arid and semi‐arid environments. The estimation and prediction of spatial soil salinity may be considered as a stochastic process, observed at irregular locations in space. Environmental variables usually show spatial dependence among observations which is an important drawback to traditional statistical methods. Geostatistical techniques that analyse and describe the spatial dependence and quantify the scale and intensity of the spatial variation, provides spatial information for local estimation of soil salinity. In this paper we propose a Gaussian Spatial Linear Mixed Model (GSLMM), which involves a non‐parametric term, accounting for a deterministic trend given by exogenous variables, and a parametric component defining the purely spatial random variation, possibly due to latent spatial processes. We focus here on the analysis of the relationship between soil electrical conductivity as a parameter related directly to soil salinity as well as sodium content (sodicity) to identify spatial variations in these parameters. This kind of methodology is demonstrated as a useful tool for environmental land management. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

玛纳斯河流域不同地貌单元弃耕地土壤盐分差异研究

本文在玛纳斯河流域中,选择冲洪积扇、冲积平原和干三角洲等不同地貌部位撂荒多年的弃耕地,分析土壤盐分动态变化及盐渍化类型的差异,探究土壤盐分的积聚特征,以期对弃耕地的生态重建提供参考依据。结果表明,自冲洪积扇缘带经冲积平原到干三角洲地区土壤盐分逐渐降低,土壤盐分表聚发生在冲洪积扇缘带和冲积平原中部,流域下游存在盐分向底层聚集的漏斗效应。7~10月份除冲洪积扇缘带外其他地貌类型区土壤盐分没有显著变化。流域表层盐渍土在冲洪积扇区以硫酸盐型或氯化物硫酸盐型为主,在冲积平原中部则为氯化物型,经冲积平原下部到干三角洲地区又逐渐演变为以氯化物硫酸盐型为主。