60Co-γ射线辐照处理后马铃薯淀粉糊的流变特生

为深入了解辐照处理对淀粉糊流变特性的影响,采用60Co-γ射线对马铃薯淀粉进行0～400 kGy辐照处理后制成淀粉糊,使用流变仪研究了不同剂量处理辐照后马铃薯淀粉糊的流变特性.静态流变特性测定结果表明,不同辐照剂量处理后马铃薯淀粉糊均呈假塑性流体特征,符合幂定律;辐照剂量越大,马铃薯淀粉糊的表观黏度和剪切稀化程度越低,并逐渐偏近牛顿流体.动态流变特性测定结果表明,马铃薯淀粉糊的弹性模量峰值及其相应的峰值系统温度和20℃弹性模量均随辐照剂量的增加而降低.研究结果可为辐照处理后淀粉的应用提供基础数据.     

60Co-γ射线辐照处理后马铃薯淀粉糊的流变特性

为深入了解辐照处理对淀粉糊流变特性的影响,采用60Co-γ射线对马铃薯淀粉进行0～400 kGy辐照处理后制成淀粉糊,使用流变仪研究了不同剂量处理辐照后马铃薯淀粉糊的流变特性。静态流变特性测定结果表明,不同辐照剂量处理后马铃薯淀粉糊均呈假塑性流体特征,符合幂定律;辐照剂量越大,马铃薯淀粉糊的表观黏度和剪切稀化程度越低,并逐渐偏近牛顿流体。动态流变特性测定结果表明,马铃薯淀粉糊的弹性模量峰值及其相应的峰值系统温度和20℃弹性模量均随辐照剂量的增加而降低。研究结果可为辐照处理后淀粉的应用提供基础数据。     

超高压处理玉米醇溶蛋白的流变性和热特性分析

为了阐明超高压处理对玉米醇溶蛋白流变行为和热性能的影响及其作用规律,采用旋转黏度计测定了不同温度条件下超高压处理玉米醇溶蛋白溶液的流变特性参数,应用幂定律拟合了剪切应力(τ)与剪切速率(γ)的关系曲线,建立了黏度(η)和温度(T)的数学模型;利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测定了超高压处理前后玉米醇溶蛋白的结晶温度(Tc)、熔融温度(Tm)、结晶焓(ΔHm),并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其进行了表征。结果表明,超高压处理后玉米醇溶蛋白溶液逐渐偏离牛顿流体,具有假塑性流体特性。随着压力增大,黏度呈现先增加后减小再增加的趋势,当压力为400MPa时,黏度达到最高;随着温度升高,黏度开始下降,当温度为40℃时,黏度降到最低;而随着剪切速率的增大,黏度随之下降,但当剪切速率接近100s-1时,黏度变化不明显。超高压处理后玉米醇溶蛋白粉的熔融温度升高,结晶焓减小,DSC热特性曲线变性峰(Tm-Tc)有变宽的趋势。SEM显示超高压处理后部分玉米醇溶蛋白颗粒凝聚成环状或者链状结构。     

螺杆挤压连续汽爆玉米秸秆流变性分析

为玉米秸秆在装置内的流场模拟提供重要物性参数,用螺杆挤压连续汽爆装置处理玉米秸秆,对得到的挤出物和汽爆物进行流变性分析。该文研究了玉米秸秆挤出物和汽爆物在不同温度下的流变曲线、温度对其表观黏度的影响,利用测试数据对其流变模式进行了线性拟合。结果表明：玉米秸秆挤出物和汽爆物具有明显的剪切稀化现象,均属假塑性流体;在低剪切速率时,流变曲线受温度的影响不明显,在高剪切速率下,流变曲线受温度的影响较明显;通过运用宾汉、卡森和幂律3种流变模式进行线性拟合发现,玉米秸秆挤出物和汽爆物的拟合效果均为幂律模式最佳,宾汉模式最差;挤出物和汽爆物的幂律模式本构方程可用于计算精确的流场模拟结果,为挤出物在单螺杆内和汽爆物在连续酶解装置的流动状态提供模拟依据。     

稻米淀粉糊老化动力学研究

以不同类型稻米为原料，用旋转粘度仪研究较稀浓度淀粉糊的老化动力学，以预测和控制稻米淀粉糊老化。结果表明：稻米淀粉糊呈假塑性流体的特征，随存放时间的延长，其流变指数上升，淀粉糊的刚性增大。用流变指数和一级化学反应动力学模型能较好的描述淀粉糊的老化特性。淀粉糊的老化与其分散相的凝聚、沉淀和连续相的特性有关。淀粉糊中直链淀粉和支链淀粉的相互作用会使其老化进一步加深。     

甘薯淀粉糊与绿豆淀粉糊流变行为的共性与区别

淀粉糊在粉丝加工中作为黏结剂，它的流变特性是粉团搅拌、形成、漏粉和定型的关键因素。本研究通过对甘薯淀粉糊和绿豆淀粉糊在不同浓度、温度、剪切速率和升温扫描过程中的流变行为的考察和分析比较，表明两种淀粉糊有触变共性，在流变曲线图上都呈现出不同滞后面积大小的开口型滞后回路，用Cross方程拟合精度比幂律方程高；用Arrhenius方程描述两者都具有温度敏感性。两者的区别在于：甘薯淀粉糊在各条件下的滞后面积比绿豆淀粉糊小，说明在粉团形成中甘薯淀粉糊的持续增黏效果高于绿豆淀粉糊；虽然绿豆淀粉糊的零剪切黏度值比甘薯淀粉糊要低，但在浓度较低(≤8%)时，两者差别不大，因此用甘薯淀粉糊替代绿豆淀粉糊是可行的。     

玉米淀粉与黄原胶复配体系流变和凝胶特性分析

为考察胶体对淀粉流变及凝胶特性的影响,该文以玉米淀粉为原料,加入不同比例黄原胶,研究两者复配后流变及凝胶特性的变化,对其相互作用机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,玉米淀粉及两者复配体系属于屈服-假塑性流体,随着黄原胶比例的提高,复配体系的稠度系数显著增加,流体指数降低,假塑性增强,但黄原胶比例大于10%时,增加不再显著。动态流变学试验显示,复配体系具有更为优越的黏弹性,黄原胶可与淀粉分子间相互作用形成氢键,使得分子链段间的缠结点增加,同时,可延缓及阻止部分直链淀粉分子间的重新排列,从而抑制淀粉凝胶体系的回生,复配体系形成了质地更为柔软的凝胶。综合考虑,在实际应用中选择玉米淀粉与黄原胶质量比为9.0∶1.0 g/g较为适宜。研究结果可为更好的在食品工业中应用玉米淀粉/黄原胶复配体系及品质控制提供参考。     

玉米淀粉与黄原胶复配体系流变和凝胶特性分析

为考察胶体对淀粉流变及凝胶特性的影响,该文以玉米淀粉为原料,加入不同比例黄原胶,研究两者复配后流变及凝胶特性的变化,对其相互作用机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,玉米淀粉及两者复配体系属于屈服-假塑性流体,随着黄原胶比例的提高,复配体系的稠度系数显著增加,流体指数降低,假塑性增强,但黄原胶比例大于10%时,增加不再显著。动态流变学试验显示,复配体系具有更为优越的黏弹性,黄原胶可与淀粉分子间相互作用形成氢键,使得分子链段间的缠结点增加,同时,可延缓及阻止部分直链淀粉分子间的重新排列,从而抑制淀粉凝胶体系的回生,复配体系形成了质地更为柔软的凝胶。综合考虑,在实际应用中选择玉米淀粉与黄原胶质量比为9.0∶1.0 (g/g)较为适宜。研究结果可为更好的在食品工业中应用玉米淀粉/黄原胶复配体系及品质控制提供理论依据。     

燕麦β-葡聚糖的流变学特性研究

该文主要探讨了燕麦β-葡聚糖溶液的流体流变学性能和黏弹性能及其相关影响因素,为燕麦β-葡聚糖在食品增稠和食品凝胶领域的应用提供理论依据.以中国山西产燕麦为原料提取制备燕麦β-葡聚糖产品,采用动态流变仪测定动态黏度和黏弹性能指标,利用计算机拟合牛顿幂律方程和Maxwell方程,系统考察了β-葡聚糖浓度、分子量、温度等因素对燕麦β-葡聚糖流体流变性能和黏弹性能的影响.结果表明,燕麦β-葡聚糖溶液黏度随剪切速率的增高而逐渐降低,表现为典型的剪切稀化型非牛顿流体;当溶液浓度从0.1%增加到1%时,其对应牛顿幂律方程的流动指数n从0.998降低至0.842,流体的剪切稀化行为增强;燕麦β-葡聚糖溶液黏度与其分子量成正比,与溶液温度成反比;在相同浓度下,燕麦β-葡聚糖分子量越大则其流体牛顿幂律方程的流动指数n越小;与中性溶液相比,弱酸性或弱碱性环境均可导致β-葡聚糖溶液黏度的下降;燕麦β-葡聚糖的黏弹性能受β-葡聚糖浓度、分子量和体系温度的影响.随着燕麦β-葡聚糖浓度的增加和分子量的增大,其流体的黏性行为特征减少而弹性行为特征增强;随着流体温度升高,燕麦β-葡聚糖流体的黏性和弹性行为均逐渐减弱.     

玉米高压淀粉糊流变特性的研究

高压玉米淀粉糊的流变特性为：随含水量提高剪切模量、动态粘度和耗损角都提高；在小于９０Ｈｚ低频波作用下，高压淀粉糊的剪切模量和动态粘度因保压时间延长而增大；在１００Ｈｚ的剪切波作用下，高压淀粉糊的上述特征值则因保压时间延长而减小。     

Consequence of Starch Damage on Rheological Properties of Maize Starch Pastes

Waxy and normal maize starches were damaged to different extents by ball milling, with waxy starch notably more susceptible to damage. Starch damage caused substantial decreases in shear stress or apparent viscosity in both waxy and normal maize starch pastes at a wide range of shear rates (5.6 to 400 1/sec). Shear stress or apparent viscosity decreases were more evident in waxy than in normal maize starch pastes at the same ball milling times. Values of storage moduli were much higher than values of loss moduli, and storage moduli decreased with increase in starch damage in both waxy and normal maize starches, indicating decrease in elastic property. The study showed that starch damage causes substantial rheological changes in gelatinized pastes and that waxy starch undergoes more pronounced changes than normal starch. These results can be used to understand the general behavior of damaged normal and waxy starches in processed foods.     

Effects of citric acid on the viscoelasticity of cornstarch pastes

The effects of citric acid on the rheological properties of cornstarch pastes were studied by steady shear and dynamic oscillatory viscoelasticity, intrinsic viscosity measurements and microscopic observation. The pH of cornstarch dispersion was adjusted between 6.0 and 3.0. The viscosity of the pastes was increased by lowering the pH (between 5.5 and 3.6), while the viscosity of samples with pH below 3.5 decreased further than that of the control (pH = 6.3). Citric acid promoted the collapse of starch granules; however, adding excessive citric acid led to the hydrolysis of glucose chains. No decrease in the viscoelasticity was observed for cornstarch pastes by adding acid at 25 degrees C after gelatinization.     

不同含水率高易溶盐含量的伊犁黄土流变特性

流变学研究方法可以揭示黏弹性物质的流动和变形规律,常被应用于土体结构的力学稳定性及长期变形参数研究。为了深入探究伊犁黄土类土的黏弹性和结构稳定性,该研究采用流变仪对不同含水率和易溶盐(Na₂SO₄)含量的伊犁黄土类土进行了稳态和动态流变试验,引入Bingham模型对小剪切速率下的流变曲线进行了拟合,并分析解释了稳态和动态流变试验的演化过程。同时,讨论了含水率及易溶盐含量对稳态和动态流变参数的影响规律,定量分析了流变参数与各变量之间的关系。结果表明：稳态剪切过程中土体由固态向类固态转化,并最后趋于流态,具有剪切变稀行为;随着含水率及易溶盐含量增大,屈服应力和黏度均减小,且屈服应力在300～1 100 Pa之间。随着含水率和易溶盐含量增大,动剪切强度参数和黏弹性参数均线性减小,土体的结构稳定性降低。当剪切应变小于0.1%时,土体处于线性黏弹区,损耗因子变化不大;剪切应变大于0.1%时,损耗因子逐渐增大。高含水率及高易溶盐含量的土壤最先到达屈服点,说明高含水率和高易溶盐含量不利于土体结构的稳定性。随着含水率的增大,易溶盐含量对流变参数的影响程度变小...     

Effect of Ferulic Acid and Catechin on Sorghum and Maize Starch Pasting Properties

The effects of ferulic acid and catechin on starch pasting properties were studied as part of an investigation into the structure and functionality of phenolics in starch‐based products. Commercial maize starch, starches from sorghum cultivars (SV2, Chirimaugute, and DC‐75), and the phenolic compounds ferulic acid and catechin were used in the investigation. Pasting properties were measured using rapid viscosity analysis. Ferulic acid and catechin (up to 100 mg each) were added to maize or sorghum starch (3 g, 14% mb) in suspensions containing 10.32% dry solid content. Addition of catechin resulted in pink‐colored pastes, whereas ferulic acid had no effect on paste color. Ferulic acid and catechin decreased hot paste viscosity (HPV), final viscosity, and setback viscosity of maize and sorghum starch pastes, but had no influence on the peak viscosity (PV) of the former. Both phenolics increased breakdown viscosity. Ferulic acid had greater influence on HPV, final viscosity, breakdown, and setback than catechin. Addition of catechin under acidic conditions (pH 3) decreased HPV, final viscosity, and setback of maize starch, but alkaline conditions (pH 11) slightly increased setback. Both acidic and alkaline conditions resulted in increased breakdown. Investigations on model‐system interactions between ferulic acid or catechin and starch demonstrated that phenolic type and pH level both significantly influence starch pasting properties, with ferulic acid producing a more pronounced effect than catechin. The significance of these interactions is important, especially in food matrices where phenolics are to be added as functional food ingredients.     

Method for Determining the Rate and Extent of Accelerated Starch Retrogradation

A method to accelerate and quantitate retrogradation of starch pastes using a freeze-thaw cycle (FTC) process and turbidometric analysis has been developed. Using this method and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), it was determined that the rate of retrogradation in 2.5% waxy maize pastes was inversely correlated to the rate of freezing, and that the thawing temperature affected perfection of the crystallites in retrograded amylopectin. DSC and X-ray diffraction were used to determine whether the crystallites formed during the FTC process were the same as those formed in starch pastes held isothermally at 4°C. Analysis of retrogradation of pastes of starches from various botanical sources indicated that the method reflects retrogradation in higher concentration pastes. Retrogradation rates were reduced by the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Microstructures of freeze-thaw processed waxy maize and common corn starch pastes were examined.     

Influence of Added Starch on Mixing of Dough Made with Three Wheat Flours Differing in High Molecular Weight Subunit Composition: Rheological Behavior

The effect of mixing time (6 and 20 min) and starch content were studied on doughs prepared with three wheat flours differing in high molecular weight subunit composition. Rheological measurements were performed in dynamic oscillation: frequency and strain sweeps, stress relaxation, and in large deformation viscosity measurements. The flours were diluted with starch to cover flour protein contents of 10–15%. Water was added to keep the starch‐water ratio constant when doughs were prepared with different protein contents. By increasing the starch content of the doughs, the rheological properties approached those of a starch‐water mixture prepared with the same starch‐water ratio as in the dough. The effect of the starch granules was reinforced by prolonged mixing. This may explain the higher values of the storage modulus and relaxation times observed after 20 min of mixing. Qualities related to gluten properties, appeared more clearly in large deformation viscosity measurements.     

含水率与静置时间对滩涂土壤流变特性试验

为了研究贝类养殖的滩涂土壤的流变属性和结构稳定性,采用旋转流变仪对不同含水率和不同静置时间的滩涂土壤进行了流变试验,通过单因素试验研究了各因素对滩涂土壤流变特性的影响,并分析了土壤剪切过程中的变化机理。同时,通过Response Surface Methodology中的Central Composite Design试验建立了屈服应力与含水率和静置时间之间的数值模型,并比较了含水率和静置时间对屈服应力产生的影响。结果表明：1）剪切过程中滩涂试样经过了弹塑性阶段、固液转化阶段和流体阶段,滩涂土壤表现出了静置时间越长,固液转化阶段就越长的性质,且剪切过程中表现出剪切稀化的性质。2）静置时间的增加会导致整体剪切应力和屈服应力同时增加,含水率的增加会导致整体剪切应力和屈服应力的降低,且滩涂土壤存在一个含水率分界点,此含水率分界点在64.5%～67.0%之间,当超过这个含水率分界点的试样的静置时间超过31 h时,试样的屈服应力基本不会再发生较大的波动,大小在2 240～4 380 Pa之间,此外,静置时间在0～53 h之间且含水率在62.0%～69.5%之间的试样的屈服应力在1 870～5 410 Pa之间。3）含水率对屈服应力的影响比静置时间的影响更加显著,模型的R²为0.953 4,并且在验证试验中,屈服应力的测量值与预测值之间的误差在15.0%以内,都说明了数值模型的可靠性。研究定性和定量地表征了滩涂土壤的流变特性,为滩涂贝类采收机械的研发和优化提供参考。     

Physical and biochemical properties of maize hardness and extrudates of selected hybrids

Protein and starch determinants of maize kernel hardness and extruded products were characterized to better define the role of endosperm texture during extrusion. Maize physical properties were correlated with total proteins and zein subclasses (p < 0.01). The extrusion process significantly altered protein solubility and increased protein fragmentation as measured by RP-HPLC and size exclusion chromatography. Harder grits and extrudates demonstrated higher amylose content, lower degree of starch damage, and fragmentation at different screw speeds than softer grits and extrudates. Differences in extrudate expansion ratio, water absorption index, water solubility index, oil absorption capacity, and breaking stress between harder and softer hybrids were related to protein aggregation and fragmentation as well as starch damage and fragmentation.