10种中药对鸡白痢沙门菌的体外抗菌活性测定

本试验采用煎煮法提取中药中的有效成分,通过测定大青叶、鱼腥草、黄芩、黄连、穿心莲、黄柏、乌梅、大黄、金银花和连翘共10种中药对鸡白痢沙门菌的抑菌圈直径和最低抑菌浓度(MIC),比较各中药对鸡白痢沙门菌的体外抑菌效果,并测定pH值对黄连、黄芩和乌梅3种中药提取物抑菌效果的影响.结果表明,黄连、黄芩和乌梅3种中药对鸡白痢沙门菌的抑菌效果最好,抑菌圈直径分别为12.78士2.63 mm和14.58士3.45 mm;乌梅对鸡白痢沙门菌的抑菌效果随pH值的升高而降低,黄连的抑菌效果随pH值的升高而略有升高,黄芩的抑菌效果随pH值变化不明显.     

中药及组方对产气荚膜梭菌的体外抑菌作用

采用二倍稀释法和药敏试验,观察10种单味中药及3味复方中药对产气荚膜梭菌的体外抑制效果。试验表明:黄连、黄柏、乌梅散对产气荚膜梭菌的生长有明显的抑制作用,且黄连的抗菌活性最高,其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.98mg/mL,抑菌圈直径为33mm。     

12种中药对沙门菌的体外抑菌效果

考察12种中药对沙门菌的体外抑菌作用。采用水煎法制备中草药水提液,分别通过平板打孔法、二倍稀释法和平板接种法对沙门菌进行体外抑菌试验,测定中药的敏感性及最小抑菌浓度。结果表明,在12种中药中,沙门菌对乌梅、黄连、女贞子、丁香呈高度敏感,对栀子、木香、金樱子、龙胆草呈中度敏感,对贯众、薏苡仁、鹿衔草、知母不敏感。乌梅、黄连、女贞子对沙门菌抑制作用较好,最小抑菌浓度分别为15.6 mg/mL、31.25 mg/mL、62.50 mg/mL;栀子、丁香和金樱子抑菌效果次之,最小抑菌浓度为250 mg/mL;木香、知母和龙胆草抑菌效果较弱,最小抑菌浓度均为500 mg/mL。从12种中药对沙门菌的体外抑菌效果来看,在临床上可用乌梅、黄连、女贞子治疗猪源沙门菌感染。     

抗菌中草药筛选试验方法研究

采用常规中药敏感试验打孔法、平皿稀释法及试管法,选用地榆、黄连、知母、板蓝根、藿香等12种中药,对鸡O5型大肠杆菌、鸡未定型大肠杆菌和猪链球菌进行体外抑菌试验。结果表明:地榆、板蓝根、黄连、大黄、乌梅对猪链球菌效果比较好。地榆、乌梅、大黄、黄连、蒲公英对鸡未定型大肠杆菌效果比较好,地榆、乌梅、大黄、知母、黄芩、对鸡O5型大肠杆菌效果比较好。其它药物对鸡未定型及O5型大肠杆菌和猪链球菌效果较差或无抑制作用。     

22味中药对犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

开展了乌梅、白头翁、黄连、穿心莲等22味中药对犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验。按照常规法制备中药水提物,采用平板打孔法和微量稀释法测定了22味中药对犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径、最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果显示,22味中药中有10味中药对犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌有抑菌作用,其中乌梅、诃子、五倍子和半边莲对犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌的抑菌作用最佳,抑菌圈直径为15 mm以上,为高度敏感;其次是黄连、秦皮、穿心莲、连翘、金银花、石榴皮,抑菌圈直径均大于10 mm,为中度敏感;黄柏、紫花地丁等12味中药对犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌无抑菌作用。对五倍子、乌梅、诃子和半边莲等抑菌作用较好的中药可进一步开展研究。     

中药联合对巴氏杆菌的体外抑菌作用研究

探讨中药水提取物及其联合对巴氏杆菌的体外抑菌效果。选用黄连、香附、丁香等30味中药,采用水提法提取药液,用试管二倍稀释法测得单药最小抑菌浓度(MIC)与最小杀菌浓度(MBC),并将抑菌效果较好的几味中药作为主药与其他中药进行联合,测定联合后的MIC与MBC。结果表明,单味中药中黄连对巴氏杆菌的抗菌活性最佳,MIC和MBC均为12.5 mg/mL。选取抑菌效果较好的黄连、丁香、香附、蒸陈皮等中药与其他中药联合,结果表明黄连与四制艾叶联合后对巴氏杆菌的抑制效果最好,其MIC和MBC均为3.125 mg/mL。说明黄连与四制艾叶联合的抑菌效果较好,且为协同作用,优于两种单药各自的抑菌活性,可作为抑制巴氏杆菌的药物进行进一步的研究。     

猪魏氏梭菌的分离与鉴定

笔者从某猪场疑似猪魏氏梭菌病病例中分离到一株魏氏梭菌,为了研究其生物学特性及其发病机理,对分离菌进行了形态培养、生化试验、动物实验等鉴定,鉴定结果为C型魏氏梭菌.药敏试验表明本株魏氏梭菌对青霉素、磺胺药敏感性较高.     

42种中草药提取物对产气荚膜梭菌体外抑菌作用比较

观察杜仲叶、黄连、地锦草、地榆和地丁等42种常见中草药提取物对产气荚膜梭菌的体外抑菌活性。采用牛津杯方法测定42种中草药提取物对产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌作用,筛选出对产气荚膜梭菌抑菌效果好的提取物,进一步采用试管二倍稀释法测定其对产气荚膜梭菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。42种中草药提取物中黄柏、黄连、地锦草、大黄、厚朴、诃子、地榆和洋槐花的抑菌效果最好(抑菌圈直径≥20 mm)。MIC结果显示,黄连提取物的抑菌效果最强,MIC值为0.47 mg/mL。厚朴、诃子和洋槐花MIC值分别为3.75 mg/mL、15 mg/mL和3.75 mg/mL。42种中草药提取物中,黄连提取物对产气荚膜梭菌抑菌效果最强,同时厚朴、诃子和洋槐花3种药食同源的中药提取物具有较好的抑菌效果,有望开发为中草药添加剂应用于预防和治疗产气荚膜梭菌引起的畜禽肠道感染。     

20味中药对大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用

研究苏木、黄连、石榴皮等20味中药对大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用。采用水提法制备20味中药的提取物,通过试管二倍稀释法测定20味中药水提取物对大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC);再将20味中药组成药对,进行联合抑菌,测定药对的MIC和MBC,计算其部分抑菌浓度指数(FIC)。结果表明,20味中药中,黄连、苏木抑菌效果最佳,MIC均为6.250 mg/mL,茯苓、山楂、火麻仁抑菌效果最差,其MIC和MBC均大于400.000 mg/mL。联合抑菌的28组药对中,苏木与石榴皮、石榴皮与黄柏、石榴皮与黄芩、地榆与苏木、地榆与乌梅、地榆与花椒、地榆与黄柏、火麻仁与旋覆花、旋覆花与山楂等9组药对均呈现协同作用,石榴皮与黄连、石榴皮与乌梅均呈现拮抗作用,其他药对呈现相加或无关作用。说明对大肠杆菌抑菌作用强的单味中药与其他中药联合,其抑菌效果未必会增强。     

中药对产吲哚金黄杆菌的体外抑菌试验

为了探索中药对水貂源产吲哚金黄杆菌的抑菌效果,试验以水貂源产吲哚金黄杆菌临床分离株为试验菌株,采用琼脂平板打孔法测定中药对产吲哚金黄杆菌的敏感性,以水提法提取中药的有效成分,用试管二倍稀释法测定单味中药及中药联合使用对产吲哚金黄杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)以及最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果表明:苏木、诃子、五味子、乌梅、黄连抑菌效果较好,抑菌圈直径在25～35 mm之间,MIC和MBC在3. 92～15. 63 mg/m L之间;苏木和诃子组合、苏木和黄连组合、黄连和射干组合对产吲哚金黄杆菌在抑菌方面表现为相加作用,其他药物组合则表现为颉颃或者无关作用。说明中药水提物对产吲哚金黄杆菌具有一定程度的抑菌作用。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.