Removal Efficiency and Effect on Water Quality of Zeolite Enhanced Filtration

A new kind of filter media, zeolite, is used to enhance filtration for an improvement on tap water quality. The experimental results show that zeolite can remove not only turbidity but also ammonia-N and partial organic pollutants in water. In the experments, zeolite can remove about 65% of turbidity and over 10% of COD Mn , 95% of ammonia-N from water, the removal efficiencies of anianon detergent(LAS), chloroform and phenol are over 17.7%, 44.45% and 34% respectively, and metal ion contamination has not been found in filter effluence. Therefore, zeolite enhanced filtration is an efficiency and security method for an improvement on water quality.     

Analysis of Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption Process in Coping with Sudden Pollution of Chlorobenzene in Raw Water

Bench experiments were carried out to evaluate the removal of chlorobenzene in raw water by conventional water treatment process. And a batch system was applied to study the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of chlorobenzene(CB)from raw water by powdered activated carbon(PAC). The experimental data obtained were mathematically modeled with Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic model for the equilibrium isotherm and kinetics, respectively. It is shown that the conventional water treatment process can not remove chlorobenzene from water effectively. PAC can rapidly adsorb chlorobenzene with 80% and 98% of the equilibrium adsorption capacity at 5 min and 30 min, respectively. A theoretical formular was established to express the relation of PAC dose to the initial concentration of chlorobenzene and adsorption time, and it was verified by the results of bench experiments. The maximum concentration of chlorobenzene corresponding to different PAC dose was obtained with the adsorption time of 30 min.     

混凝法去除水中TiO2纳米颗粒

为了探讨混凝法去除水中纳米颗粒的可行性及最佳条件,研究了无机混凝剂（PAC、PFS、PAFC）和有机絮凝剂（CPAM、APAM、NPAM）对TiO₂纳米颗粒的去除效果,并考察了投加量、pH、沉淀时间、水力条件及有机无机复配对TiO₂纳米颗粒去除效率的影响。单独投加PAC、PFS和PAFC时,三者对应的最高去除率分别为92.51%、84.43%、95.66%。单独投加CPAM、APAM、NPAM时三者对应的去除率仅为61.72%、29.06%、55.37%。复配最佳混凝条件为：投加40 mg/LPAC和3 mg/LCPAM,pH值为9,G值143.5/s,沉淀时间15 min,此时,TiO₂纳米颗粒去除率为99.6%。     

Experiments on the Filtration Property of Two Kinds of Porous Ceramic Membrane Configurations

Tests are carried out on the filtration and organized forms of pure water flow and pond water flow using two kinds of flow channel porous ceramic membrane. Results show that for the two kinds of porous ceramic membranes, their removal efficiency of turbidity degree, chroma, CODMn and UV254 are nearly the same. The filtering quality of fan-channel porous ceramic membrane is better than that of circular-channel porous ceramic membrane, and the filtration flux of the former is 1.45 times the flux of the latter.     

Bubbleless Aerated Membrane Bioreactor for Ramie Degumming Wastewater Treatment

Through introducing the principle of bubbleless aerated membrane bioreactor, the traditional membrane bioreactor was improved. It could be obtained that the removal efficiency of COD and NH3 - N in bubbleless aerated membrane bioreactor increased 4% and 2% than that in traditional membrane bioreactor, respectively. Adopting bubbleless aeration as reflushing air which not only increased DO in the MBR, but also advanced the oxygen utilization, and the energy consumption decreased as well.     

Effect of Two Pretreatment Techniques on Preventing Membrane Fouling

Ultrafiltration membrane was used to filter the Yangtze River water by powder activated carbon (PAC) pretreated, such as Tai Lake water by coagulation-sedimentation pretreatment. The changes of organic polar content were compared in each process. Combined with the scanning electron microscope(SEM) photographs of the membrane, the mechanism of slowing down membrane fouling by PAC and coagulation-sedimentation pretreatment was studied. The results showed that hydrophobic organic compounds were the main factors of membrane fouling, while hydrophilic organics had less impact. When the dosing quantity of PAC filtered by ultrafiltration membrane was 20 mg/L to pre-treat the water samples of Yangtze River, and that of polyaluminium chloride was 25 mg/L for the pretreatment of Tai Lake water samples, the flux could be recovered effectively after backwashing compared with filtering the two raw water directly. The cake layer formed on the surface of the membrane was looser after pretreatment, and could be discharged easily by periodic backwashing, The cake layer could prevent hydrophobic organic matters deposit on the surface of membrane directly, which will slow down the membrane fouling and improve the chemical safety of the membrane effluent.     

Cavern type airflow control technology of mine

Taking a coconut shell powder activated carbon (PAC) as the carrier and butyl acetate titanate with ethanol as raw materials, TiO2/AC(activated carbon) photocatalyst was prepared through sol-gel and impregnation method, and batch experiments were carried out to investigate its performances of removing Carbamazepine from artificial water. The results indicate that TiO2/AC has a better removal of carbamazepine than powder TiO2 and PAC. In the same condition, the removal of carbamazepine in TiO2/AC system is 1.7 times than that in TiO2. When the initial concentration of Carbamazepine is 10 mg/L, and the dosage of TiO2/AC is 500 mg/L, in which the load capacity of TiO2 is 11.2%, the removal rate reaches at 91.5% while the PH is 1.0. The reaction of photocatalytic degradation process can be accorded with two-step dynamics kinetics with different concentrations. The constant of secondary reaction is inversely proportional to concentration. Using Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) model, it concludes that the apparent adsorption equilibrium constant Ka is 9.215×10 3 L/mol, and the surface reaction rate constant Kr is 3.678×10 -6 mol/(L·min). Thus, microwave irradiation is the best way for catalyst regeneration.     

Membrane Bioreactor for Treatment of Wastewater

Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) is a new technology in wastewater treatment, using membrane to enhance biological-chemical reaction. It has many advantages such as high efficiency and low sludge production rate. By analyzing the factor influencing MBR, a new submerged hybrid dynamic membrane bioreactor(HDMBR) is suggested and the characteristics of the new HDMBR from different viewpoints are expounded. It shows that this technology is a process of high efficiency and low consumption.     

聚天门冬氨酸和壳聚糖复配剂对东北春谷农艺性状、产量及氮素利用的影响

针对东北春谷区肥料全基施背景下氮肥吸收、同化和利用效率低、流失和浪费严重的问题,2020-2021年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所公主岭试验站,以张杂谷13号和华优谷9号为材料,设置裂区试验,聚天门冬氨酸和壳聚糖复配剂（polyaspartic acid-chitosan,PAC）处理为主区,氮肥梯度为副区,探究全基施背景下PAC与常规氮肥配施对东北春谷氮素利用的调控效应和增产增效机制。结果表明,相同施氮量水平下,与常规氮肥处理相比,PAC处理可增加2个谷子品种的株高、茎粗和叶面积指数,改良穗长、穗粗、单穗重和单穗粒重等穗部性状,提高花期和花后植株干物质积累量,提高谷子氮素积累量及氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率和氮肥表观利用率,最终提高产量。2020年张杂谷13号和华优谷9号增产幅度分别为11.24%～21.55%和5.53%～15.75%,2021年增产幅度分别为8.65%～14.22%和10.43%～16.17%。上述调控效应在中、低氮水平（75.0、112.5、150.0kg/hm2）下效果更为显著。综上所述,PAC配施氮肥可作为一项增产增效的全基施生产技术应用于我国东北春谷区。     

纳米碳管在电解法处理含铜废水中的应用研究

为了解决含铜工业废水对环境、土壤及生物的危害,以镀有纳米碳管的钢板为阴极,对含铜废液进行了电解研究。测定了不同影响因素下（电解时间及电流等）重金属铜的去除率,并分析了含纳米碳管阴极电解法去除Cu2+的机理。结果表明,在其它条件相同的条件下,随着时间和电流的增加,去除率逐渐上升。而且随钢板上纳米碳管的数量升高,去除率明显升高。本试验最佳情况下,含有纳米碳管的阴极钢板比没有含有纳米碳管的阴极钢板去除率高40%左右。     

枯草芽孢杆菌与绿萝对富营养化水体的净化

城市景观水体污染和水生态退化已经成为目前重要的环境问题。为了寻找解决景观水体富营养化的有效措施,本研究以西安市某高校校区人工湖富营养化水体为对象,利用枯草芽孢杆菌和绿萝对人工湖水体水质进行生物生态修复治理预处理实验。所有实验及指标测定方法均按照国家相关标准执行。实验结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌和绿萝对富营养化水体均有明显的净化作用,短时间内枯草芽孢杆菌的净水效果明显优于绿萝,对明远湖总磷的去除率高达85%。将枯草芽孢杆菌和绿萝综合使用,净化修远湖和明远湖富营养化水体的效果更加显著,对水体中TN、TP、Chl-a、NH3-N、CODMn等污染质去除率均达到了80%以上。     

混凝-活性炭吸附工艺去除水中甲氰菊酯农药

通过对含甲氰菊酯农药的模拟水样进行混凝活性炭吸附处理,分别考察了混凝剂种类、投加量、pH等因素对混凝效果的影响以及木质粉末活性炭投加量、吸附时间、pH等因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,对水样作常规混凝处理时,氯化铁的处理效果优于其他混凝剂,当氯化铁的投加量为20 mg/L,pH为8时,甲氰菊酯去除率可达59.4 %。对水样做活性炭吸附处理时,适宜pH范围为6~9,木质粉末活性炭最佳投加量为40 mg/L,最佳吸附时间为70 min,在最优吸附条件下,甲氰菊酯去除率可达81.6 %。在最优混凝吸附条件下,氯化铁混凝协同木质粉末活性炭吸附去除甲氰菊酯的去除率均大于90%,对水中甲氰菊酯去除效果较好。     

基于ARMA模型的地表水水质预测方法研究?

选用合适的模型提高预测的精度和可靠性,为区域水环境管理提供科学依据,是水质预测要解决的关键问题。为了解决这一问题,根据辽河流域的实际,运用自回归滑动平均(ARMA)模型对辽河流域东陵大桥监测断面CODMn的水质变化趋势进行预测。结果表明：综合自相关函数、偏相关函数以及BIC原则,ARMA(1,1)模型能够更好地用于东陵大桥断面水质预测。拟合结果显示,相对误差在2.60%~25.98%之间,平均相对误差为13.69%,说明该模型能够充分利用近期水质资料信息,以精确预测未来水质变化趋势。而对东陵大桥监测断面CODMn的预测显示,未来CODMn呈现出增长态势,辽宁水环境管理任务仍然很重。最后,就ARMA模型应用于水质预测的问题和发展方向进行了探讨。     

Grain yield,harvest index,water-use efficiency and nitrogen partitioning to grain can be improved by application of the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol to maize plants with reduced N supply

Applications of plant growth regulators such as paclobutrazol (PAC) to grain maize frequently caused depressions in grain yield. This negative impact probably originated from treatments at an early growth stage during plant ontogenesis when the determination of potential kernel number coincided with time of regulator application. However, stability of grain yield itself is of high relevance, and it is also the key determinant for harvest index (HI) and the use efficiencies of water (WUE) and nutrients (NUE). Therefore, in a container experiment, the effect of delayed PAC application at growth stage V8 was tested with the maize ( Zea mays L.) cultivars Galactus and Fabregas. Immediately after PAC treatment, differential N fertilization was introduced in order to meet the demand of the control plants (100% N), and with a supply of 75% N. With late PAC application (V8), grain yield depressions could not only successfully be avoided; moreover, in Galactus-75%N, a significant increase in grain yield was achieved combined with an extended duration of pollen shed by 28%. Straw yield decreased less strongly after late compared with early PAC application, leading to small, but significant increases in HI for the maize plants with 75% N supply. An increase in PAC dosage combined with later application will certainly lead to stronger decreases in straw yield, but it will also enhance the risk for grain yield depressions, and thus, an overall stronger improvement of HI is uncertain. For the time around silking, remarkable improvements of WUE_grain by 18% were achieved after delayed PAC application to Galactus-75%N. After PAC treatment, significant increases in nitrogen-harvest index (NHI) and thus N partitioning to grain were achieved for Fabregas and for Galactus-75%N. Although luxurious N consumption did not occur, late PAC application showed neither an effect on N-utilization efficiency (NUtE_grain) nor on N-uptake efficiency (NUpE). It can be concluded that it is a very complex task to achieve the right balance between PAC dosage, stability of grain yield and optimal N supply in order to avoid both, luxurious N consumption and N deficiency, and to achieve an improvement of NUtE_grain of maize plants.     

MBR处理猪场厌氧消化液的污泥增殖研究

为研究MBR处理猪场厌氧消化液反应器内的污泥增长规律,首先根据MBR的特点,确定微生物增殖动力学模型;进而针对模型中关键因素安排试验。采用3组相同的MBR试验装置进行试验,每套MBR的有效容积为120L,由间歇曝气区和膜分离区两部分组成;试验安排了3种不同的水力停留时间（15h、20h和24h）和3种不同的污泥停留时间（70d、30d和50d）,共进行9组试验,进水COD为1240～1830 mg/L,出水COD为208～811 mg/L;由试验数据求出污泥增殖模型参数,得到具体的污泥增殖模型。经验证,模型计算值与实测值基本吻合。     

Maize harvest index and water use efficiency can be improved by inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis

Possibilities to improve maize harvest index and nutrient utilization efficiency by application of plant growth regulators were investigated. In container experiments, the effects of different growth regulators on the development of the maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas were tested. Paclobutrazol (PAC) and chlorocholine chloride (CCC), two inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis, as well as gibberellic acid (GA₃) were applied at growth stage V5. Three weeks after application of PAC, shoot growth of both maize cultivars was strongly affected with a significant decrease in plant height in the PAC treatment by 44% and 36% for Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas, respectively. The growth‐retarded plants had higher leaf areas and reduced transpiration rates. The higher shoot growth after GA₃ application was accompanied by a reduction in leaf area and an increase in transpiration rate during 1 week before anthesis. CCC treatment showed no significant effects on plant height, leaf area and transpiration rate. The PAC‐treated cultivar Pioneer 3906 produced several cobs per plant, which were mainly barren at maturity. However, PAC application to Fabregas resulted in just one cob per plant with good kernel development and a grain yield, which was not significantly reduced in comparison with the control. With this similar grain yield in combination with a straw yield decrease of 32%, the harvest index was significantly improved by 12%. In addition, with PAC‐treated Fabregas plants, a 19% increased water use efficiency of the grain (WUE_grain) during the critical period of kernel setting was achieved. In this maize cultivar, CCC application also improved harvest index by 5%, but no effect on WUE_grain occurred. GA₃ treatment decreased harvest index of both maize cultivars, and it either reduced WUE_grain (Pioneer 3906) or showed no effect (Fabregas). Utilization efficiencies of N, P and K were not increased with growth regulator application, even in the PAC‐treated Fabregas plants with a significantly improved allocation of assimilates to the grain, mirrored by the higher harvest index. The results indicate that fertilizer applications must be adjusted to the reduced demand of growth‐retarded plants, most likely leading to higher nutrient utilization efficiencies.     

雨水生态处理措施中陆生植物净化能力研究

雨水有效利用是解决城市用水短缺的一个重要途径,国内针对雨水利用展开了许多理论和技术研究,LID技术是国内认可的雨水有效利用的先进技术之一。本研究借鉴湿生植物净化能力研究的方法,探索几种在LID技术中常用陆生植物24 h内对雨水水质中CODMn、TN、TP 3种污染物质的净化能力。研究表明,陆生植物对污染雨水有一定的净化能力,不同植物对CODMn、TN、TP的去除存在较大差异,且植物在不同污染浓度条件下呈现不同的净化能力。这一研究结果为LID技术中植物配置有一定的指导意义。     

覆膜方式对雨养饲用玉米生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响

为促进冀西北坝上高寒半干旱区旱地饲用玉米稳产、高产和提高水分利用效率,于2016—2017年在农业部张北农业资源与生态环境重点野外观测试验站,进行了露地平作(ck),双垄沟覆膜、微垄覆膜、土下覆膜处理对饲用玉米叶面积指数、干物质积累、土壤水分、产量和水分利用效率影响的试验研究。结果表明,在丰水年,双垄沟覆膜处理效果最好,与露地相比叶面积指数、干物质积累量、土壤蓄水量分别提高36.45%、70.24%、13.25%,产量和水分利用效率提高了67.24%和87.66%;在欠水年,土下覆膜处理效果最佳,较露地增产71.31%,水分利用效率提高81.69%。双垄沟覆膜是寒旱区提高饲用玉米产量和高效利用降水的有效技术,土下覆膜则更适用于土壤贮水丰富农田的高水效生产。     

池塘循环水养殖系统构建及其生态净化效果研究进展

传统水产养殖模式易造成水体污染、水资源浪费等问题,影响鱼类生长。为达到健康养殖的目的,池塘循环水养殖系统在循环经济理念指导下,通过利用动力流水净化与生物修复技术,采取建立人工湿地等措施净化水体,形成一套可持续发展模式。本研究综述了该系统的3种主要模式的构建及其水质净化效果,分析该系统运行中出现的主要问题。现有研究表明,不同模式下对TN、TP、NH4+-N、CODMn、NO2--N等水质指标平均去除率基本维持在60%。同时,分析了系统中养殖池塘与净化单元面积配比关系的计算、净化单元中基质与植物以及PH、温度等对净化效果的影响。本研究通过对这些研究的总结与讨论分析,将为深入对池塘循环水养殖系统的研究提供参考资料。     

A Study of Residential Grey Water Treated by Subsurface Horizontal Constructed Wetland

Ceramsite and natural zeolite were used as mixed substrates in subsurface horizontal constructed wetland which is planted with Yellow flag to investigate the treatment efficiency of real residential grey water, Inflow rate was 50l/d, HRT was 2d. The wetland reduced COD, NH3-N, TN, TP and turbidity from 164mg/l,4.3mg/l,5.2mg/l,0.44mg/l,82.4NTU to 70 mg/l, 1.07 mg/l, 2.07 mg/l, 0.33 mg/l, 7.27NTU, removal efficiency was respectively 57.32%,75.19%,60.26%,24.24%,91.18%,and have a good performance in COD,NH3-N,TN, turbidity treatment. Used synthetic grey water to study different HRT effect of wetland. Increasing HRT could be increase the wetland ability of COD, NH3-N removal. When the HRT was 3d, the wetland had the best decontamination effect. The removal efficiency of COD,NH3-N,TN,TP,turbidity was respectively 68.46%,81.75%,66.67%,34%,86.91%.