Positive effects of Penconazole on growth of Brassica napus under drought stress

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of drought on some physiological and biochemical parameters and to assess the inducing effects of Penconazole (PEN) on drought tolerance in two cultivars (RGS003 as a drought tolerant and Sarigol as a drought sensitive) of canola. Plants were treated with various PEG concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15%) without or with PEN (15 mg l^?1). Decrease in fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) in Sarigol under drought was higher than that of RGS003. Surprisingly, PEN reversed prominently the negative effects of drought on FW and DW in RGS003. Concomitantly, PEN treatment decreased malondialdehyde content in RGS003 under drought. Moreover, higher content of proline in RGS003 under all drought levels could be considered as a factor for drought tolerance of this cultivar. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities were induced by PEN in both cultivars under drought. Inducing effects of PEN on phenylalanine ammonia lyase and thyrosine ammonia lyase activities decreased by increasing of drought levels in both cultivars. In summary, PEN alleviated the negative effects of drought in RGS003 cultivar by inducing activities of SOD, CAT and PPO and proline content comparing to Sarigol.     

Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and expression of gene encoding stress protein – metallothionein BnMT2 in the non‐host crop Brassica napus L.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are an important component of the soil biota in most agroecosystems, and their association can directly or indirectly affect the diversity of soil microorganisms, nutrient cycling, and growth of host plants. Since not all crops are symbiotic, we hypothesized that the presence of AM fungi can: (1) inhibit the growth of non‐host plants by resulting in biotic stress, or (2) promote their growth indirectly by increased nutrient mobilization. These hypotheses were tested in the present study on the non‐mycorrhizal crop canola (Brassica napus L.) in the presence and absence of other autochthonous soil microorganisms. The soil was inoculated with a mixture of AM fungi (Acaulospora longula, Glomus geosporum, G. mosseae, Scutellospora calospora) and as a control, a non‐inoculated soil was used. The impact of inoculation on plant growth (biomass production, nutrient concentrations) and expression of the stress protein metallothionein gene BnMT2 was investigated in the shoots. B. napus L. did not form mycorrhizal associations on its roots, but its growth was promoted after inoculation with AM fungi. In the soil with autochthonic microorganisms, growth inhibition after inoculation was observed compared to the control. The concentrations of N, P, K, and S in the shoot were always significantly increased after inoculation with AM fungi. However, this was partly combined with reduced growth and thereby decreased total uptake of nutrients. Expression of BnMT2 in the leaves was increased after inoculation with AM spores at the soil devoid of indigenous microorganisms, but decreased in their presence. The expression of stress proteins (BnMT2) significantly increased with increasing length and biomass of shoots. In conclusion, the inhibition of the non‐host plant B. napus L. following inoculation with AM fungi was confirmed, however, only in combination with autochthonous microorganisms. Growth promotion of B. napus L. in the presence of AM fungi in the absence of autochthonous soil microorganisms suggest that plant growth depression in the presence of AM fungi was based on interactive effects of AM fungi with the autochthonous microorganisms in the soil rather than on a direct impact of the AM fungi.     

甘蓝型油菜ACCase、 DGAT2和PEPC基因对氮素用量的应答

氮肥是生长发育需要的重要营养元素之一。为了研究氮肥对油菜蛋白与油脂含量以及其合成相关基因表达水平的影响,本研究以品种中双11和Parter（德国）为材料,检测N 0、 90、 180和270 kg/hm2氮肥水平下种子含油量和蛋白质含量,并检测ACCase,DGAT2和PEPC基因在施氮肥（N 180 kg/hm2）和未施氮肥植株不同发育时期种子中的表达水平。结果发现,随施氮量增加,含油量降低,蛋白质含量增加,且Parter含油量下降程度明显高于中双11。授粉后725 d, ACCase和DGAT2的表达水平在两个品种施氮和未施氮条件下均无明显变化; 授粉后31d,施氮与未施氮相比,两个基因在中双11中的表达量分别下降1倍和12倍,而在Parter中的表达量均上升约1倍。在施氮条件下,PEPC基因在两个品种的表达高峰期均提前,中双11由授粉后31 d提前到13 d,Parter由13 d提前到7 d,说明3个基因对氮肥的响应存在基因型的差异。     

甘蓝型油菜正季与反季材料小孢子的培养

本文以甘蓝型油菜Westar的F1代为供试材料,通过对8个正季和同样的8个反季材料进行小孢子培养对比实验。结果表明,相同材料（基因型）正季能获得胚状体的反季一样能获得胚状体,但是相同材料的出胚数反季要比正季少50%,并且出胚时间要晚5～8d。正季与反季材料的成苗百分率相同,平均达到93%,加倍率基本一样,达到80%。由此可见,用反季节材料培养小孢子同样能获得成功,对特殊材料可以利用此法进一步加速育种进程。     

铝胁迫对油菜根系形态和生理指标的影响

为探讨油菜幼苗在不同浓度铝胁迫下的生理响应,以2个耐铝毒差异显著的油菜品种(耐铝品种R178和铝敏感品种S169)为试验材料,在营养液培养条件下,共设置0(对照)、50、100、150、200和 300 μmol·L^-1 6个铝(pH值4.5)处理,研究铝胁迫对油菜根系形态及生理指标的影响。结果表明,50 μmol·L^-1铝处理下R178各根系形态指标与对照相比均无显著差异,而S169根系各形态指标与对照均差异显著,其中总根尖数随着铝处理浓度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,其他根系指标均随着铝处理浓度的增加呈逐渐减少的趋势,300 μmol·L^-1铝处理下,2个品种的主根相对伸长率较对照分别减少65.7%和79.7%。随着铝处理浓度的增加,2个品种幼苗根系中可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,叶片中可溶性蛋白含量呈降低趋势,而脯氨酸含量则呈升高的趋势。铝胁迫导致2个品种幼苗根系和叶片的质膜透性显著增加,300 μmol·L^-1铝处理下R178和S169根系相对电解质外渗率较对照分别增加54%和59%,叶片中分别增加82%和90%,同一处理下R178根系和叶片电解质外渗率均小于S169。随着铝处理浓度的增加,2个品种根系中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈先增加后降低的趋势;R178叶片中SOD活性呈增加趋势,而S169则呈先增加后降低的趋势,且在200 μmol·L^-1时达到最大值;2个品种叶片中的POD、CAT和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均呈先增加后降低的趋势。综上,铝胁迫显著抑制了油菜根系生长,破坏了细胞质膜的完整性,油菜幼苗通过蛋白质和脯氨酸含量的积累以及保护酶活性的增高抵抗铝胁迫。本研究结果为耐铝油菜资源筛选和新品种选育提供了理论依据。     

氯化胆碱和海藻糖对油菜蕾薹期干旱胁迫的缓解效应研究和耐旱指标筛选

为研究氯化胆碱和海藻糖对油菜蕾薹期干旱胁迫的缓解效应,本试验以5个油菜栽培品种为研究对象,在蕾薹期设置干旱胁迫、干旱胁迫下添加氯化胆碱及干旱胁迫下添加海藻糖3个处理,通过考察15个耐旱指标,探究不同处理对油菜蕾薹期形态、生长发育和生理特性的影响,并对3种处理下的油菜耐旱性进行综合评价和耐旱指标筛选。结果表明,干旱胁迫导致油菜株高、茎粗、总鲜重、地上部鲜重、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著下降,可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著上升。添加氯化胆碱后,可溶性蛋白含量显著下降(34.96%);添加海藻糖处理后,SOD、过氧化物酶(POD)活性极显著升高(77.22%和183.93%),MDA和可溶性蛋白含量均极显著降低(64.68%和27.68%)。耐旱性效应综合评价表明,干旱胁迫下,淮油18号耐旱性最强(D=0.706),南农油3号耐旱性中等(D=0.476),秦优33、秦油10号和美国油王999耐旱性最差(D=0.364～0.404)。添加氯化胆碱(D值平均提高40.00%)较海藻糖(D值平均提高13.95%)起到更好的抵御干旱逆境的作用。本研究筛选出的根长、茎粗、总鲜重、根...     

外源NO对铜胁迫下小白菜SBPase基因表达特性及其光合速率的影响

【目的】本研究通过克隆小白菜光合暗反应中限制核酮糖-1, 5-二磷酸(RuBP)再生的关键酶景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶(sedoheptulose-1, 7-bisphosphatase,SBPase)基因,分析铜胁迫及添加外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)缓解铜胁迫时该基因的表达情况,并将其与对应处理下小白菜净光合速率(Pn)的变化情况结合在一起进行分析,以期为全面了解外源NO缓解铜胁迫植物光合作用机理提供理论依据。【方法】以小白菜品种“上海青”3~4片真叶大的幼苗为材料,采用RT-PCR技术克隆小白菜SBPase基因,铜处理浓度为200 μmol/L,外源NO供体SNP浓度为300 μmol/L,同时设置相关的4个对照组排除其他可能因素的干扰,在添加处理液后的0、 4、 8、 12 d上午九点测定各处理小白菜相同节位叶片的净光合速率,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测在对应的处理时间及对应节位小白菜叶片中SBPase基因的表达情况。试验环境条件为光照强度200 μmol/(m2·s),光周期12 h,温度25℃/18℃。【结果】 1)克隆得到小白菜SBPase基因(Genbank登录号:AHY18974.1),开放阅读框为1182 bp,编码393个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为42.34kD,理论等电点为5.85。2)序列分析表明其含有氧化还原活性位点,包含一个具有59个氨基酸残基的叶绿体转移肽序列。小白菜SBPase基因推导的氨基酸序列与其他物种中已分离的SBPase编码的氨基酸序列具有很高的同源性。3)实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,SBPase基因在铜胁迫下的小白菜叶片中表达量下降,且随着胁迫时间的延长下降程度加剧;而在铜胁迫的基础上添加外源NO可以在一定程度上缓解铜胁迫引起的小白菜叶中SBPase基因表达量的下降。4)铜胁迫下小白菜叶片Pn显著下降,且随着胁迫时间的延长,Pn下降加剧,施加外源NO后Pn的下降得到一定程度的缓解,各处理下Pn的变化与SBPase基因表达量变化趋势一致。【结论】铜胁迫及在铜胁迫的基础上添加外源NO后小白菜叶片中SBPase基因表达量的变化,可能是影响对应条件下小白菜叶片的净光合速率变化的原因之一。     

Evaluation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for yield and related traits under drought stress conditions

ABSTRACT

Drought is a major factor threatening crop production worldwide. Developing wheat varieties that are adapted to drought prone environments is a sustainable strategy to improve wheat production and productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate and select bread wheat genotypes for yield and yield components, and for stability under drought stress and non-stress conditions. One hundred and twenty genotypes were evaluated at five test sites in the 2018/19 cropping season using a 10 x 12 alpha lattice design with two replicates. The level of drought stress was imposed using different sowing dates (early planting representing non-stressed, while late planting as drought stressed conditions) following the onset of the main rain at each site. Grain yield and yield components were recorded, and drought indices were calculated for each genotype. Among the drought tolerance indices, GMP, MP, HM, STI and YI were found to be the most suitable for predicting drought tolerance because they had significant and positive correlations with yield under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Rank sum analysis identified the most drought tolerant genotypes as ‘YS-34', ‘YS-85' and ‘YS-82’. The selected wheat genotypes are useful genetic resources for future drought tolerance breeding programmes in Ethiopia or similar agro-ecologies.     

Effect of regeneration procedures on genetic diversity in Brassica napus and B. rapa as estimated by isozyme analysis

This investigation was conducted to assess changes in the genetic structure of two varieties of two species of annual Brassica. Seeds of B. napus cv. Topas and B. rapa Broccoletto were sent to nine research institutes in different geographical areas of Europe for regeneration. The multiplied material was sent back after one year of regeneration and analysed electrophoretically. The original populations of each species and their multiplied samples were stained for 12 different enzymes, of which 4 were found to be polymorphic (DIA, SKD, GPI and PER). It was possible to detect considerable differences in isozyme patterns in B. napus and allelic frequencies in B. rapa, both within and between populations. When the original population was compared with the regenerated samples, the Chi-square homogeneity test for all pairwise comparisons revealed distinctness with a 99% probability for B. napus and 95% probability for B. rapa with one or more of the enzyme systems examined. Furthermore, the average of gene diversity analysis (Nei, 1973) revealed that some regenerated populations have less while others have increased genetic variation compared with the original population. These observations indicated that the frequencies were non-random and considerable shifts in genetic diversity have occurred during multiplication. In addition, different regeneration procedures have caused the fixation of certain alleles.     

ALA对冬小麦叶片气体交换和水分利用效率的影响

以冬小麦“百农矮抗58”为材料,研究了在始穗期喷施不同浓度(10 、30、50 mg/L)的5-氨基乙酰丙酸（5-aminolevulinic acid, ALA)对冬小麦叶片气体交换和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,10～50 mg/L ALA处理的叶片气孔导度高于不喷施的对照,但在开花期和乳熟期对气孔导度的促进作用大于腊熟期; 叶片净光合速率也明显高于对照。在开花期和乳熟期,ALA提高叶片的净光合速率主要是由于减少了光合的气孔限制; 而在腊熟期则主要是由于减少了光合的非气孔限制。在开花期和乳熟期,10～50 mg/L ALA处理的叶片水分利用效率与对照没有显著性差异,但在腊熟期,叶片水分利用效率较对照有显著性提高。与对照相比,10～50 mg/L ALA处理冬小麦的穗粒数、千粒重和产量显著增加,其中以30 mg/L ALA处理增产效果最大。     

光对油菜胚中蛋白质和脂肪酸生物合成的影响

为探究光对油菜胚中蛋白质和脂肪酸生物合成中的影响,本研究于油菜开花后25 d(25 d)起,对油菜角果用锡箔进行遮光处理,分别收集遮光处理后3 d(28 d)和10 d(35 d)角果种子中的胚,以未遮光处理的油菜种子胚为对照。结果表明,与对照相比,经遮光处理的胚中叶绿素和蛋白质含量显著降低;脂肪酸组分发生明显变化,其中棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)和油酸(C18:1)含量显著增加,而不饱和脂肪酸中的亚油酸(C18:2)和亚麻酸(C18:3)含量却大幅下降。进一步将开花后25 d油菜胚在加入电子传递抑制剂DCC培养基中进行体外培养,发现胚中不饱和脂肪酸的生物合成以及叶绿素含量均受到ATP的调节。综上,油菜胚发育过程中光照可以影响质体中氨基酸和脂肪酸的生物合成,从而调控油菜营养物的积累。本研究揭示了质体光合作用在油菜种子油脂积累过程中的作用,为今后培育高含油量、高品质油菜品种提供了理论依据。     

海藻肥对低温胁迫下铁皮石斛抗氧化能力及相关基因表达的影响

以铁皮石斛'晶品一号'幼苗为试材,分别于叶面喷施不同稀释倍数(500、1000、1500倍)的海藻肥,研究其对4℃低温胁迫下铁皮石斛抗氧化生理特性及相关基因表达的影响.结果 表明:1000倍稀释浓度的海藻肥有效缓解了低温胁迫下铁皮石斛叶片失活、叶绿素降解和丙二醛(MDA)积累;促进了脯氨酸(Pro)含量的增加,以及抗氧...     

氯化钾对干旱胁迫下马铃薯根系生理及形态的影响

以马铃薯品种"大西洋"为材料,研究了6个钾肥施用量(以K2O计):CK(0 g/株)、C1(1.2 g/株)、C2(2.4 g/株)、C3(3.6 g/株)、C4(4.8 g/株)、C5(6.0 g/株)对2个干旱胁迫程度[轻度干旱胁迫("轻旱,D1")、中度干旱胁迫("中旱,D2")]和正常灌溉下马铃薯根系生理和形态发育特征的影响。试验结果显示,根系生理方面,干旱胁迫下增施钾肥可不同程度地增强马铃薯根系抗旱性。各处理马铃薯根系含水量、地下部分干重、根冠比表现为D1D2,除根冠比在各施肥处理间无显著差异外(P﹥0.05),以上指标均以C3处理效果最为显著(P0.05)。各处理马铃薯根系超氧阴离子产生速率、丙二醛含量表现为D2D1,且C2处理下降幅显著(P0.05)。根系活力、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性分别在C1、C2、C3处理及以下表现为D2D1,此后相反;过氧化物酶活性整体上表现出D2D1的变化趋势。以上指标在C2处理下效果显著(P0.05)。根系形态方面,整体上看,钾肥作用下马铃薯总根长、根直径、根表面积、根体积增加,根尖数减少。各处理下马铃薯根直径、根表面积、根体积表现为D1D2,总根长、根尖数分别在C2、C3处理及以下表现为D2D1,此后相反;干旱胁迫下根系各形态指标对钾肥增施量的响应较为复杂,整体表现为"轻旱高钾促进,中旱低钾促进"的变化趋势。产量方面,干旱胁迫导致薯重降低,增施钾肥提高了马铃薯单株总薯重,以C3处理增产效果最显著(P0.05)。综合以上分析认为,钾肥的施入应充分考虑当地土壤水分状况并依此制定合理的施入量,这样才有利于马铃薯根系抗性的提高和形态的建成。     

Effects of salicylic acid on growth and accumulation of phenolics in Zea mays L. under drought stress

The accumulation of total soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics and total soluble proteins in Zea mays plants exposed to drought stress and foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) at 10^?4?mol/L and 10^?5?mol/L was investigated. Drought stress was imposed at the four-leaf stage for 10 days (30–35% field capacity). Dehydration of maize leaves was accompanied by the accumulation of both total soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics, reduction in leaf relative water content (LRWC), and shoot and root growth attributes. Foliar spraying of SA further augmented the content of total soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics and total soluble proteins content under drought stress. SA ameliorated the adverse effects of drought stress on LRWC, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, root length and root area. The accumulation of both soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics by foliar spray of SA may be a mechanism related to SA-induced drought stress tolerance in maize. It was concluded that foliar spraying of SA at 10^?5?mol/L can be highly economical and effective for modifying the effects of drought stress on maize at the four-leaf stage.     

Effects of salinity,drought, and priming treatments on seed germination and growth parameters of Lathyrus sativus L.

Germination of plants is one of the most important stages during their growth, which is often influenced by environmental stresses, especially drought and salinity. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of salinity and drought on seed germination and growth of Lathyrus sativus. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement in four replications. Salinity treatments were 0, 2, and 4 dS/m and drought treatments included 0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 MPa. Salinity and drought treatments were prepared by using sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol 6000, respectively. The results showed that salinity and drought stresses decreased germination percentage, and root and radicle length.     

Effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on the molecular responses of maize under drought and heat stresses: A review

Drought and heat are major environmental stresses that continually influence plant growth and development. Under field conditions, these stresses occur more frequently in combination than alone, which magnifies corresponding detrimental effects on the growth and productivity of agriculturally important crops. Plant responses to such abiotic stresses are quite complex and manifested in a range of developmental, molecular, and physiological modifications that lead either to stress sensitivity or tolerance/resistance. Maize (Zea mays L.) is known for its sensitivity to abiotic stresses, which often results in substantial loss in crop productivity. Bioaugmentation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of drought and heat stresses on plants. Hence, this is considered a promising and eco-friendly strategy to ensure sustainable and long-term maize production under adverse climatic conditions. These microorganisms possess various plant growth-promoting (PGP) characteristics that can induce drought and heat tolerance in maize plants by directly or indirectly influencing molecular, metabolic, and physiological stress responses of plants. This review aims to assess the current knowledge regarding the ability of PGPR to induce drought and heat stress tolerance in maize plants. Furthermore, the drought and heat stress-induced expression of drought and heat stress response genes for this crop is discussed with the mechanisms through which PGPR alter maize stress response gene expression.     

Comparative growth and physiological responses of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance to salinity and cyclic drought stress

Two cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with differential salinity tolerance were compared by evaluating the growth attributes, pigment composition and accumulation of Na⁺, K⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe ²⁺, Mn ²⁺ and proline. Wheat cultivars Al-Moiaya (AM) (salt tolerant) and Habbe-Druma (HD) (salt sensitive) were subjected to four levels of salinity (1.21 dS m^?1, 4.4 dS m^?1, 8.8 dS m^?1 and 13.2 dS m^?1) in factorial combinations with three drought stress (FC 30%, FC 60% and FC 90%) treatments in a randomized complete block design. Plant dry weight, leaf area ratio (LAR), soluble protein and total chlorophyll (Chl) content were higher in AM than HD. Salt-tolerant AM maintains a higher K⁺/ Na⁺ ratio and thereby is able to grow better than the salt-sensitive HD under both the stresses. The lower foliar Na⁺ in AM resulted in retention of higher Chl content, reflected in the strong positive correlations between plant ion status and Chl contents (Na⁺-Chl r² = 0.83; Chl- Fe²⁺ r² = 0.76; Zn²⁺ r² = 0.93 and Mn²⁺ r² = 0.88). In conclusion, our results suggested that the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, exclusion of Na⁺ and ion homeostasis play much more important roles in the tolerance to salinity and drought stress than the compatible osmolyte, proline.     

Effects of vermicompost and urea fertilizers on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Vetiveria zizanioides stapf. grown under drought stress conditions

The use of vermicompost as a bio-fertilizer and urea (as chemical fertilizer) under drought stress conditions was tested in this research. Accordingly, a pot experiment was carried out and the seedlings of vetivergrass (Vetiveriazizanioides stapf.) were grown in the greenhouse at Malayer University. The experiment was conducted based on factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design using five replications. Irrigation levels included field capacity (FC) (as control), 60% FC and 30% FC. Vermicompost applications included zero (as control), 40, and 60% which were expressed as VC1, VC2, and VC3. Urea application levels included zero (0), 100, or 200 mg per kg per pot which were expressed as U1, U2, and U3, respectively. The highest and the lowest values of total protein contents (μMg-1 fresh weight (FW)), calcium and magnesium concentrations (mg g^?1 dry weight (DW)), and survival capacity (%) of the vetivergrass were found in the FC × VC3 × U3 and 30% FC × VC1 × U1 treatments, respectively, whereas the maximum and the minimum values of essential oil contents (%) were seen in the 60% FC × VC3 × U3 and FC × VC1 × U1 treatments, respectively. A different trend was seen in the changes of total chlorophyll content (%) values and the highest and the lowest values were found in the 60% FC × VC3 × U3 and 30% FC × VC1 × U1 treatments, respectively. However, the root dry weight increased significantly as the soil moisture content, percentage of vermicompost, or urea addition decreased.     

半定量RT-PCR研究氮素形态对樱桃番茄果实中有机酸代谢相关酶基因表达的影响

研究了全硝（100%NO-3）、铵硝配施（75%NO-3: 25%NH+4）及全铵（100%NH+4）营养对樱桃番茄果实有机酸含量的影响,测定了与有机酸合成相关的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）、柠檬酸合成酶（CS）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）活性变化,并利用RT-PCR检测了相应的基因在转录水平上的表达差异。结果表明, 1）全硝和铵硝配施处理下果实柠檬酸含量在整个生育期均显著高于全铵处理,而铵硝配施处理下果实中柠檬酸和苹果酸含量在成熟期均显著低于全硝处理。2）不同形态氮素及配施处理下,果实中柠檬酸含量与CS活性的变化趋势均呈单峰型,但到达峰值的时间不同。全铵处理下果实苹果酸含量与PEPC活性呈显著正相关,全硝、铵硝配施处理下果实苹果酸和柠檬酸含量都与MDH活性呈显著正相关。3）在膨大期和成熟期,全硝处理和铵硝配施处理下PEPC基因（PPC1、PPC2）表达显著高于全铵处理; 线粒体苹果酸脱氢酶（mMDH）的表达对果实苹果酸脱氢酶活性和苹果酸积累起主要作用,表明适当比例的铵硝配施可能通过影响果实中PEPC和MDH的活性和基因表达从而显著降低成熟果实有机酸的含量。     

缓释硼肥种肥用量对红壤油菜生长发育和产量的影响

为明确种肥同播条件下红壤耕地的适宜硼肥用量,在红壤旱地和水田通过开展种肥同播不同硼肥用量试验,本研究设置施硼肥量为0(T1,对照)、4.5(T2)、9.0(T3)、13.5 kg·hm^-2(T4)4个处理,研究其对油菜出苗、生长发育、硼肥吸收利用效果、籽粒产量、品质等的影响。结果表明,红壤耕地增施硼肥,油菜花期可缩短9~20 d,全生育期缩短2~11 d。红壤中有效硼含量严重缺乏,增施硼肥可显著提高油菜生物量和菜籽产量。适宜的硼肥用量可通过增加成株率、单株角果数和每角粒数提高产量。施硼量为9.0 kg·hm^-2时,菜籽产量达最佳水平,为2 131.6 kg·hm^-2,较对照增产336.1%。收获期硼吸收量和各器官中硼含量随施硼量增加而增加,施硼量为13.5 kg·hm^-2时硼吸收量和各器官中硼含量均达到最大值。硼肥利用率随施硼量增加呈降低趋势,土壤基础有效硼含量越低,硼肥贡献率越大,施硼增产效果越好。施硼量为9.0 kg·hm^-2时,菜籽含油量和产油量达最佳水平,与对照相比含油量增加6.7个百分点,产油量达996.4 kg·hm^-2,较对照增加401.5%。综合菜籽产量、含油量、硼肥利用率和产油量等因素,推荐红壤旱地硼肥施用量为9.0 kg·hm^-2,水田可适当增加施用量,但不宜超过13.5 kg·hm^-2。本研究为我省红壤耕地油菜生产硼肥施用和油菜全程机械化生产提供了技术参考和理论依据。