1～35日龄肉鸡日粮精氨酸与赖氨酸最佳比值的研究

为研究日粮精氨酸水平对1～35日龄雄性科宝肉鸡(Cobb 500)的影响,并运用折线和二次曲线模型进行需要量估计,试验选用1152只1日龄雄性Cobb 500肉鸡,随机分为6组,每组16个重复,每个重复12只鸡。6个处理组精氨酸与赖氨酸比值(Arg/Lys)分别为0.95、1.00、1.05、1.10、1.15和1.20。结果表明:肉鸡前期(0～14 d)随着日粮Arg/Lys比值增加,肉鸡饲料转化率显著改善(线性和二次,P <0.05),Arg/Lys为1.15时比对照组显著降低4.84%。15～35 d,肉鸡的平均日增重随着日粮Arg/Lys呈二次曲线增加(P <0.05),Arg/Lys为1.05组比对照组提高3.33%;饲料转化率呈二次曲线变化,Arg/Lys为1.15组比对照组降低4.4%。整个试验期,Arg/Lys比值为1.05时,肉鸡平均日增重最大,比对照组提高2.57%;Arg/Lys比值为1.15时,饲料转化率最佳,比对照组降低4.6%。从分析模型结果看,基于日增重和饲料转化率,推荐肉鸡日粮精氨酸与赖氨酸适宜比值为1.050～1.134。     

Growth performance and carcass characteristics of male broilers fed diets varying in digestible threonine to lysine ratio from 21 to 49 days of age

Two experiments were conducted to ascertain digestible Thr to Lys ratio of male broilers from 21 to 35 d of age (experiment 1) and 35 to 49 d of age (experiment 2) based on growth performance and processing yields. In both experiments, 2 diets (dilution and summit; 3,108 kcal ME/kg and 18.2% CP in experiment 1; 3,163 kcal ME/kg and 17.2% CP in experiment 2) consisting of corn, soybean meal, poultry by-product meal, and peanut meal formulated to be surfeit in limiting amino acids with exception of digestible Lys and Thr were mixed at various proportions to create 8 titration dose-response diets. Digestible Lys was formulated to contain 95% of the requirements from 21 to 35 and 35 to 49 d of age. In each experiment, gradient treatment structure was arranged in a randomized complete block design. Calculated digestible Thr to Lys ratios ranged from 0.512 to 0.806 in approximately increments of 0.040 (1,600 Hubbard × Cobb 500 broilers; experiment 1) and 0.552 to 0.793 in approximately increments of 0.035 (3,000 Ross × Ross 708 broilers; experiment 2). In experiment 1, digestible Thr to Lys ratio for male Hubbard × Cobb 500 broilers was estimated at 0.68 and 0.67 for BW gain and feed conversion from 21 to 35 d of age. In experiment 2, digestible Thr to Lys ratio of Ross × Ross 708 was determined at 0.68 and 0.63 for feed conversion ratio with quadratic and linear broken-line models, respectively. Meat weights and yields were not affected by the dietary treatments in either experiment. These data indicate that a digestible Thr to Lys ratio of 0.68 can optimize growth performance of broilers from 21 to 35 and 35 to 49 d of age.     

Assessing the threonine-to-lysine ratio of female broilers from 14 to 28 days of age

Diets for straight-run broiler flocks are often formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of male broilers, assuming this will cover the nutrient needs of the females. Delineating the nutrient needs of female broilers may allow for a more precise formulation and may lead to a reduction in associated feed cost, particularly when feeding sexes separately. A study was designed to simultaneously evaluate the dietary needs of Lys and Thr of a high-yielding female broiler from 14 to 28 d of age. Dose-response diets were accomplished via the diet-dilution technique, and were formulated to provide a range from 0.84 to 1.24% and 0.46% to 0.86% standardized digestible Lys and Thr, respectively. Requirement estimates ranged from 1.06 to 1.11% for standardized digestible Lys, depending on the parameter and the statistical method used, whereas Thr requirement estimates ranged between 0.73 and 0.79%. In addition to the aforementioned requirement estimates, Thr-to-Lys ratios of 69 for BW gain and 70 for FCR were calculated.     

Influence of phytate level on broiler performance and the efficacy of 2 microbial phytases from 0 to 21 days of age

Phytate is an antinutrient in animal feeds, reducing the availability and increasing the excretion of nutrients. Phytases are widely used to mitigate the negative influences of phytate. This trial was designed to compare the efficacy of 2 Escherichia coli-derived phytases on broiler performance and bone ash as influenced by dietary phytate level. A total of 1,024 Arbor Acres male broilers were used with 8 replicate pens of 16 birds/pen. Experimental diets were based on low available phosphorus (avP; 1.8 g/kg) with low (6.40 g/kg) or high (10.65 g/kg) phytate. The low-avP diets were then supplemented with mono-dicalcium phosphate to increase the avP level to 4.5 g/kg, 500 phytase units/kg of phytase A, or 500 phytase units/kg of phytase B to create 8 experimental diets. Feed intake, BW gain, FCR, and livability were influenced by a P source × phytase interaction. Feed intake, BW gain, and livability were reduced and FCR was higher in broilers fed low-avP diets, particularly in the presence of high phytate. Phytase A or phytase B improved feed intake, BW gain, and FCR, particularly in the high-phytate diet. However, broilers fed phytase A ate more and were heavier than broilers fed phytase B. Tibia ash was lowest in broilers fed the low-avP diet and highest in broilers fed the diet supplemented with mono-dicalcium phosphate. Phytase increased tibia ash, and broilers fed phytase A had an increase in tibia ash compared with broilers fed phytase B. In conclusion, high dietary phytate reduced broiler performance. Phytase A and phytase B improved bone ash and growth performance, especially in the high-phytate diets. However, phytase A was more efficacious than phytase B, regardless of the level of phytate.     

1～21日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡饲粮粗蛋白质需要量

本试验旨在研究快大型黄羽肉鸡的粗蛋白质需要量,为快大型黄羽肉鸡营养需要和生长提供参考依据.试验选取1 500只1日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡,采用2(性别)×5(粗蛋白质水平)试验设计,共10个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复50只鸡.5个饲粮粗蛋白质水平分别为18.0％、19.5％、21.0％、22.5％、24.0％,试验期21 d.结果表明:以生长性能、蛋白质沉积率为评价指标时,得到的公、母鸡最适饲粮粗蛋白质需要量一致,为21.0％;以胴体品质为评价指标,确定公、母鸡最适饲粮粗蛋白质需要量分别为19.5％和21.0％;以血清尿酸含量为评价指标时,确定公、母鸡最适饲粮粗蛋白质需要量分别为21.0％和22.5％.对生长性能等指标数据进行回归分析,得到1～21日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡最适饲粮粗蛋白质需要量为20.6％ ～21.6％.综合评价各指标,本试验确定1～21日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡公、母鸡饲粮粗蛋白质需要量均为21.0％,公、母鸡的每日粗蛋白质需要量分别为6.04和5.52 g.性别因素不影响1～21日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡的饲粮粗蛋白质需要量,但影响每日的粗蛋白质需要量.     

Non‐phytate phosphorus requirements and efficacy of a genetically engineered yeast phytase in male lingnan yellow broilers from 1 to 21 days of age

This experiment was conducted to investigate the requirement of non‐phytate phosphorus (nPP) and efficacy of a genetically engineered yeast phytase in performance and tibia characteristics by male Lingnan Yellow broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 2640 1‐day‐old male chicks were randomly allotted to one of 11 dietary treatments, which consisted of six replicate floor pens with 40 birds per pen. All treatments had the same levels of all nutrients except for phosphorus and phytase. The control group (treatment 1) was fed the basal diet without dicalcium phosphate or phytase supplementation. Dietary concentrations of nPP were 0.11%, 0.19%, 0.27%, 0.35%, 0.43%, 0.51% and 0.59% respectively for treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, through addition of dicalcium phosphate (chemistry grade) to the basal diet. Diets 8–11 were supplemented with a genetically engineered yeast phytase 250, 500, 750 U/kg and a commercial phytase product 500 U/kg in basal diet respectively. The results showed that 0.46% and 0.51% nPP were required for maximum body‐weight gain and optimum tibia development indicators respectively. However, 0.59% nPP had a negative effect on bird growth. The equivalency value of the genetically engineered yeast phytase was estimated to be 874 U/kg to liberate 0.1% nPP.     

二次回归正交旋转组合设计优化1～21日龄肉仔鸡胆碱和蛋氨酸需要量

本试验以低胆碱、低蛋氨酸饲粮为基础饲粮,通过两因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计,旨在研究1～21日龄肉仔鸡胆碱和蛋氨酸的最佳需要量.试验选用1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡480只,随机分为12个组,其中1～8组为试验组,9～12组为中心组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只鸡,公母各占1/2.分别以胆碱和蛋氨酸为自变量,以反映肉仔鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的各项指标为因变量拟合回归方程,估计1～21日龄肉仔鸡胆碱和蛋氨酸需要量.试验期21d.结果表明:一定水平的胆碱和蛋氨酸可显著改善1～21日龄肉仔鸡的平均日增重、料重比、屠宰率和腹脂率.从响应面图可以看出,当蛋氨酸水平为0.50％～0.70％时,随着胆碱水平的降低,肉仔鸡平均日增重逐渐降低;当蛋氨酸水平为0.42％～0.50％,胆碱水平为1300～1738 mg/kg时,肉仔鸡的料重比达到最低;蛋氨酸水平为0.50％～0.70％时,屠宰率随着蛋氨酸水平的升高而下降,蛋氨酸为0.36％～0.50％时,随着胆碱水平的升高,屠宰率呈上升趋势;随着胆碱水平的升高,腹脂率逐渐降低,当胆碱水平为1300 ～1920 mg/kg时,腹脂率随蛋氨酸水平的降低而下降.在本试验条件下,当胆碱水平为1434～1631mg/kg,蛋氨酸水平为0.47％时,肉仔鸡可达到最佳生长性能;当胆碱水平为1984 mg/kg,蛋氨酸水平为0.49％时,肉仔鸡可达到最佳屠宰性能.     

Audiograms estimated from brainstem tone-evoked potentials in dogs from 10 days to 1.5 months of age

The objective of this study was to build audiograms from thresholds of brainstem tone-evoked potentials in dogs and to evaluate age-related change of the audiogram in puppies. Results were obtained from 9 Beagle puppies 10-47 days of age. Vertex to mastoid brainstem auditory-evoked potentials in response to 5.1-millisecond Hanning-gated sine waves with frequencies octave-spaced from 0.5 to 32 kHz were recorded. Three dogs were examined at 10, 13, 19, 25, and 45 days. Four other dogs were examined at 16 days. Data from 7 dogs between 42 and 47 days of age were pooled to obtain audiogram reference values in 1.5-month-old puppies. The best auditory threshold lowered from above 60 dB sound pressure level (SPL) to values close to 0 dB SPL between 13 and 25 days of age and then stabilized. The audible frequency range widened, including 32 kHz in all tested dogs from the 19th day. In the 7 1.5-month-old puppies, the mean auditory threshold decreased by 11 dB per octave from 0.5 to 2 kHz. The auditory threshold was lowest and held the same value from 2 to 8 kHz. The mean auditory threshold increased by 20 dB per octave from 8 to 32 kHz. Near threshold, click-evoked potentials test only a small part of the audible frequency range in dogs. Use of tone-evoked potentials may become a powerful tool in investigating dogs with possible partial hearing loss, including during the auditory system maturation period.     

１～２１日龄不同性别北京鸭核黄素需要量的估测

本试验旨在估测 １～２１日龄不同性别北京鸭核黄素的需要量。采用 ２（性别：公、母）×９（饲粮核黄素水平：１．２、３．２、５．２、７．２、９．２、１１．２、１３．２、１５．２、４１．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ）双因子完全随机试验设计,选取体重相近的 １日龄健康的 Ｚ３系北京鸭公鸭和母鸭各 ３６０只,公鸭和母鸭均随机分为 ９组,每组 ５个重复,每个重复 ８只鸭。结果表明：性别对 １～２１日龄北京鸭的平均日增重和料重比有显著影响（Ｐ＜０．０５）,对平均日采食量、血浆核黄素水平以及血浆谷丙转氨酶（ＡＬＴ）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（ＡＳＴ）、乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）活性均无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。饲粮核黄素水平对 １～２１日龄北京鸭平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比、血浆核黄素水平以及血浆ＡＬＴ、ＡＳＴ、ＬＤＨ活性均有显著影响（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果提示,分别以平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比和血浆核黄素水平为评价指标,采用折线模型估测 １～２１日龄北京鸭公鸭核黄素需要量分别为３．３１、３．２４、５．２０、３．８２ｍｇ／ｋｇ,母鸭核黄素需要量分别为 ３．２７、３．１９、３．３３、３．８４ｍｇ／ｋｇ。