连年翻压紫云英对稻田土壤养分和微生物学特性的影响

【目的】紫云英（Astragalus sinicus L.）是南方稻区主要的冬种绿肥作物。本研究通过紫云英-化肥配施比例不同对水稻产量、 土壤养分和微生物学特性的影响探讨化肥的合理施用量,以期最大限度地减少化肥投入。【方法】紫云英水稻长期轮作定位试验始于2009年,试验设5个处理,对照（不施紫云英和化肥,CK）,全量化肥（100%F）,紫云英18000 kg/hm2+全量化肥（MV+100%F）,紫云英18000 kg/hm2+60%化肥（MV+60%F）,单施紫云英18000 kg/hm2（MV）。每个处理3次重复,小区面积15 m2。2012年10月份于水稻收获后采集土壤样品, 测定水稻产量、 土壤养分、 微生物量碳氮、 可培养微生物数量和土壤酶活性。【结果】1）与单施化肥相比,在翻压紫云英的条件下,化肥减量40%,对水稻产量没有影响,紫云英可替代部分化肥,达到减少化肥用量,保持产量的目的。2）不同施肥制度对土壤养分含量有一定的影响。与100%F处理相比,化肥结合翻压紫云英和单施紫云英处理能够提高土壤有机质和全氮含量; 施肥模式对土壤全磷和全钾含量无显著影响。与100%F处理相比, MV+100%F处理土壤的有效氮含量显著提高; 与100%F处理相比,MV和MV+60%F处理的速效磷含量显著减少; 100%F处理的土壤速效钾含量最高。不同施肥模式对土壤pH无显著影响。3）100%F、 MV+100%F处理的细菌数量较CK分别增加了102.3% 、 138.8%,而MV+60%F和MV处理与CK无显著差异,说明细菌对土壤养分有很强的依赖性。单施化肥或单施紫云英都不利于真菌和放线菌的生长,而化肥与翻压紫云英配合能显著提高其数量。4）相关性分析可以看出,细菌数量与土壤有效氮、 速效钾、 速效磷含量呈显著或极显著正相关; 真菌和放线菌的数量与铵态氮含量呈显著或极显著正相关,说明氮、磷、钾养分对土壤细菌数量的影响较大,而真菌和放线菌的数量主要受NH+4-N的影响。5) 与100%F处理相比,化肥配施紫云英可以显著提高微生物生物碳量（SMBC）和微生物生物氮量（SMBN）的含量。6) 除了过氧化氢酶,转化酶、 脲酶和酸性磷酸酶总体表现为紫云英与化肥混施大于单施化肥或紫云英。7)土壤酶活性、微生物生物量与土壤氮素的相关性最强。土壤转化酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶与水稻产量呈显著或极显著正相关,说明转化酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的大小可作为衡量水稻产量多少的依据之一。【结论】MV+60%F处理在保证水稻产量的同时能够减少40%的化肥用量,是一种高效节能的培肥模式。单施化肥不利于土壤有机质、 全氮和有效氮的积累,同时不利于微生物的生长和酶活的提高。MV+60%F 培肥模式有利于改良土壤的生物学性状,值得推广并有待今后进一步观察验证。     

Land use changes the soil carbon stocks,microbial biomass and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in Brazilian semiarid area

Land use affect soil C and microbial structure, especially in tropical dry areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the land use on physical, chemical, and microbiological attributes of soils from Brazilian semiarid. We analyzed soil physical, chemical, total carbon stocks (TCS), water-soluble carbon (WSC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial structure of soil from forest, no irrigation maize, succession areas (Anadenanthera falcate and Tabebuia alba) and secondary shrubby vegetation. The use of soil influences C stock. The forest soil showed higher TCS and MBC. The conversion in T. alba reduced in 9% soil total bacteria. The multivariate analysis showed that TCS, MBC and FAMEs contributed to separation of natural forest and other areas in the superficial layer. This study indicates that the conversion of forest into successional areas can decrease by up to 44% TCS and 68% MBC. The present study provided alarming data concerning the impact of land use on quality of soil in a tropical dry region in Northeastern Brazil. Our results provide an alternative tool for the management of deforested dry areas that could serve as guideline for management plan to sustainability for agricultural impacted dry areas.     

土壤活性有机碳周年变化对紫云英翻压量的响应

为了探索紫云英替代化肥的生态效应和适宜翻压量,以11年(2008—2018年)长期定位试验为对象,研究了紫云英不同翻压量下土壤活性有机碳(AOC)的季节变化。在稻–稻–紫云英轮作体系典型时期(紫云英翻压前、早稻分蘖盛期、早稻成熟期、晚稻分蘖盛期、晚稻成熟期)采集土壤样品,分析土壤总有机碳(TOC)、AOC及其组分微生物生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)等的变化。结果表明:与对照处理相比,减量40%化肥下紫云英各翻压量处理提高了土壤TOC含量;与常规施肥处理相比,减量化肥配合不同量紫云英翻压处理不同程度地提高了土壤AOC、MBC及DOC含量,且均随紫云英翻压量的增加呈先增加后下降的变化趋势,AOC含量以翻压紫云英30.0t/hm2时最高,MBC和DOC含量以翻压紫云英22.5t/hm2时最高;取样时期对土壤MBC、DOC含量及MBC/TOC、DOC/TOC比值有较大的影响,其随取样时期进展呈先降低后升高再降低的变化趋势;在土壤性质相对稳定的晚稻成熟期,AOC/TOC、MBC/TOC、DOC/TOC比值在一定范围随紫云英翻压量的增加而增加,超过一定量时,AOC/TOC、MBC/TOC比值无明显变化,DOC/TOC比值则显著下降(P0.05)。因此,在本试验减施化肥条件下长期翻压紫云英有利于提高土壤AOC含量及比例,以紫云英翻压22.5～30.0 t/hm2效果最好。     

肥料减施条件下水稻土壤有机碳组分对紫云英—稻草协同利用的响应

研究紫云英与稻草不同利用模式在化肥减量条件下稻田表层土壤有机碳及其活性组分的差异,为合理利用有机物料调控土壤肥力提供参考。采用湖南省南县连续5年(2011—2015年)大田定位试验的方法,研究了减量施肥下洞庭湖地区紫潮泥双季稻田0-20cm表层土壤总有机碳(TOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)和轻组有机碳(LFOC)对紫云英与稻草不同利用模式的响应。结果表明:与不施肥(CK)相比,单施化肥(F100)TOC、MBC、DOC、EOC和LFOC的含量均有显著上升,增幅分别为12.2%,19.5%,18.6%,11.3%和100.9%。化肥减量20%条件下紫云英与稻草利用模式更有助于有机碳组分的积累,其中晚稻留高桩还田冬种紫云英(F80+HR+A)处理效果最为突出,与CK相比,增幅分别为18.3%,47.2%,24.1%,20.0%和204.0%。减量施肥下紫云英单独利用相比稻草单独还田更益于MBC、DOC与EOC的积累,增幅分别为9.8%,4.0%和0.6%,土壤LFOC则相反,下降了34.8%。敏感指数分析表明土壤有机碳及其活性组分中LFOC对土壤质量变化最为敏感,其次是MBC,二者可作为衡量土壤质量状况的良好指标。F80+HR+A各有机碳组分敏感性均显著高于F100处理。相关性分析表明水稻产量、土壤有机碳及其组分之间均呈极显著相关(p0.01)。综上所述,化肥减量条件下不同紫云英与稻草利用模式对紫潮泥稻田土壤有机碳及其活性组分含量的影响存在明显差异,稻草还田能够显著提高土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳的含量,紫云英的利用则有利于土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳和易氧化有机碳的积累,而紫云英与稻草协同利用模式,尤其是晚稻留高桩还田冬种紫云英更有助于土壤有机碳及其活性组分的积累。     

秸秆和紫云英协同覆盖对西南旱地土壤养分、酶活性及小麦产量的影响

研究秸秆覆盖、紫云英覆盖及两者协同覆盖对西南旱地土壤养分、酶活性以及小麦产量的影响,对于维持农田土壤养分平衡、优化西南旱地保护性耕作措施具有重要的理论和指导意义。以“小麦/玉米/大豆”旱三熟种植模式下的小麦农田为研究对象开展田间试验,共设置4个处理:玉米秸秆覆盖（S）、紫云英覆盖（A）、玉米秸秆 + 和紫云英协同覆盖（S + A）、对照（CK）。结果表明,与CK处理相比,S、S + A处理对土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效钾、缓效钾含量均有显著促进作用;A处理对土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮影响明显,但是对磷、钾的促进效果不明显。S +土壤酶活性与土壤养分之间存在密切关系, A处理能够显著提高根际和非根际土壤的蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、脲酶、淀粉酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,S处理和A处理对土壤酶活性的促进效果不如S + A处理。与CK处理相比,S、A、S + A处理的小麦增产率分别为5.14%、8.79%、13.34%,其中,S + A处理的小麦增产率最高。秸秆和紫云英协同覆盖能够显著提高土壤养分含量和酶活性、促进小麦增产,有利于在保护农田生态环境的同时提高农业生产效益,可以作为有效的西南旱地保护性耕作措施推广使用。     

化肥减量配合紫云英还田对双季稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

旨在明确化肥减量条件下不同紫云英还田量对亚热带双季稻区早、晚稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响。以双季稻种植模式为研究对象,设置2个不同的减肥量处理配施不同的紫云英还田量,观察紫云英连续还田下不同处理对双季稻产量和养分利用率的影响。结果表明:与常规施肥处理(100%F)相比,20%减肥量各处理的早稻产量均得到显著提高,增产幅度为5.0%～13.2%;40%减肥量条件下,配施15 000～22 500 kg/hm~2紫云英早稻产量不减产,而配施30 000～37 500 kg/hm~2紫云英后早稻产量有显著提高,增产幅度为5.4%～8.5%。各减肥配施紫云英处理的晚稻产量均随紫云英还田量的增加而升高(P0.05)。各减肥配施紫云英处理早稻化学氮肥的农学利用率、偏生产力及回收率均较常规施肥处理显著提高,但晚稻的氮肥利用率无显著差异。将紫云英还田输入的氮纳入总氮素投入后,早稻总氮素的农学利用率和回收率均随紫云英还田量的增加而降低;与100%F相比,各减肥配施紫云英处理的农学利用率未显著降低,但紫云英还田量达到37 500 kg/hm~2及以上时会导致早稻的氮素回收率显著降低。各紫云英还田处理土壤全氮含量均高于100%F(P0.05),且土壤速效氮含量均显著高于100%F处理(P0.05)。亚热带双季稻种植模式下,长期紫云英还田配合减量施肥对早、晚稻产量和氮肥利用率均产生正面效应,且能提高土壤有机质含量和全氮含量,土壤速效氮含量显著高于常规施肥处理。因此,适量紫云英还田配施化肥除可减少化肥用量外,也是亚热带双季稻区兼顾提升稻米产量和培肥土壤的有效技术。本试验条件下,化肥减量40%配合22 500～30 000 kg/hm~2紫云英的配比综合效果较好。     

分根区交替灌溉对玉米水分利用和土壤微生物量碳的影响

分根区交替灌溉由于创造了一个土壤水分分布不均匀的环境,从而影响土壤中微生物活性,作物水分和养分利用。为探明这种影响,该文通过盆栽试验,研究了在2种灌水水平(正常灌水W1,70%～80%田间持水率;轻度缺水W2,60%～70%田间持水率)和2种有机无机氮比例(100%无机氮,70%无机氮+30%有机氮)条件下,常规灌溉和不同生育期分根区交替灌溉(分别在苗期～灌浆初期、苗期～拔节期以及拔节期～抽雄期进行分根区交替灌溉(AI),即AI1、AI2和AI3)对玉米干物质积累、水分利用以及拔节期、抽雄期和灌浆初期土壤微生物量碳(MBC),可溶性碳(DOC)含量以及基础呼吸和诱导呼吸CO2释放量等的影响。结果表明,与常规灌溉相比,轻度缺水时,拔节期～抽雄期分根区交替灌溉总干物质质量增加23.2%～27.4%,水分利用效率提高23.3%～26.7%;相同施肥和灌水水平条件下,抽雄期时拔节期～抽雄期分根区交替灌溉土壤MBC增加,但是土壤诱导呼吸CO2释放量降低。与单施无机氮相比,有机、无机氮配施增加玉米干物质质量,在某些水分条件下(W1CI、W1AI1和W1AI2)还提高灌浆初期基础呼吸和诱导呼吸CO2释放量。因此,轻度缺水时拔节期～抽雄期进行分根区交替灌溉可以提高玉米总干物质质量、水分利用效率和微生物量碳。     

安徽单季稻区紫云英翻压的氮肥替代效应

  【目的】  紫云英富含氮素营养,是重要的有机氮源。基于两地、两年田间试验,研究紫云英还田下氮肥减量对水稻产量、氮素吸收、氮肥利用率和土壤有机质组分的影响,分析稻田翻压紫云英对化肥氮的替代效应。  【方法】  试验于2017—2019年连续两年在安徽省贵池区和霍山县进行,均设置7个处理,分别是冬闲+不施氮肥(–N)和冬闲+常规施氮(100%N)两个对照,以及冬种紫云英条件下,施常规氮肥量的0% (Mv)、40% (Mv+40%N)、60% (Mv+60%N)、80% (Mv+80%N)和100% (Mv+100%N) 5个处理。2018和2019年水稻收获后,调查水稻产量和氮素吸收量,计算氮肥利用率。  【结果】  Mv+60%N处理两地、两年水稻产量平均为8349 kg/hm2,与Mv+80%N、Mv+100%N和100%N处理差异不显著,显著高于Mv+40%N和Mv处理(P< 0.05)。与100%N处理相比,Mv+60%N、Mv+80%N处理两年、两地水稻氮素吸收量差异不显著,Mv+40%N显著降低,Mv+100%N增加。与100%N处理相比,Mv+40%N、Mv+60%N、Mv+80%N和Mv+100%N处理的水稻季氮肥利用率分别平均提高了46.3%、31.6%、16.1%和4.4%,氮肥农学效率分别提高了61.6%、43.6%、23.2%和0.1%。试验开展两年后,与100%N处理相比,在种植紫云英基础上减施不同比例氮肥后土壤有机碳含量增加3.3%～13.8%,颗粒态有机碳增加14.9%～32.0%。  【结论】  综合产量、氮肥效率和土壤培肥效果,紫云英翻压还田下,减少常规氮量的40% (Mv+60%N)不仅可保证水稻氮素营养,维持高产,氮肥利用率和农学效率分别提高了31.6%和43.6%,还可以提高土壤碳和氮含量,是安徽稻田较好的施肥模式。     

苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对玉米氮素吸收和土壤生物化学性质的影响

研究苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对东北春玉米氮素吸收利用和土壤生物化学性质的影响,为区域玉米养分管理与逆境调控提供依据。研究设置水、氮二因素盆栽试验,土壤水分包括3个水平:田间持水量的30%(W0),50%(W1)和70%(W2);施氮量包括2个水平:不施氮(N0)和施氮0.24 g/kg(N1),测定不同水氮条件下玉米苗期的植株干重和氮素吸收、根际和非根际土壤的化学性质、微生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)及土壤酶活性。结果表明:干旱胁迫显著降低玉米苗期植株干重和氮素吸收量,其中W0条件降幅最大(分别为51.1%,43.8%)。施氮促进各水分条件下植株生长,且与水分存在显著交互作用,W2条件下施氮后植株干重和氮素吸收量的增幅最高(分别为53.7%,83.2%)。干旱胁迫提高植株的水分利用效率,但降低氮肥利用效率。施氮显著提高W2条件植株的水分利用效率,但干旱条件下则无显著影响。水、氮及其交互作用对土壤性质的影响较为复杂。总体上,苗期干旱胁迫暂时提高了根际和非根际土壤pH,显著增加根际土壤的铵态氮和硝态氮含量。MBC、MBN对干旱胁迫的响应在根际与非根际土壤之间存在相反趋势,根际土壤随干旱程度增加而提高,非根际土壤则随之下降。土壤酶活性方面,干旱胁迫显著影响根际土壤的硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性。施氮增加所有水分条件下根际和非根际土壤的pH和铵态氮、硝态氮含量,其中根际土壤的增幅高于非根际土壤。施氮显著增加各水分条件下根际和非根际土壤的MBC、MBN、脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性,但显著降低根际和非根际土壤亚硝酸还原酶活性。水氮交互作用显著影响根际土壤的亚硝酸还原酶、非根际土壤的脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶和FDA水解酶活性。根际、非根际土壤各生物化学性质之间均存在显著的相关关系,而且根际土壤除土壤亚硝酸还原酶外的各指标均与植株氮素吸收和氮肥利用效率呈正相关。苗期干旱显著抑制玉米植株生长和氮素吸收,并对土壤生物、化学性质造成显著影响。施氮对植株和土壤性质的影响在不同水分条件下存在差异,而且植株表现与土壤生物、化学性质之间存在显著相关关系。     

Nutrient concentration and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) after vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in conventional and reduced tillage systems

The effects of tillage on plant availability nutrients are critical to develop nutrient management strategies to optimize yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in the concentration of 19-nutrient and yield after 4-year of conventional [moldboard plough (MT)] and two reduced [rototiller (ST) and chisel (CT)] tillage systems in maize (Zea mays L.) after winter vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in double crop one year. Three tillage systems were compared from 2005 to 2008 in area located in the western region of Turkey under semi-arid Mediterranean clay-loam soils. Nutrients were determined in maize leaves, stems, roots and soils. Results show that the concentration of macronutrients were found to be higher in leaves and stems of maize than roots in three tillage systems of all years, while the opposite was true for micronutrients. Among the macro and micro-nutrients, there was no effect of tillage on nutrient concentration in all maize tissues for sulfur, magnesium, sodium and copper (S, Mg, Na and Cu). However, the nitrogen, potassium, calcium, boron, zinc, manganese, iron, aluminum, barium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, nickel, lead and selenium (N, K, Ca, B, Zn, Mn, Fe, Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Se) were affected by tillage. ST increased N in stems of 2006 compared with other systems. K in roots of 2006 was 52 and 30% greater in CT than in ST and MT, respectively, while ST and MT of 2007 resulted in 38 and 41% greater than CT. In two of four years, ST contributed to higher grain yield compared with other systems. In general, ST can effectively contribute to increase maize yield following winter vetch compared with MT under this region. Results suggested the need for different management systems associated with reduced tillage including rotation, particularly for basic nutrients. Further, results showed similarities and differences with other studies under tillage with maize following winter vetch.     

樱桃栽培中施用蚯蚓粪对土壤有机碳氧化稳定性及碳库管理指数的影响

[目的]探讨樱桃栽培中蚯蚓粪与化肥以不同比例配施对土壤有机碳、易氧化碳、氧化稳定性及碳库管理指数的影响,为提高土壤质量管理和增强农业固碳减排潜力提供依据。[方法]通过5a的大田试验,研究N100(尿素提供100%的氮),M10N90(蚯蚓粪和尿素分别提供10%和90%的氮),M30N70(蚯蚓粪和尿素分别提供30%和70%的氮)和M50N50(蚯蚓粪和尿素各提供50%的氮)等不同施肥处理对土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化碳(ROC)含量、有机碳氧化稳定性及碳库管理指数(CPMI)的影响。[结果]M30N70和M50N50处理的SOC含量分别比N100处理高出12.07%和18.75%;M30N70处理的MBC,ROC含量和CPMI均最高,并显著高于其它处理,其中ROC含量分别比N100,M10N90和M50N50处理提高51.34%,15.16%和6.47%,CPMI分别高出73.07,30.06和20.71;但M30N70处理的有机碳氧化稳定系数明显低于其他处理,比N100处理降低36.22%。[结论]在樱桃栽培中配施蚯蚓粪措施有利于改善土壤质量,提高土壤肥力,其中蚯蚓粪与化肥以3∶7比例搭配的影响作用最显著。     

覆盖作物－玉米间作对土壤碳氮含量及相关酶活性的影响

  目的  针对东北地区常规农业重用轻养以及玉米连作导致土壤养分不均衡、土壤健康下降等问题,开展覆盖作物－玉米间作对土壤碳氮含量及相关酶活性的影响研究,以期为东北地区保护性利用模式的扩展提供科学依据。  方法  在覆盖作物－玉米间作种植模式下,探讨紫花苜蓿、毛苕子和黑麦草三种覆盖作物对土壤碳氮及酶活性的影响。  结果  不同种植模式和覆盖作物类型显著影响了覆盖作物－玉米间作系统的土壤氮含量及相关酶活性,土壤有机碳含量仅在不同种植模式间有显著差异。在拔节期,与玉米单作相比,紫花苜蓿－玉米间作可以显著增加土壤速效氮含量,其硝态氮和铵态氮含量分别增加了14.94 mg kg?1和2.07 mg kg?1,并且参与氮转化的亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性提高17.9 nmol g?1 h?1。与其他覆盖作物相比,单作毛苕子可以显著提高土壤乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶的活性。毛苕子间作系统的过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性显著高于黑麦草间作系统,二者分别提高了12.65%和66.94%。在成熟期,玉米单作和间作的土壤有机碳和全氮含量显著高于覆盖作物单作,土壤碳氮水解酶和氧化酶活性均无显著差异。冗余分析表明,土壤铵态氮含量是影响土壤酶活性的关键环境因子。  结论  玉米与豆科覆盖作物的种植增加了间作玉米土壤速效氮的含量,提高了氮转化相关酶的活性,增强了土壤氮素转化潜能及可利用性。研究区适宜选取紫花苜蓿和毛苕子作为覆盖作物种植。     

MINERALIZATION AND CORN RECOVERY OF 15NITROGEN FROM BLACK OATS RESIDUES TREATED WITH HERBICIDES

Nitrogen (N) mineralization from black oat residues (Avena strigosa), with or without previous application of herbicides, and its utilization by corn crop were investigated. The experiments were performed in a completely randomized setup, with three treatments and ten replicates. The treatments were: A) control - corn grown in soil with residues of black oats harvested without herbicide application; B) glyphosate - corn grown in soil with residues of glyphosate-desiccated black oat; and C) glufosinate - corn grown in soil with residues of black oat previously desiccated with glufosinate-ammonium. The remaining black oat residues on the soil surface were smaller in the control treatment than in glyphosate and glufosinate treatments. Black oat residues from the control treatment released 30% and 20% more carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), respectively, than from herbicide treatments. Microbial biomass carbon, total and mineral soil N arising from black oat residues were reduced by herbicide management. Black oat residues treated with glyphosate reduced corn total-N by 16%; however, dry mass yield was not affected by the treatments. Herbicide application on black oat reduced the total amount of residue-released nitrogen in the corn kernels, leaves and the whole plant. Net nitrogen mineralization from black oat residues is affected by the application of glyphosate or glufosinate-ammonium.     

土壤有机碳活性组分沿中国长白山海拔坡度的分布情况

Understanding the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) fractions to altitudinal gradient variation is important for understanding changes in the carbon balance of forest ecosystems.In our study the SOC and its fractions of readily oxidizable carbon(ROC),water-soluble carbon(WSC) and microbial biomass carbon(MBC) in the soil organic and mineral horizons were investigated for four typical forest types,including mixed coniferous broad-leaved forest(MCB),dark coniferous spruce-fir forest(DCSF),dark coniferous spruce forest(DCS),and Ermans birch forest(EB),along an altitudinal gradient in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve in Northeast China.The results showed that there was no obvious altitudinal pattern in the SOC.Similar variation trends of SOC with altitude were observed between the organic and mineral horizons.Significant differences in the contents of SOC,WSC,MBC and ROC were found among the four forest types and between horizons.The contents of ROC in the mineral horizon,WSC in the organic horizon and MBC in both horizons in the MCB and EB forests were significantly greater than those in either DCSF or DCS forest.The proportion of soil WSC to SOC was the lowest among the three main fractions.The contents of WSC,MBC and ROC were significantly correlated(P < 0.05) with SOC content.It can be concluded that vegetation types and climate were crucial factors in regulating the distribution of soil organic carbon fractions in Changbai Mountain.     

翻压不同量紫云英配施减量化肥对土壤肥力和水稻产量的影响

在豫南稻区,通过田间试验研究了翻压不同量紫云英配施减量化肥对土壤肥力和水稻产量的影响。本研究在化肥减量20%和40%条件下,将紫云英翻压量设22.5、30、37.5、45 t/hm~24个水平,另设仅施用100%化肥处理作为对照。结果表明,与对照相比,减施20%和40%化肥配施紫云英可使土壤碱解氮分别增加14.4%~20.9%和13.5%~26.5%,有机质分别增加4.5%~10.8%和4.2%~8.2%,差异均达到显著水平。水稻产量随着紫云英翻压量的增加出现先升后降趋势,在减量20%化肥条件下,翻压30 t/hm~2紫云英时水稻产量最高,比对照增产16.7%,差异极显著;而在减量40%化肥条件下,翻压37.5 t/hm~2紫云英时水稻产量最高,比对照增产15.3%,差异极显著;与对照比较,翻压紫云英极显著提高了水稻有效穗,但每穗实粒数较对照有所降低。     

Long-term fertilization and plastic film mulching modify temporal incorporation of 13C/15N-labelled particulate organic matter

Plastic film mulching (PFM) is critical for agricultural planting and maximizing production in semiarid and arid areas. Particulate organic matter (POM) is assumed to be a sensitive indicator for evaluating the effects of different agricultural practices on soil fertility and the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. Soil aggregates have the function of ‘wrap’ and protect the POM stored in them. However, there is limited information regarding how PFM and fertilization jointly influence the dynamic changes of newly added stalk-derived POM in brown earth. Consequently, an in-depth study of the fate of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) derived from maize stalk residues within the particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) fractions in soil aggregates was undertaken. Its outcome would contribute to better predictions on the active organic matter components sequestered in the soil. The dynamics and accumulation of newly added maize stalk C and N as POC and PON in different soil aggregates (using the dry sieving method divided into >2, 1–2, 0.25–1 and <0.25 mm) were analysed by an in situ ¹³C/¹⁵N-tracing technique under PFM and different fertilization treatments. Over 360 days of cultivation, the POC and PON contents were significantly (p < 0.05) larger in the nitrogen (N) and organic manure (M) treatments than in the MN (manure combined with nitrogen) and Control treatments. The PFM treatment accelerated the decomposition of maize stalk C in the N fertilizer treatment, with an increase of 64% in stalk-derived POC after the 1-day cultivation period. Stalk-derived POM tended to accumulate in <0.25 mm microaggregates in the early cultivation period and then decreased rapidly with the extension of the cultivation period affected by PFM coupled with fertilization. However, stalk-derived POM accumulation in macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) fluctuated over the 360-day cultivation period. Accordingly, PFM application and fertilization practices had important effects on the accumulation of newly added stalk-derived POM in soil aggregates. We conclude that the accumulation of maize residue POM was primarily affected by soil fertilization type, rather than by the presence or absence of PFM. These results provide new insights into agricultural management strategies for improving soil carbon sequestration capacity.     

根系分隔方式对玉米/大豆根际土壤碳含量及磷有效性的影响

【目的】豆科与禾本科间作体系中对磷有效性的影响主要集中在根系分泌物的活化作用,由根际沉淀引起的土壤碳含量与磷酸酶活性变化及其对红壤磷有效性的影响机制尚不清楚。【方法】本研究以间作玉米大豆为研究对象,设置根系完全分隔、尼龙网分隔、不分隔3种方式,在0、21.83、43.67、65.50和87.34 P mg kg-1（分别记为P0、P1、P2、P3和P4）磷肥施用水平下进行盆栽试验,研究根系分隔方式对间作玉米大豆根际土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、溶解性有机碳（DOC）、根际土壤有机碳（ROC）、酸性磷酸酶活性（ACP）、碱性磷酸酶活性（ALP）、速效磷和Hedley磷组分的影响。【结果】相比完全分隔,根系不分隔可提高玉米和大豆根际土壤MBC含量,显著降低玉米根际土壤DOC含量,低磷水平（P0、P1）时显著提高大豆DOC含量,显著提高玉米（仅在低磷时）和大豆根际土壤ACP活性,低磷时显著提高大豆根际土壤ALP活性。除玉米活性磷组分外,根系分隔方式对间作玉米大豆根际土壤速效磷、磷组分有显著或极显著影响。根系不分隔较完全分隔可通过降低大豆根际活性无机磷（Pi）(P0除外)和中活性Pi从而提高玉米根...     

绿肥生产利用方式对云南高原红壤理化性状及玉米产量的影响

[目的]比较不同绿肥作物及其不同翻压方式对云南高原红壤理化性状的作用,为云南高原红壤持续高产稳产制定简易高效的绿肥利用技术提供理论依据.[方法]2011—2019年以玉米为主要作物,在云南高原红壤上进行了绿肥生产利用田间定位试验,试验设冬闲–玉米(CK)、种植并翻压肥田萝卜–玉米(R)、种植并翻压光叶紫花苕子–玉米(V...     

Short-term green manure and tillage management effects on maize yield and soil quality in an Andisol

Andisols are very important land resources supporting high human population density. Maize (Zea mays L.) production on Andisols located in the Purhepecha Region of central Mexico is representative of the highlands conditions of Mexico and Latin America. Farmers struggle with low crop yield and low soil nutrient availability. A 2-year field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of green manures either tilled into the soil (CT) or cut and left on the surface as a mulch (ZT), on maize yield and soil quality. Green manure treatments were: vetch (Vicia sativa L.), oat (Avena sativa L.) and none. No extra N was added to maize. Green manure and tillage had a significant effect on maize grain yield, N uptake and P uptake with CT vetch performing better than ZT oat. Soil organic C and total N were significantly higher under ZT than under CT management. Soils with vetch had higher P concentration. Soil under ZT oat had the highest infiltration rate and penetration resistance compared with other treatments. There appears to be a trade off between soil productivity and intrinsic soil physical properties among soil treatments.     

Conservation tillage: Short- and long-term effects on soil carbon fractions and enzymatic activities under Mediterranean conditions

Short- and long-term field experiments are necessary to provide important information about how soil carbon sequestration is affected by soil tillage system; such systems can also be useful for developing sustainable crop production systems. In this study, we evaluated the short- and long-term effects of conservation tillage (CT) on soil organic carbon fractions and biological properties in a sandy clay loam soil. Both trials consisted of rainfed crop rotation systems (cereal–sunflower–legumes) located in semi-arid SW Spain. In both trials, results were compared to those obtained using traditional tillage (TT). Soil samples were taken in flowering and after harvesting of a pea crop and collected at three depths (0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm). The soil organic carbon fractions were measured by the determination of total organic carbon (TOC), active carbon (AC) and water soluble carbon (WSC). Biological status was evaluated by the measurement of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and enzymatic activities [dehydrogenase activity (DHA), o-diphenol oxidase activity (DphOx), and β-glucosidase activity (β-glu)].The contents of AC and MBC in the long-term trial and contents of AC in the short-term trial were higher for CT than TT at 0–5 cm depth for both sampling periods. Furthermore, DHA and β-glucosidase values in the July sampling were higher in the topsoil under conservation management in both trials (short- and long-term). The parameters studied tended to decrease as depth increased for both tillage system (TT and CT) and in both trials with the exception of the DphOx values, which tended to be higher at deeper layers.Values of DHA and β-glu presented high correlation coefficients (r from 0.338 to 0.751, p ≤ 0.01) with AC, WSC and TOC values in the long-term trial. However, there was no correlation between either TOC or MBC and the other parameters in the short-term trial. In general, only stratification ratios of AC were higher in CT than in TT in both trials. The results of this study showed that AC content was the most sensitive and reliable indicator for assessing the impact of different soil management on soil quality in the two experiments (short- and long-term).Conservation management in dryland farming systems improved the quality of soil under our conditions, especially at the surface layers, by enhancing its storage of organic matter and its biological properties, mainly to long-term.