不同精粗比饲粮对牦牛瘤胃内环境的影响

旨在研究不同精粗比饲粮对西藏牦牛瘤胃内环境的影响.选取3周岁、平均体重(154.8±13.6)kg、健康无病的牦牛20头随机分为低精料组和高精料组,每组10头,公母各半,分别饲喂低精料(精粗比40∶60)和高精料(精粗比60 ∶ 40)饲粮,预试期10d,正试期90d(8、9和10月).结果:饲粮精料水平的提高显著降低...     

Technical Note: The comparison of pH and redox potential in different locations in the reticulo-rumen of growing beef steers supplemented with different levels of quebracho extract

Rumen acidosis is a common metabolic disorder occurring when organic acid production exceeds clearance capacity, reducing ruminal pH. The occurrence of acidosis has been directly correlated to the ratio of concentrate to forage in the diet. However, rates of substrate fermentation and acid absorption vary at different locations in the reticulo-rumen. The objective of this study was to determine the pH and redox potential (Eh) in different locations of the reticulo-rumen using 16 ruminally cannulated steers (309 ± 43 kg) receiving different supplementation levels of quebracho extract (QT; Schinopsis balansae) within a grower type diet (CP: 13.4%; total digestible nutrients [TDN]: 70.4%; and ME: 2.55 Mcal/kg, dry matter [DM] basis). Animals were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: QT at 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% of DM (QT0, QT1, QT2, and QT3, respectively), containing about 0%, 0.7%, 1.4%, and 2.1% of condensed tannins (CT), DM basis, respectively. Animals were adapted to the basal diet for 12 d before being introduced to predetermined treatments for 4 weeks (wk), with diets provided twice daily to allow ad libitum intake. Weekly measurements of ruminal fluid pH and Eh were taken 4 h post-feeding using a portable pH meter with two probes (pH and redox) in four locations of the reticulo-rumen (reticulum, cranial sac, dorsal sac, and ventral sac). Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model with the pen as a random effect and wk as repeated measures, with DM intake included as a covariate. There was no interaction among treatments, location, and wk (P ≥ 0.882) on reticulo-ruminal pH. Overall, ruminal pH was lower for QT0 and QT1 compared to QT3 (P < 0.001). The pH in the reticulum was greater than those of the ventral and dorsal sacs (6.05 vs. 5.94, 5.89, respectively; P ≤ 0.001) but similar to cranial sac (6.00). Reticular pH was positively correlated with the ruminal locations (≥0.78; P < 0.001). The linear equation to estimate ruminal mean pH using reticulum pH had an intercept and slope different from zero (P ≤ 0.04), but CT (% DM) was not different from zero (P = 0.15), root mean square error of 0.15, and R² of 0.778: 0.723 (±0.36) + 0.857 (±0.059) × reticulum pH + 0.033 (±0.023) × CT. The Eh was lower for QT0 in week 1 than all other treatments (P < 0.001). We concluded that reticulo-ruminal pH differs among locations in the rumen regardless of QT supplementation level and days on feed, with reticular pH being the highest.     

不同淀粉源饲料的瘤胃降解特性研究初探

通过尼龙袋法测定了5种淀粉源饲料在瘤胃的降解率。结果显示,玉米和荞麦在瘤胃的有效降解率(60.0%和61.6%)低于燕麦、小麦和大麦(78.9%、75.4%、69.8%)(P<0.05);燕麦的可溶性淀粉含量比较高,大麦和小麦表现出在9h内已经达到大部分被降解。     

短链果寡糖对断奶仔猪肠道氧化还原状态和屏障功能的影响

本试验旨在研究短链果寡糖(scFOS)对断奶仔猪肠道氧化还原状态和黏膜完整性的影响。试验选用12头初始体重为(7.02±0.04)kg的24日龄"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪,随机分配到对照组(n=6)和scFOS组(n=6)。对照组仔猪饲喂基础饲粮,scFOS组仔猪饲喂基础饲粮且每天每头饲喂1.2 g scFOS。试验期14 d。结果表明:1)scFOS摄入可显著提高仔猪平均日增重(ADG)并显著降低料重比(F/G)(P<0.05);scFOS摄入可显著降低仔猪血浆二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性和D-乳酸含量(P<0.05)。2)scFOS摄入可显著提高仔猪空肠黏膜中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性并降低丙二醛(MDA)含量(P<0.05)。3)scFOS摄入可显著上调空肠黏膜G SH-Px和核转录因子NF-E2相关因子2(NRF2)mRNA表达量(P<0.05),有增加空肠黏膜Keleh样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1(KEAP1)mRNA表达量的趋势(P=0.08)。4)scFOS摄入可显著上调空肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白2(ZO2)和封闭蛋白2(CLDN2)mRNA表达量(P<0.05),有增加闭合蛋白(OCLD)mRNA表达量的趋势(P=0.05)。综上所述,短期摄入scFOS可通过缓解肠道氧化应激和改善肠道屏障功能的途径改善断奶仔猪生长性能。     

不同饲粮条件下湖北黑头羊瘤胃细菌多样性及群落结构分析

旨在研究不同饲粮条件下湖北黑头羊瘤胃细菌多样性及群落结构。选取15只健康的湖北黑头山羊公羊,随机分为5组,每组3只,分别饲喂花生藤(A组)、苜蓿(B组)、苜蓿+花生藤(C组)为粗饲料来源的颗粒型全混合日粮以及进口苜蓿草颗粒(D组)和新疆苜蓿草颗粒(E组),试验期共45 d,其中预试期15 d。在试验结束后第1天,经口腔抽取瘤胃液抽提基因组DNA,采用Illumina Miseq PE300平台对瘤胃细菌进行分析。结果表明:1)在97%相似性水平下,5组样品共产生851个操作分类单元(OTU),共享295个OTU,占瘤胃液细菌总OTU数目的34.67%,D组在各组中α多样性指数指标(Ace指数、Chao1指数和Shannnon指数)最高,而3组颗粒型全混合日粮中A、C组高于B组(P<0.05,P<0.01);2)瘤胃中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、无壁菌门(Tenericutes)为各组优势菌门,D组中的拟杆菌门显著高于B组(P<0.05),而厚壁菌门显著低于D组(P<0.05),而A、B、C组间拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门含量差异不显著(P>0.05);3)普雷沃氏菌属1(Prevotella_1)、1种未鉴定的属(Unidentified genus)、理研菌属RC9(Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group)为优势菌属,其中D组普雷沃氏菌属含量较高,A组与C组,D组与E组的遗传距离更接近。综合得出,苜蓿草颗粒品质和颗粒型全混合日粮中精料含量能影响湖北黑头羊瘤胃细菌的多样性;全苜蓿饲粮条件下湖北黑头羊瘤胃存在独特的细菌群落结构,细菌多样性最高。     

体外条件下葡萄糖处理大豆粕对瘤胃内环境参数的影响

<正>近年来,国外报道过一些糖和加热保护处理可降低优质蛋白质饲料在瘤胃中的降解率,此种方法以糖为保护剂,安全、无污染,在保护方法上是一个突破,改变了以往保护剂如血粉、甲醛等不切合实际应用的不足。本试验旨在用瘤胃液体外培养法评定葡萄糖非酶褐化豆粕对奶牛瘤胃内环境参数的影响,为探索新型饲料蛋白质保护剂提供参考。     

Use of NaHCO3 and MgO as additives for sheep fed only pasture for a restricted period of time per day: effects on intake,digestion and the rumen environment

Effects of NaHCO₃ and MgO buffer addition on intake and digestive utilization of a pasture were studied in wethers allowed a restricted time of access to forage. Twelve wethers housed in metabolic cages and fed fresh forage (predominantly Lotus corniculatus) ad libitum for 6 h/d were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: a control forage without buffer (C) or a forage plus buffer composed of a mixture of 750 g/kg NaHCO₃ and 250 g/kg MgO at 20 g/kg dry matter intake (B). Feeding behaviour, feed and water intake and digestibility, urine output, Na urine elimination, kinetics of passage, ruminal pH and ammonia concentration, N balance and ruminal microbial N synthesis were determined in vivo, and the ruminal liquor activity was evaluated in vitro by fermentation of wheat straw. Addition of buffer increased total water intake (p = 0.05), Na urinary output (p = 0.01), purine derivative excretion in urine (p = 0.05) and tended to decrease mean total retention time in the digestive tract (p = 0.09). However, buffer addition increased ruminal pH (p < 0.001) and tended to decrease the ammonia concentration (p = 0.05). That use of buffer decreased ruminal activity was evidenced by a lower volume of gas produced in vitro (p = 0.01) possibly due to a lower microbial concentration in rumen liquor. The higher rumen dilution rate, likely due to a higher water intake, seems to have been the key driver of the actions of buffer supplementation on the rumen environment. Moreover, addition of NaHCO₃ led to an increased urinary Na excretion, which should be considered due to its likely negative environmental impacts.     

饲粮补充精氨酸对低出生重哺乳仔猪肝脏氧化还原状态和线粒体功能的影响

本试验通过研究精氨酸(Arg)对低出生重(LBW)哺乳仔猪机体氧化还原平衡状态和线粒体功能的影响,探讨Arg改善LBW哺乳仔猪生长发育的可能机制。试验选取体况接近、产期一致和胎次相近的初产母猪所产仔猪,4日龄时,选取20头LBW[体重(1.16±0.08)kg]和10头正常出生重(NBW)[体重(2.07±0.10)kg]仔猪,按体重相近、公母比例一致的原则分为NBW组(饲喂基础饲粮)、LBW组(饲喂基础饲粮)和LBW+Arg组(基础饲粮补充1%Arg)3个组,每组10个重复,每个重复1头猪,人工乳饲养21 d。在第22天,屠宰并收集所有试验猪的血清与肝脏样品,检测生长性能、氧化还原状态与线粒体功能指标。结果表明:1)与NBW仔猪相比,LBW仔猪末重、平均日增重(ADG)和平均日干物质摄入量(ADMI)显著降低(P<0.05),肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和ATP含量显著下降(P<0.05),肝脏环氧化酶(COX)ⅠmRNA表达量显著下调(P<0.05),肝脏视神经萎缩症蛋白1(OPA1)mRNA表达量有下调的趋势(P=0.089);2)饲粮补充Arg显著提高LBW仔猪末重、ADG和ADMI(P<0.05),显著提高血清CAT活性和肝脏CAT、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性(P<0.05),显著提高肝脏ATP含量(P<0.05),显著上调肝脏GPx1和线粒体融合蛋白1(Mfn1)mRNA表达量(P<0.05),并且有上调肝脏CAT(P=0.056)、COXⅣ(P=0.063)和OPA1(P=0.087)mRNA表达量的趋势。以上研究表明,LBW仔猪肝脏抗氧化能力下降,线粒体功能受阻,生长发育受到抑制;而饲粮补充1%Arg显著提高LBW仔猪肝脏抗氧化能力,改善线粒体功能,提高LBW仔猪生长性能。     

H2S暴露对保育猪氧化还原状态及硫化氢代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究硫化氢（H₂S）暴露对保育猪氧化还原状态及内源性H₂S代谢的影响。试验选取12头体况健康、体重相近（（11.61±1.51） kg）的35日龄大白猪,随机分为2组并分配到2个环控舱内,公母各半,每组6头猪。试验组环控舱内H₂S浓度控制为30 mg·m^-3,对照组环控舱内H₂S浓度控制为0 mg·m^-3,试验期28 d。试验结束后采集血清和肝组织样品,检测氧化还原和H₂S代谢相关指标。结果显示,与对照组相比：1）血清中ROS含量极显著增加（P<0.01）,MDA含量显著增加（P<0.05）;抗氧化酶T-SOD活性显著降低（P<0.05）,CAT和GPX活性极显著降低（P<0.01）;非酶抗氧化物GSH和GSSG含量无显著变化（P>0.05）。2）肝中T-SOD和GPX活性极显著升高（P<0.01）,·OH清除能力显著提高（P<0.05）;ROS、H₂O₂、PC、MDA、GSH、GSSG含量无显著差异（P>0.05）。3）肝中Keap1的mRNA表达量显著下调（P<0.05）,Nrf2的mRNA表达量显著上调（P<0.05）;抗氧化相关基因（SOD2、GPX1、GPX2、GPX4和GSR）的mRNA表达量显著上调（P<0.05）。4）血清和肝中H₂S含量显著降低（P<0.05）;肝内源H₂S合成酶CSE和CBS的mRNA表达量显著下调（P<0.05）,3-MST的mRNA表达量无显著变化（P>0.05）;肝H₂S分解代谢酶SQR和SUOX的mRNA表达量下调,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。结果表明,30 mg·m^-3 H₂S暴露导致保育猪血清抗氧化系统受损,而肝中Nrf2/Keap1信号通路的激活使肝免受氧化损伤;此外,H₂S暴露抑制了保育猪内源性H₂S的合成代谢。     

Effect of ruminal dosing of mechanical stimulating brush on rumination time, ruminal passage rate and rumen fermentation status in Holstein steers fed a concentrate diet

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ruminal dosing of a mechanical stimulating brush on rumination time, ruminal passage rate and rumen fermentation status in steers fed a concentrate diet at maintenance level. Animals were dosed three Rumen Faibu (RF) per head through the rumen fistulae (RF treatment) and not dosed (control) in a change‐over design. The organic cell wall content of the concentrate diet was 12.7% of dry matter. Daily time spent on rumination was very short in both treatments with 24 min in RF treatment and 15 min in control. The turnover rate of ruminal fluid in RF treatment was higher than that in control. There were no differences in ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentration between RF treatment and control. Acetic and butyric acid concentrations were not different between the treatments. Propionic acid concentration tended to be higher in the animals on RF treatment than in control animals. The RF dosing in Holstein steers fed a low fiber diet did not affect the rumination time, but increased rumen digesta passage rate and ruminal propionic acid production.     

Effect of monensin withdrawal on rumen fermentation,methanogenesis and microbial populations in cattle

This study was designed to obtain information on the residual influence of dietary monensin on ruminant fermentation, methanogenesis and bacterial population. Three ruminally cannulated crossbreed heifers (14 months old, 363 ± 11 kg) were fed Italian ryegrass straw and concentrate supplemented with monensin for 21 days before sampling. Rumen fluid samples were collected for analysis of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles, monensin concentration, methanogens and rumen bacterial density. Post‐feeding rumen fluid was also collected to determine in vitro gas production. Monensin was eliminated from the rumen fluid within 3 days. The composition of SCFA varied after elimination of monensin, while total production of SCFA was 1.78 times higher than on the first day. Methane production increased 7 days after monensin administration ceased, whereas hydrogen production decreased. The methanogens and rumen bacterial copy numbers were unaffected by the withdrawal of monensin.     

不同生育期白羊草的瘤胃降解特性及其对瘤胃内环境的影响

以安装永久性瘘管的本地绵羊15只为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法对不同生育期白羊草的绵羊瘤胃降解特性及其对瘤胃内环境的影响进行研究。结果表明:干物质(DM)和粗蛋白质(CP)的有效降解率均在拔节期为最高,且拔节期DM的有效降解率显著高于其他3个生育期(P0.05)。DM的有效降解率随着生育期的推进不断降低,而CP的有效降解率无一定变化规律;加入不同生育期白羊草后,瘤胃液铵态氮浓度和总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和异丁酸浓度均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并在4h时达到峰值,且4h时,拔节期的铵态氮浓度和总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸浓度显著高于开花期(P0.05),其中以拔节期白羊草的增加幅度最大,开花期的最低,表明拔节期白羊草具有较高的瘤胃降解特性,最利于瘤胃发酵,由此可见,添加装有不同生育期白羊草的尼龙袋后均会对绵羊的瘤胃内环境产生影响,其原因主要与不同生育期白羊草的蛋白质含量和结构有关。     

3种饲草组合对湖羊瘤胃还原硝酸盐过程的影响

采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,研究以燕麦(Avena sativa)或苜蓿(Medicago sativa)干草等比例替代羊草(Leymus chinensis)后,对饲草中硝酸盐动态消失率及湖羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响。晨饲后0、1、2、3、4、5和6h通过瘤胃瘘管采集湖羊瘤胃液,测定瘤胃pH值以及硝酸盐(NO_3~-)、亚硝酸盐(NO_2~-)、氨态氮(NH_3-N)的浓度;同时,晨饲后2h经颈静脉采血测定血清高铁血红蛋白含量。结果表明,1)3组瘤胃液NO_3~-和NO_2~-浓度分别在喂后1和2h达到最大值,之后迅速降低;2)pH值、NO_3~-、NO_2~-浓度各组间均无显著差异(P0.05);NH_3-N仅在饲喂3h后全羊草组(A组)显著低于其它两组(P=0.018);3)高铁血红蛋白含量均较低,且无显著差异(P0.05)。本研究选用的牧草组合对湖羊瘤胃还原硝酸盐过程没有显著影响。     

不同蛋白质和碳水化合物饲料来源对牛瘤胃洗涤纤维降解和瘤胃液产物的定量研究

试验采用3×3拉丁方设计,3头安装永久性大口径瘤胃瘘管的青年母牛饲喂3种不同精饲料的日粮,3种精饲料分别为豆粕+玉米(日粮1),猪血粉+玉米(日粮2)和豆粕+小麦(日粮3)。精料日喂量按活牛体重的1%喂给,干玉米秸等量组成的日粮配给。试验为3个试验周期,每一周期为37d,其中适应期26d,在早晨采食后2、4、8、16和24h,分别5次实施瘤胃掏空,全量测定瘤胃物存留量。结果表明:日粮1在采食后2～8h瘤胃干物质、液体和NDF的存留量最低,与其他两种日粮相比差异显著(P<0.05);日粮1和日粮3瘤胃液氨氮存留量在采食后2～8h始终高于日粮2(P<0.05),但日粮3在采食4h后瘤胃液氨氮开始下降,而日粮1至采食后16h开始下降,日粮1瘤胃液氨氮数量采食后2～8h处于高峰状态,说明瘤胃微生物在瘤胃环境长时间一直保持稳定的降解能力;日粮1和日粮3在采食2～4h后处于较高的总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)瘤胃存留量,日粮1在采食后8～16h瘤胃存留量降低,与日粮2和日粮3相比差异显著(P<0.05),日粮1对瘤胃VFA的快速移除,意味着瘤胃液的快速流出以及可能解释瘤胃固体物的快速移除。因此,日粮1和日粮3在牛瘤胃洗涤纤维降解和瘤胃液产物代谢模式发挥不同作用。     

Treatment of tropical forages with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes: effects on chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation

The effects of three treatments of fibrolytic enzymes (cellulase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (CEL), xylanase from rumen micro‐organisms (XYL) and a 1:1 mixture of CEL and XYL (MIX) on the in vitro fermentation of two samples of Pennisetum clandestinum (P1 and P2), two samples of Dichanthium aristatum (D1 and D2) and one sample of each Acacia decurrens and Acacia mangium (A1 and A2) were investigated. The first experiment compared the effects of two methods of applying the enzymes to forages, either at the time of incubation or 24 h before, on the in vitro gas production. In general, the 24 h pre‐treatment resulted in higher values of gas production rate, and this application method was chosen for a second study investigating the effects of enzymes on chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of forages. The pre‐treatment with CEL for 24 h reduced (p < 0.05) the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of P1, P2, D1 and D2, and that of MIX reduced the NDF content of P1 and D1, but XYL had no effect on any forage. The CEL treatment increased (p < 0.05) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production for all forages (ranging from 8.6% to 22.7%), but in general, no effects of MIX and XYL were observed. For both P. clandestinum samples, CEL treatment reduced (p < 0.05) the molar proportion of acetate and increased (p < 0.05) that of butyrate, but only subtle changes in VFA profile were observed for the rest of forages. Under the conditions of the present experiment, the treatment of tropical forages with CEL stimulated their in vitro ruminal fermentation, but XYL did not produce any positive effect. These results showed clearly that effectiveness of enzymes varied with the incubated forage and further study is warranted to investigate specific, optimal enzyme‐substrate combinations.     

常规与非常规粗饲料在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性研究

旨在探讨非常规粗饲料(玉米芯、毛豆荚壳)与奶牛常用粗饲料(苜蓿干草、玉米青贮)在奶牛瘤胃中的降解规律,试验选用3只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法测定4种粗饲料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解规律。结果表明:1)苜蓿干草和毛豆荚壳的CP含量分别为17.55%和11.10%,且苜蓿干草显著高于毛豆荚壳(P<0.05);玉米芯和玉米青贮的CP含量分别为2.97%和8.41%,且玉米芯显著低于玉米青贮(P<0.05);玉米芯的NDF和ADF含量显著高于其他3种粗饲料(P<0.05),达到79.98%和43.35%。2)苜蓿干草的DM有效降解率最高(P<0.05),由高到低依次为苜蓿干草、毛豆荚壳、玉米青贮和玉米芯。毛豆荚壳的CP有效降解率显著高于其他3种粗饲料(P<0.05),由高到低依次为毛豆荚壳、苜蓿干草、玉米青贮和玉米芯。苜蓿干草的NDF有效降解率显著高于毛豆荚壳(P<0.05),玉米青贮和毛豆荚壳无显著差异(P>0.05);玉米芯的ADF有效降解率最高(P<0.05),苜蓿干草、玉米青贮和毛豆荚壳无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,玉米芯和毛豆荚壳可作为非常规粗饲料资源加以开发利用。     

Comparison of feed intake,digestion and rumen function among domestic ruminant species grazing in upland vegetation communities

This study aimed to compare feed intake, digestion, rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial community of 5 beef cows, 12 crossed ewes and 12 goats grazing together in spring–early summer on heather–gorse vegetation communities with an adjacent area of improved pasture. Organic matter intake (OMI) and digestibility (OMD) were estimated using alkane markers. Ruminal fluid samples were collected for measuring fermentation parameters, and studying the bacterial community using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP). Spot samples of urine were taken to determine purine derivative (PD) and creatinine concentrations to estimate microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. Herbaceous species were the main dietary component in all animal species. Cattle had higher (p < 0.05) daily OMI (g/kg LW^0.75) and OMD, whereas sheep and goats showed similar values. The highest ammonia concentration was observed in sheep. Total VFA, acetate and butyrate concentrations were not influenced by animal species, while propionate concentrations in goats were 1.8 times lower (p < 0.05) than in sheep. Acetate:propionate ratio was greater (p < 0.05) in goats, whereas cattle excreted more allantoin (p < 0.05). Estimated supply of microbial N was higher in cows (p < 0.01), whereas the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was lower (p < 0.01) in this animal species. Hierarchical clustering analysis indicated a clear effect of animal species on rumen bacterial structure. Differences among animal species were also observed in the relative frequency of several T‐RFs. Certain T‐RFs compatible with Lachnospiraceae, Proteobacteria and Clostridiales species were not found in goats, while these animals showed high relative frequencies of some fragments compatible with the Ruminococcaceae family that were not detected in sheep and cattle. Results suggest a close relationship between animals’ grazing behaviour and rumen bacterial structure and its function. Goats seem to show a greater specialization of their microbial populations to deal with the greater fibrous and tannin content of their diet.     

反刍动物瘤胃上皮的结构特点

反刍动物的胃是复胃,与单胃动物的胃不同。反刍动物主要以瘤胃中发酵产生的短链脂肪酸（SCFA）作为机体的能量物质,而绝大部分的SCFA又通过瘤胃上皮直接吸收,为宿主供能。因此,深入了解瘤胃上皮结构特点有助于对其吸收功能进行深入的研究。笔者主要对瘤胃上皮的解剖学特点、细胞学特点及超微结构进行了综述。     

Numbers of nitrate-reducing bacteria in the rumen as estimated by competitive polymerase chain reaction

Cell numbers of known species of nitrate- and nitrite-reducing bacteria, Selenomonas ruminantium, Veillonella parvula and Wollinella succinogenes , in the rumen of goats (25–30 kg) were estimated by competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The number of S. ruminantium was the largest of the three species examined, and tended to be greater in goats fed a high-concentrate diet (5.6 × 10⁷ cells/mL rumen fluid) than in goats fed a high-roughage diet (1.3 × 10⁷ cells/mL). The number of V. parvula tended to be greater when goats were fed a high-roughage diet (6.7 × 10³/mL) than when fed a high-concentrate diet (3.2 × 10³/mL). The number of W. succinogenes was below the detectable level (< 1.0 × 10²/mL) when a high-concentrate diet was fed, but was significantly increased by feeding a high-roughage diet (1.6 × 10³/mL). Addition of potassium nitrate (6 g/day) to the high-concentrate diet tended to increase V. parvula , and significantly increased W. succinogenes , indicating that these two bacteria can be increased by feeding a diet containing nitrate.