复合型绿色饲料添加剂对延边黄牛肉品质影响的研究

在实际生产中,由于饲养管理粗放,牛群营养水平长期处于较低水平,延边黄牛的优良特性和产肉能力得不到充分体现,因此需要引进新的科学技术,开发出适合本地区生产需要的饲料,来改善延边黄牛的生产性能,使其耐寒、耐粗饲、抗病力强、肉质细嫩、肉味鲜美等优良特性和产肉能力得以体现.本试验在精饲料中添加复合型绿色饲料添加剂,研究其对延边黄牛(公牛)肉品质的影响,现报道如下.     

延边黄牛

延边黄牛是吉林延边地区役肉兼用黄牛品种,全州现存栏牛72．6万头,其中延边黄牛有50．8万头,占全州牛存栏头数的70％。延边黄牛有黄色、蛋黄色和其它毛色,其中黄色占74．8％,因此统称延边黄牛。1981年被国家确定为五大良种牛之一。延边黄牛是我州各族人民精心培育的适合寒温带山区养殖的役肉兼用牛,体格高大结实,适应性强,肉质细嫩,汁多味美,柔软适口。具有独特的肉质风味和产肉性能,可与日本的和牛、韩国的韩牛相媲美。     

延边黄牛皮筋套去势术

去势是保证延边黄牛公牛肉质品质的重要技术环节。通过对236例延边黄牛公牛的去势,笔者认为应用传统皮筋套去势延边黄牛疗效确实,效果明显,现介绍如下。     

延边黄牛卵母细胞去核方法的研究

用改进的Willaden去核法与McGrath-Solter去核方法对延边黄牛卵母细胞进行去核操作,比较其去核操作效率。结果表明,本实验改进的willaden去核法——挤压去核法,无论在去核操作时间(1．0 min／枚,P<0．05)上,还是在去核效率(94%,P<0．01)上都显著地高于McGrath-Solter去核法(1．4 min／枚、72%)。表明改进的Willaden去核方法是一种适用于延边黄牛卵母细胞操作的快速、简单、实用的去核方法。     

从五个角度构建延边黄牛品牌竞争力

延边黄牛具有生产高档牛肉的品质特性。通过高档肉牛育肥技术生产的延边黄牛肉质细嫩多汁、鲜美可口,风味可与韩牛、日本和牛相媲美,是具有鲜明地域特点和民族特色的高档肉牛品种,延边黄牛有潜力成为我国高档肉牛的品牌。在牛肉产品直观差异比较小、品牌成为识别产品质量的重要标志     

日粮中添加植物油对延边黄牛牛肉中共轭亚油酸含量的影响

本研究通过在延边黄牛育肥牛日粮中添加不同水平的混合植物油,探讨植物油对延边黄牛牛肉中共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的影响.试验采用单因子随机区组设计,选择体重相近的健康延边黄牛(公牛)16头,按体重随机分为4组,每组4头.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加4%、5%、6%(以精料为基础)的混合植物油,试验期为88 d.混合植物油以豆油、红花油和葵花油.按55%、25%和20%的比例混合而成.试验结果表明:日粮添加4%、5%和6%植物油与对照组相比,牛肉中的共轭亚油酸(c9,t11)含量显著提高(P<0.05),4%、5%、6%植物油组分别比对照组提高了275%、287.5%、325%,并随植物油水平提高呈上升趋势;各试验组共轭亚油酸(t10,c12)含量均高于对照组,但差异不显著(P0.05);牛肉中亚油酸(C18∶2)和亚麻酸(C18∶3)含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),4%、5%、6%植物油组亚油酸含量分别比对照组提高了52.38%、41.74%、46.50%,亚麻酸含量分别比对照组提高了105.88%、47.06%、52.94%;油酸(C18∶1)含量.各试验组均高于对照组,但差异不显著(P0.05),随植物油添加水平的提高呈上升趋势;不饱和脂肪酸含量,各试验组均高于对照组,随植物油添加水平的提高呈上升趋势,其中6%植物油组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);饱和脂肪酸含量各试验组均高于对照组但差异不显著(P0.05).     

中草药饲料添加剂对延边黄牛肉品质与风味物质的影响

【目的】试验旨在研究中草药饲料添加剂对延边黄牛不同部位牛肉营养成分、重金属及抗生素残留、风味物质含量的影响。【方法】选用100头健康且体重相近的27月龄延边黄牛,随机分为2组,每组50头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加0.2%中草药饲料添加剂。预试期10 d,正试期90 d。试验结束后,每组随机选择10头牛进行屠宰,取胸肉、眼肉、西冷、上脑和里脊5个部位肌肉样,测定牛肉中常规营养成分、剪切力、肉色、氨基酸、脂肪酸、重金属、抗生素、风味物质等指标。【结果】与对照组相比,饲粮中添加中草药饲料添加剂对牛肉常规营养成分粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、钙和磷含量均无显著影响(P>0.05),可以增加牛肉中总氨基酸含量及鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸和苦味氨基酸的总含量,并提高牛肉中棕榈油酸和亚麻酸含量,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);试验组延边黄牛胸肉剪切力显著降低(P<0.05),眼肉和里脊部位的红度值显著提高(P<0.05),西冷、眼肉和胸肉中氮氧化合物和无机硫化物类等芳香化合物的含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。试验组与对照组牛肉中均未检测到重金属和抗生素残留。【...     

延边黄牛囊尾蚴检查技术的探讨

牛囊尾蚴又叫牛肉囊虫,是一种人、牛共患的寄生虫病。人由于吃了未经高温处理的牛囊尾蚴的牛肉而感染牛肉绦虫病。龙井市自从1974年开展驱绦灭囊工作以来,猪肉绦虫病人显著减少,相反牛肉绦虫病人有所增加。1985年全市驱下绦虫     

对延边黄牛人工植黄190例报告

1987年至1988年期间,我们在本市19个乡、镇养牛户选健康的3岁以上、11岁以下的黄牛,进行了人工植黄,共植黄948头,其中公牛406头、母牛有542头。到1989年,首批取黄牛有190头,其结果报告如下。 1 结果与分析在1989年6月10日至7月10日期间,首批     

微卫星DNA与延边黄牛肉用生长性状关系

选择与肉牛主要生产性状紧密连锁的 5个微卫星位点 ,以肉牛线性体型评分方法作为衡量肉牛生长发育的指标 ,运用最小二乘法拟合线性模型 ,分析了延边黄牛肉用生产性状与微卫星标记的关系 ,并分析了微卫星 ETH10和IDVGA4 6位点的不同基因型与肉用生产性状的关系。结果表明 ,微卫星 EHT10位点的等位基因 2 0 9对外貌线性评定中的背线性状、肌肉度线性评定中的肩部性状有正面影响 ,等位基因 2 13对外貌线性评定中的系部、肌肉度线性评定中的尻形状和细致度线性评定中的骨骼及皮肤性状有正面影响 ,而等位基因 2 15对外貌线性评定中的背线性状、肌肉度线性评定中的尻形状有负面影响 ;微卫星 IDVGA4 6位点的等位基因 2 4 9对背线、前肢和后肢等外貌线性评定性状 ,肌肉度线性评定的腰宽以及细致度线性评定的骨骼和皮肤性状有正面影响 ,等位基因 2 0 3对外貌评定性状的头部、背线 ,肌肉度评定性状腰宽以及细致度评定性状骨骼和皮肤有负面影响 ,等位基因 2 4 5对腰宽性状也起到负面影响     

延边黄牛PLIN基因多态性及其与胴体和肉质性状的相关性分析

为探究延边黄牛脂滴包被蛋白（perilipin,PLIN）基因遗传多态性及其对胴体和肉质性状的影响,试验选取70头30月龄健康延边黄牛公牛,采集颈静脉血液及其12~13肋间背最长肌以提取延边黄牛DNA样本,并测定胴体与肉质性状,采用直接测序方法检测PLIN基因SNP位点,结合延边黄牛胴体、肉质数据与PLIN基因遗传多态性进行关联分析。结果显示,在延边黄牛PLIN基因外显子3 103与156 bp处存在2个突变位点：g.103 C→T和g.156 T→C,均为错义突变。g.103 C→T位点存在CC、CT两种基因型,CC基因型为优势基因型（0.81）,C基因为优势等位基因（0.90）,表现为CT基因型个体脂肪含量、宰前重、胴体重、背膘厚均显著高于CC基因型个体（P<0.05）;g.156 T→C位点存在TC、TT两种基因型,TT基因型为优势基因型（0.83）,T基因为优势等位基因（0.92）,表现为TC基因型个体的宰前重、胴体重及背膘厚均显著高于TT基因型个体（P<0.05）。卡方检验结果表明,延边黄牛在PLIN基因外显子3的2个SNPs位点均达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡（P>0.05）,杂合度较低,属于低度多态（PIC<0.25）。综上,PLIN基因g.103 C→T和g.156 T→C位点对延边黄牛部分胴体与肉质性状存在一定影响,该位点可作为延边黄牛胴体、肉质性状的潜在标记,PLIN基因可以作为延边黄牛品种选育的候选基因和潜在分子标记。     

Polymorphism of PLIN Gene and Its Associaton with Carcass and Meat Quality Traits in Yanbian Yellow Cattle

This experiment was conducted to explore the association between perilipin (PLIN) gene and carcass and meat quality traits in Yanbian Yellow cattle.In this study,70 30-month-old healthy Yanbian Yellow cattle were used as experimental materials,the blood of jugular vein and its 12-13 intercostal longissimus muscle dorsi were collected to extract DNA samples of Yanbian Yellow cattle,and determine the carcass and meat quality characteristics.The SNP of PLIN gene was detected by direct sequencing,and the correlation analysis was conducted based on the carcass and meat quality data of Yanbian Yellow cattle and the genetic polymorphism of PLIN gene.The results showed that there were 2 SNPs of PLIN gene exon 3 in Yanbian Yellow cattle:g.103 C→T and g.156 T→C,both of them were missense mutations.g.103 C→T contained two genotypes:CC and CT,CC genotype was the dominant genotype,the genotype frequency was 0.81,C was the dominant allele,the gene frequency was 0.90.The intramuscular fat,pre slaughter weight,carcass weight and back fat thickness of CT genotype was significantly higher than those of CC genotype(P<0.05).g.156 T→C contained two genotypes:TT and TC,TT genotype was the dominant genotype,the genotype frequency was 0.83,T was the dominant allele,the gene frequency was 0.92.The pre slaughter weight,carcass weight and back fat thickness of TC genotype were significantly higher than those of TT genotype (P<0.05).Chi square test showed that the two SNPs of PLIN gene in Yanbian Yellow cattle reached Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05),and belonged to low polymorphism (PIC<0.25).In conclusion,g.103 C→T and g.156 T→C of PLIN gene had potential effect on carcass and meat quality traits in Yanbian Yellow cattle,and could be used as a candidate gene and potential molecular marker of Yanbian Yellow cattle.     

延边黄牛脂蛋白脂肪酶基因多态性及其与肉质性状的关联分析

为探究延边黄牛脂蛋白脂肪酶（lipoprteinlipase,LPL）基因遗传多态性及其对肉质性状的影响,本试验以80头健康的30月龄延边黄牛背最长肌作为试验材料,运用PCR直接测序法和高分辨率熔解曲线技术（HRM）对LPL基因的SNP位点进行检测,分析了试验群体的遗传效应,并与延边黄牛的肉质性状数据进行关联分析。PCR直接测序结果表明,延边黄牛LPL基因存在2个多态性位点（g.6215 A>G和g.18341 C>T）,其中g.6215 A>G位点表现为2种基因型：AA与AG,优势等位基因为A;g.18341 C>T位点表现为2种基因型：CC和CT,C为优势等位基因;对文献中2个位点的检测结果表明,g.355427 T>A位点表现为2种基因型：AA与AT,A为优势等位基因;c.322 G>A位点的HRM分型结果显示并未分型。这些多态性位点全部呈中度多态（0.25<PIC<0.5）,并处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。HRM分型结果显示,这3个SNPs位点与延边黄牛肉质性状存在显著相关：g.6215 A>G位点与延边黄牛胴体重及脂肪、蛋白、水分含量有显著关联,表现为AG基因型个体胴体重、脂肪含量显著高于AA基因型个体（P<0.05）,AA基因型个体蛋白及水分含量显著高于AG基因型个体（P<0.05）;g.18341 C>T位点与延边黄牛宰前活重、胴体重及背膘厚有显著关联,表现为CT基因型个体这些性状均显著高于CC基因型个体（P<0.05）;g.355427 T>A位点AT基因型个体宰前活重、背膘厚和脂肪含量均高于AA基因型个体（P<0.05）。综上,LPL基因g.6215 A>G、g.18341 C>T和g.355427 T>A位点对延边黄牛的肉质有显著影响,LPL基因可以作为延边黄牛品种选育改良工作的优势候选基因和有效分子标记。     

Comparative Study on the Beef Traits Between Jiaxian Red Cattle and Crossbred Beef Cattle

In order to study the beef traits and beef quality of Jiaxian Red bull with crossbred beef cattle, 5 purebred Jiaxian Red bull, 5 Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation, 5 Simmental cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation and 5 Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation were chosen and assigned into groups A,B,C and D for continual finishing for 3 months of age under the same feeding and management conditions and slaughtered at the end of the trial. The results showed that there were no significant difference in body height, body length, chest girth and cannon circumference between Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation and purebred Jiaxian Red bull, the same as in Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation (P>0.05). The weight of head, skin, fore hooves and tail, the skin thick, esophagus, trachea, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and carcass meat percentage, loin eye area and the meat bone ratio in crossbred beef cattle groups were not significant differences compared with purebred Jiaxian Red bull (P>0.05), but its hind legs wide in carcass was significantly higher than that of purebred Jiaxian Red bull (P<0.05). The high-grade meat weight and high quality meat weight in Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation were 70.22 and 105.22 kg, respectively, and was the highest in four groups,but the high-grade beef percentage among four groups did not show significant differences (P>0.05). The high quality meat percentage in Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 reached 34.43%, was significantly higher than that of Jiaxian Red bull and Simmental cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation (P<0.05), and was higher than that of Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation (P>0.05). In terms of meat quality, the content of inosinic acid that related with the meat flavor in Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 was the highest in four groups, while the content of unsaturated fatty acid and the flavor related amino acid, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine, in Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 were the highest in four groups,and their values were 53.85% and 8.04%, respectively. To sum up, the results suggested that there was no significant difference in body development and beef traits using Red Angus cattle, Simmental cattle and Charolais cattle to improve Jiaxian Red bull, while Red Angus cattle crossbred with Jiaxian Red bull could moderately improve the weight of high-grade beef and high-quality beef, and Charolais cattle could moderately improve the beef quality of Jiaxian Red bull.     

郏县红牛与不同品种肉牛杂交后代肉用性能比较研究

为了研究郏县红牛与不同品种肉牛杂交后代的肉用性能和肉品质情况,试验选取红安格斯牛、西门塔尔牛、夏洛莱牛与郏县红牛的杂交1代公牛各5头,纯种郏县红牛5头,分为试验A组（郏县红牛公牛）、B组（红郏F1代公牛（红安格斯牛×郏县红牛））、C组（西郏F1代公牛（西门塔尔牛×郏县红牛））和D组（夏郏F1代公牛（夏洛莱牛×郏县红牛））4个试验组,在同样的饲养管理条件下,持续育肥3个月后屠宰,利用屠宰测定和检验分析的方法对郏县红牛及其不同杂交品种的体尺发育、肉用性能和肉品质进行分析测定。结果表明：采用红安格斯牛、夏洛莱牛改良郏县红牛,在体高、体斜长、胸围和管围方面与郏县红牛纯种牛相比均无显著性差异（P>0.05）;屠宰测定方面,杂交后代组的头重、皮厚、皮重、前二蹄重和尾重,屠体器官食道、气管、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏的重量,以及胴体产肉率、眼肌面积、肉骨比与郏县红牛纯种牛相比均无显著性差异（P>0.05）,但其胴体后腿宽显著高于郏县红牛纯种牛（P<0.05）;红郏F1代公牛高档肉块重和优质肉块重最高,分别为70.22和105.22 kg,但高档牛肉率4组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）,红郏F1代公牛优质牛肉率达到34.43%,显著高于郏县红牛和西郏F1代公牛（P<0.05）,高于夏郏F1代公牛（P>0.05）。在肉品质方面,红郏F1代公牛与肉品风味有关的肌苷酸含量最高,而不饱和脂肪酸含量和与鲜味有关的氨基酸（天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸）含量均为夏郏F1代公牛含量最高,分别为53.85%和8.04%。结果提示,采用红安格斯牛、西门塔尔牛和夏洛莱牛改良郏县红牛,没有在体尺发育和肉用性能方面表现出显著优势,但采用红安格斯牛改良郏县红牛可提高郏县红牛肉用性能的潜力,可适度提高高档牛肉和优质牛肉肉块重量,而夏洛莱牛改良郏县红牛可适度提高牛肉品质。     

The Correlation Analysis Between the SNPs of MC4R Gene and Meat Quality Traits in Yanbian Yellow Cattle

In order to explore the effects of the key gene of regulating cattle fat deposition on meat quality traits, screening candidate gene which affect beef fattening traits. This study employed 157 cattles (24 months old) with similar weight as research object, analyzed the correlation between SNPs of MC4R gene and meat quality traits in Yanbian Yellow cattle by PCR direct sequencing method. The results indicated that the mutation site of C→G had been found in MC4R gene 1 069 bp, which resulted in L (leucine) translated into V (valine). Protein secondary structure lost α-spiral and β-fold at the 166, 243 and 280 amino acid position, which resulted in the changes of spatial position of β-turns in tertiary structure. This site showed different degrees correlation with backfat thickness, lrightness, yellowness of Yanbian Yellow cattle. The backfat thickness and yellowness (3 d) of GG genotype were significantly higher than CC and CG genotypes (P <0.05). The lrightness of CC and CG genotypes were significantly higher than CC genotype (P <0.05). These results declared that the site had remarkably correlatived with Yanbian Yellow cattle relevant economic traits, and the mutation site could be used as a potential molecular marker.     

延边黄牛黑皮质素受体-4基因多态性及其与肉质性状的相关性分析

试验旨在探索调控肉牛脂肪沉积的关键基因对肉质性状的影响,筛选影响肉牛育肥性状的候选基因。本研究以157头24月龄、体重相近的延边黄牛为研究对象,利用PCR扩增直接测序的方法,分析了延边黄牛黑皮质素受体-4（melanocortin-4 receptor,MC4R）基因的SNPs及其与肉质性状的相关性。结果发现,延边黄牛MC4R基因在1 069 bp处存在C→G突变,导致L （亮氨酸）转变为V （缬氨酸）,引起蛋白质二级结构在166、243、280位氨基酸处出现α螺旋、β折叠丢失,导致三级结构中β转角的空间位置改变。经关联分析表明,该位点与延边黄牛背膘厚、亮度、黄度都存在不同程度的相关,其中GG基因型背膘厚与屠宰后黄度（3 d）显著高于CC和CG基因型（P＜0.05）;GG、CG基因型屠宰后亮度显著高于CC基因型（P＜0.05）。说明该位点与延边黄牛肉质性状存在显著相关,该突变位点可作为潜在的分子标记。     

肉牛经济性状关联的微卫星标记研究进展

微卫星序列是以1～6个短核苷酸为基本重复单位的重复序列,呈共显性、重复性好、多态性丰富和操作简单,在基因定位与QTL分析、亲权分析、分子标记辅助选择等方面应用广泛.本文综述了与肉牛部分经济性状(生长发育性状、胴体性状、肉质性状、多胎性状和出生重)相关的微卫星标记研究进展.