猪δ冠状病毒致病机制研究进展

猪δ冠状病毒(PDCoV)是引起猪腹泻性疾病的猪肠道主要病毒之一.PDCoV致病机制相关的研究主要集中于入侵细胞、逃逸宿主细胞天然免疫应答、诱导宿主细胞凋亡,以及影响该病毒复制的其他分子机制.目前对其致病机制的了解较少,尚无有效防治该病毒的疫苗和药物.随着相关研究进一步深入,剖析PDCoV编码蛋白结构及其影响PDCoV...     

牛病毒性腹泻/黏膜病(1型+2型)、牛传染性鼻气管炎、牛副流感(3型)三联灭活疫苗(E2蛋白+C1株+HB01株)的研制与免疫效果评价

采用CHO细胞表达牛病毒性腹泻/黏膜病病毒1型（BVDV1）E2蛋白,采用杆状病毒重组表达牛病毒性腹泻/黏膜病病毒2型（BVDV2）E2蛋白,采用MDBK细胞微载体悬浮培养技术培养牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒（IBRV）和牛副流感病毒3型（BPIV3）,收获蛋白表达产物和细胞培养物,经纯化、灭活后与605佐剂混合,制备牛病毒性腹泻/黏膜病(1型+2型)、牛传染性鼻气管炎、牛副流感(3型)三联灭活疫苗(E2蛋白+C1株+HB01株)。将疫苗免疫健康易感牛进行免疫效果评价,结果表明该产品免疫效果良好,免疫牛IBRV和BPIV3中和抗体效价均可达到1∶77以上;BVDV1和BVDV2 E2蛋白琼扩抗体效价均可达到1∶32以上;免疫牛攻毒保护率均可达到4/5以上。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒E2基因在昆虫细胞中的表达

为了获得具有良好抗原性的牛病毒性腹泻病毒E2囊膜蛋白,利用PCR方法扩增牛病毒性腹泻病毒E2基因,连接于昆虫杆状病毒表达载体中,构建pFastBacHTA-E2重组质粒.将该重组质粒转化入DH10BAC感受态细胞,经PCR鉴定获得转座杆粒Bacmid-E2.转座杆粒Bacmid-E2转染sf9昆虫细胞,获得重组杆状病毒,感染细胞后,收获得到目的蛋白,用SDS-PAGE和Western blot对重组的表达蛋白进行分析.结果表明,重组E2蛋白大小为43.6 ku,与预期值相符,该蛋白能与牛病毒性腹泻病毒阳性血清发生特异性反应,为进一步研发牛病毒性腹泻病毒ELISA抗体检测试剂盒奠定基础.     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒非结构蛋白研究进展

牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)是引起牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病(BVD-MD)的病原,感染后可造成牛腹泻、流产、繁殖障碍、持续感染等症状,且急性BVD致死率较高,对我国乃至世界养牛业造成了严重影响。目前,国内外对BVDV的研究主要聚焦在其结构蛋白方面,对于在BVDV复制、转录、翻译中起重要作用的非结构蛋白的研究较少,缺乏对BVDV非结构蛋白的功能进行系统的总结。论文对BVDV非结构蛋白功能方面近年来的研究进展进行了汇总,以期对今后牛病毒性腹泻黏膜病的致病机制、诊断及预防提供参考。     

牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病诊治

牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病是由牛病毒性腹泻病毒(又名黏膜病病毒)引起的,以患牛出现腹泻,口腔、鼻腔黏膜发炎、糜烂、坏死为主要特征的疾病,简称牛病毒性腹泻或牛黏膜病. 1 病原及流行病学 牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病的病原为牛病毒性腹泻病毒属黄病毒科、瘟病毒属成员,该病毒为单股RNA病毒,呈球形,有囊膜,直径50～80nm,其对高温较为敏感,56℃条件下可很快被灭活,但在低温条件下病毒较稳定,其在-70℃条件下可冻干保存多年,普通消毒药物可很快将其杀死.该病毒可在胎牛的肾、睾丸、肺等牛源性细胞及猪肾细胞上生长,胎牛睾丸细胞和肾细胞最易被感染.     

牛病毒性腹泻的症状及诊断方法

<正>牛病毒性腹泻由牛病毒性腹泻病毒感染所致的,最常见的是亚急性和慢性感染。犊牛和母牛是易感群体,患病牛的主要特点就是口腔糜烂,病死牛存在黏膜病变。牛病毒性腹泻是其体内存在非常多的黏膜病毒,该病毒对牛机体的免疫机制产生了破坏作用,它是热性传染病。该疾病的传染源可能是动物自身,也可以是携带该病毒的动物间接传染。因为动物分泌物以及粪便内存在很多的病毒,这些病毒会直接或间接的对其他动物造成感染。牛病毒性腹泻     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒E2蛋白的表达及多克隆抗体制备

为高效表达牛病毒性腹泻病毒E2蛋白并制备多克隆抗体,参考牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)基因组序列设计一对引物,利用RT-PCR扩增出822 bp的E2基因片段,经测序鉴定正确后,将其定向克隆至原核表达载体pET32a(+)中,鉴定正确后,在大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)细胞内得到了以包涵体表达形式存在的重组融合蛋白,重组蛋白亲和层析纯化后,免疫印迹鉴定表明重组蛋白能够被牛病毒性腹泻病毒阳性血清特异性识别,具有良好的反应活性.将纯化的重组蛋白免疫新西兰白兔制备多克隆抗体,间接ELISA测定其抗体效价达1∶25 600.本研究所表达的E2蛋白及制备的多克隆抗体,为E2蛋白结构、功能的研究以及抗原表位的鉴定奠定了基础,为进一步开发牛病毒性腹泻病毒快速检测试剂提供了条件.     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒致病机制研究进展

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)主要引起牛的呼吸道、生殖道等炎症反应,也可以引起呼吸困难及流产。IBRV的致病机制尚不清楚,目前发现IBRV的非结构蛋白和结构糖蛋白与病毒毒力相关,不但影响病毒的复制及对宿主细胞的感染,同时也与病毒的免疫逃逸密切相关。除此之外,IBRV通过诱导宿主细胞凋亡造成持续性感染及激活炎症复合体诱导严重的炎症反应,造成宿主广泛病理反应的发生。因此,探索IBRV毒力蛋白结构功能、IBRV感染诱导的细胞凋亡及宿主炎性复合体激活的分子机制,将成为未来IBRV研究的热点。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒E2蛋白的亚细胞定位研究

为深入研究牛病毒性腹泻病毒E_2蛋白的生物学功能,了解其在哺乳动物细胞中的亚细胞定位情况,采用RT-PCR扩增牛病毒性腹泻病毒Changchun184株E_2基因,将其克隆至真核表达载体pc DNA3.1/V5His A中,并进行酶切鉴定和测序分析,将构建的重组质粒pc DNA3.1/V5His A-E_2经脂质体介导转染至MDBK细胞。继续培养48h后,在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察E_2蛋白在细胞中的亚细胞定位情况。结果表明,E_2蛋白在细胞核与细胞质中均有表达,且绿色荧光呈点状均匀分布。该研究为进一步研究牛病毒性腹泻病毒E_2蛋白的相关功能奠定了基础。     

酵母双杂交筛选与牛病毒性腹泻病毒NS4B互作的宿主蛋白

为探究NS4B蛋白在牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus, BVDV)感染和复制过程中的作用，利用酵母双杂交(yeast two hybrid, Y2H)技术筛选与BVDV NS4B蛋白互作的宿主细胞蛋白质。以构建的BVDV NS4B重组质粒pGBKT7-NS4B作为诱饵质粒，采用酵母双杂交技术，与牛肾细胞MDBK-cDNA文库进行杂交。将获得的阳性克隆菌落经质粒抽提、测序分析和免疫共沉淀试验，确定可与NS4B互作的宿主细胞蛋白。结果表明，成功构建了诱饵质粒pGBKT7-NS4B,该质粒可在酵母菌中表达NS4B蛋白。采用酵母双杂交技术从牛肾细胞基因组文库获得14个阳性克隆，阳性克隆经测序、互补试验、免疫共沉淀验证后明确可与BVDV NS4B蛋白互作的宿主蛋白为SYNGR2和RABACI。上述研究为进一步研究BVDV NS4B蛋白在BVDV感染和复制中的作用机制奠定了理论基础。     

Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 is classified into different subgenotypes depending on the analyzed region within the viral genome

Phylogenetic analyses of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were performed based on the nucleotide sequences of the 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) and E2-coding gene. Thirty-six BVDV detected from naturally infected cattle in the northern region of Japan were divided into three genotypes, BVDV1a, BVDV1b and BVDV2, in a 5'-UTR phylogenetic tree. In a phylogenetic tree constructed from the E2-coding gene, BVDV1c was identified and the viruses classified in BVDV1c were included in BVDV1a in the 5'-UTR phylogenetic tree. Moreover, BVDV1a and BVDV1b in the E2-phylogenetic tree clustered closer together than in the 5'-UTR tree. These results suggested that phylogenetic analysis of the E2 gene was more useful for identification of subgenotypes within BVDV1.     

Genomic analyses of bovine viral diarrhea viruses isolated from cattle imported into Japan between 1991 and 2005

Thirty-one isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolated within the past 15 years from imported cattle by the Japanese Animal Quarantine Service (AQS) were used in this study in which a 5'-untranslated region of each isolate was genetically analyzed. Twenty-six of the 31 isolates were classified as BVDV1 and the remainder as BVDV2. Phylogenetic analysis of the RT-PCR fragments amplified from the isolates showed the presence of viruses belonging to the BVDV1a, BVDV1b, BVDV1c, unclassified BVDV1 genotypes, and BVDV2. From the cattle of Australian origin, 16 of 17 isolates were classified as BVDV1c. This result was in agreement with a report showing that BVDV1c was a predominant subgenotype in Australia. From the cattle of North American origin, BVDV1 and BVDV2 species were both found. BVDV2 from the North American cattle was identified as the same cluster as the BVDV 890 strain, which is the prototype of BVDV2. These results suggest that the BVDVs isolated from exported cattle at the AQS reflect the predominant genotypes of BVDVs found in the exporting countries. The unclassified BVDV1 genotype of Chinese origin was in the same cluster as the ZM-95 strain, which was isolated from pigs in China. In this study, the genomic properties of 31 isolates of BVDV collected in the AQS were investigated. We concluded that isolates are genetically heterogeneous but geographically restricted. The information obtained from this report will be useful when carrying out epidemiological surveys of BVDV isolated in Japan.     

Practical significance of heterogeneity among BVDV strains: impact of biotype and genotype on U.S. control programs

In the early 1990s research groups in North America noted that a newly recognized severe acute form of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection, referred to as hemorrhagic syndrome or severe acute BVDV (SA BVDV), was associated with a genetically distinct subgroup of BVDV strains. This new subgroup was named BVDV genotype 2 or BVDV2. All BVDV strains previously characterized in the literature belonged to a separate genotype, BVDV1. However, not all strains identified as BVDV2 were associated with severe acute infections. If I did this deletion, I did not mean to do it. I think it was already here, though. I see there are some other big edits that I did not do; fine. Hollis subsequent surveys of BVDV strains isolated from clinical submissions to diagnostic laboratories and contaminated fetal calf serum suggested that the ratio of BVDV2 to BVDV1 strains in the U.S. approached 50%. Further, while antigenic cross reactivity is seen between BVDV1 and BVDV2 strains, a log or more difference is typically observed in titers against viruses from different genotypes. These observations prompted vaccine manufacturers in North America to produce vaccines against BVDV that contained antigens from both BVDV1 and BVDV2 strains. Under experimental conditions, these new vaccines offered improved protection against type 2 strains, however field data are still insufficient to assess their efficacy in practice. The BVDV genotypes may also be segregated into subgenotypes. Two subgenotypes of both BVDV1 (BVDV1a and BVDV1b) and BVDV2 (BVDV2a and BVDV2b) have been reported in North American. BVDV2a predominates with BVDV2b isolation a rare event. In contrast, BVDV1a and BVDV1b are both commonly isolated. Antigenic differences observed between strains from the BVDV1a and BVDV1b subgenotypes have led to the suggestion that protection may be improved by inclusion of strains from both BVDV1a and BVDV1b in vaccines in addition to BVDV2. The cost to benefit ratio of this proposal is currently a matter of debate.     

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1b: predominant BVDV subtype in calves with respiratory disease

The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections was determined in 2 groups of stocker calves with acute respiratory disease. Both studies used calves assembled after purchase from auction markets by an order buyer and transported to feedyards, where they were held for approximately 30 d. In 1 study, the calves were mixed with fresh ranch calves from a single ranch. During the studies, at day 0 and at weekly intervals, blood was collected for viral antibody testing and virus isolation from peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), and nasal swabs were taken for virus isolation. Samples from sick calves were also collected. Serum was tested for antibodies to bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), BVDV1a, 1b, and 2, parainfluenza 3 virus (PI3V), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). The lungs from the calves that died during the studies were examined histopathologically, and viral and bacterial isolation was performed on lung homogenates. BVDV was isolated from calves in both studies; the predominant biotype was noncytopathic (NCP). Differential polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleic acid sequencing showed the predominant subtype to be BVDV1b in both studies. In 1999, NCP BVDV1b was detected in numerous samples over time from 1 persistently infected calf; the calf did not seroconvert to BVDV1a or BVDV2. In both studies, BVDV was isolated from the serum, PBLs, and nasal swabs of the calves, and in the 1999 study, it was isolated from lung tissue at necropsy. BVDV was demonstrated serologically and by virus isolation to be a contributing factor in respiratory disease. It was isolated more frequently from sick calves than healthy calves, by both pen and total number of calves. BVDV1a and BVDV2 seroconversions were related to sickness in selected pens and total number of calves. In the 1999 study, BVDV-infected calves were treated longer than noninfected calves (5.643 vs 4.639 d; P = 0.0902). There was a limited number of BVDV1a isolates and, with BVDV1b used in the virus neutralization test for antibodies in seroconverting calves' serum, BVDV1b titers were higher than BVDV1a titers. This study indicates that BVDV1 strains are involved in acute respiratory disease of calves with pneumonic Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida disease. The BVDV2 antibodies may be due to cross-reactions, as typing of the BVDV strains revealed BVDV1b or 1a but not BVDV2. The BVDV1b subtype has considerable implications, as, with 1 exception, all vaccines licensed in the United States contain BVDV1a, a strain with different antigenic properties. BVDV1b potentially could infect BVDV1a-vaccinated calves.     

Phylogenetic, antigenic and clinical characterization of type 2 BVDV from North America

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection continues to have a significant impact upon US cattle producers despite the availability of more than 140 federally licensed vaccines. Detection and control is hampered by viral heterogeneity that results in differences in neutralizing epitopes, cytopathology and virulence. Recently it was found that there are two different genotypes, BVDV1 and BVDV2, among BVDV. BVDV2 isolates make up a significant proportion of the BVDV isolated in North America. Serologically BVDV2 viruses can be distinguished from BVDV1 and border disease viruses. Mab binding also distinguishes between BVDV1, BVDV2 and BDV. Like the BVDV1 viruses, BVDV2 viruses may exist as one of two biotypes, cytopathic or noncytopathic, based on their activity in cultured cells. Cytopathogenic effects on cultured cells does not correlate with virulence in vivo, as BVDV2 associated with hemorrhagic syndrome (HS) are noncytopathic. Variation among BVDV1 and BVDV2 in the 5' UTR is similar. Phylogenetic analysis and differences in virulence suggest that BVDV2 are heterogeneous. Symptoms resulting from BVDV2 infections may range from clinically inapparent to clinically severe. Recently, disease outbreaks associated with acute uncomplicated BVDV infection have been reported in the US and Canada. These outbreaks of clinically severe disease, termed HS, were all associated with viruses from the BVDV2 genotype. Not all BVDV2 isolates cause clinically severe disease. Avirulent BVDV2 isolates do exist and may predominate over virulent BVDV2 in nature. When virulent BVDV2 viruses are inoculated into calves they induce a disease characterized by fever, diarrhea, leukopenia, lymphopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and death. Infection with avirulent BVDV2 results in a reduction of luekocytes that may be accompanied by a low-grade fever. These viruses do not cause clinical disease or a clinical leukopenia.     

Evaluation of fetal protection against experimental infection with type 1 and type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus after vaccination of the dam with a bivalent modified-live virus vaccine

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a modified-live virus (MLV) combination vaccine containing type 1 and type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in providing fetal protection against challenge with heterologous type 1 and type 2 BVDV. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 55 heifers. PROCEDURE: Heifers were vaccinated with a commercial MLV combination vaccine or given a sham vaccine (sterile water) and bred 47 to 53 days later. Heifers were challenged with type 1 or type 2 BVDV on days 75 to 79 of gestation. Clinical signs of BVDV infection, presence of viremia, and WBC count were assessed for 14 days after challenge. Fetuses were collected on days 152 to 156 of gestation, and virus isolation was attempted from fetal tissues. RESULTS: Type 1 BVDV was not isolated in any fetuses from vaccinated heifers and was isolated in all fetuses from nonvaccinated heifers challenged with type 1 BVDV. Type 2 BVDV was isolated in 1 fetus from a vaccinated heifer and all fetuses from nonvaccinated heifers challenged with type 2 BVDV. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A commercial MLV combination vaccine containing type 1 and type 2 BVDV given to the dam prior to breeding protected 100% of fetuses against type 1 BVDV infection and 95% of fetuses against type 2 BVDV infection. Use of a bivalent MLV vaccine in combination with a comprehensive BVDV control program should result in decreased incidence of persistent infection in calves and therefore minimize the risk of BVDV infection in the herd.     

Foetal Protection against Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus after Two‐step Vaccination

In order to assess the efficacy of a two‐step vaccination protocol with respect to foetal protection against transplacental infections with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) with special attention to BVDV‐2 seronegative heifers were vaccinated with an inactivated BVDV‐1 vaccine and boostered with a modified live BVDV‐1 vaccine after 4 weeks. A second group was left unvaccinated as control. Between days 30 and 120 of pregnancy the heifers of both groups were intranasally challenged with a mixture of BVDV‐1 and ‐2. All heifers of the vaccinated group gave birth to nine clinically healthy, seronegative (precolostral) and BVDV‐free calves. In contrast in the control group four BVDV viraemic underdeveloped calves were born. Additionally, one calf was stillborn and another viraemic calf was not viable and died 2 days after birth. All six calves of the control group were viraemic with BVDV‐2. This study demonstrated for the first time that two‐step vaccination of breeding cattle with a modified live BVDV vaccine 4 weeks after application of an inactivated BVDV vaccine was capable of providing a foetal protection against transplacental infection with BVDV‐2.     

Selection of BVDV genotype II isolates using a monoclonal antibody and FACS analysis]

The infection of cattle with the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in Germany is gaining attention and guidelines for the "protection of cattle farms against BVDV infections" were passed in 1997. New investigations about the damages induced by BVDV infections as well as the new occurrence of so-called BVDV genotypes (BVDV I and II) made the problems to become aware. The newly described BVDV genotype considerably differs both genetically and antigenetically from the up to now known BVD-viruses (BVDV I). The subdivision in BVDV genotypes I and II is based on genomic differences, which are determined by sequence analyses of different parts of the viral genome. Here, we describe the classification of BVDV in genotypes using a monoclonal antibody and indirect immunofluorescence with flow cytometry (FACS) based analysis. The suitability of the mab WB160 (Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge; UK) for the classification of both BVDV-genotypes was first checked using genetically defined BVDV isolates. While all BVDV I isolates (n = 20) reacted with high fluorescence signals, the mab WB160 could not detect any of the defined BVDV II isolates (n = 20). Subsequently, 505 BVDV field strains isolated between 1993-1997 were screened for both genotypes using the mab WB160 and FACS analysis. 33 (6.5%) of the BVDV isolates were classified as BVDV II.