陕西省洛川县第3-4层黄土和古土壤水分特征研究

通过对陕西省洛川县第3—4黄土层和第3—4红色古土壤层的原状土进行水分特征曲线、田间持水量等项目的实验测定,分析计算了各层土壤的供水储水性能及有效水分含量。结果表明,洛川第3—4黄土层和第3—4红色古土壤土层的水分特征曲线与Van Genuchten模型非常符合,相关系数R2均达0.99以上,说明采用Van Genuchten模型对这4个土层的水分含量和能量之间的关系进行描述是比较准确的。0～30kPa吸力条件下,第3—4黄土层比第3—4红色古土壤层持水量高,黄土层的供水(释水)性能和储水性能强于古土壤。这4个土层随着吸力的增加,在较低吸力段供水性能和储水性能减弱幅度较大,在较高吸力段减弱幅度较小。黄土层所能容纳的有效水含量、饱和含水量与田间持水量均大于红色古土壤层,黄土层的稳定凋萎湿度一般小于红色古土壤的稳定凋萎湿度。     

Physical properties and moisture retention characteristics of some nigerian soils

Measurements were made of physical characteristics of 119 samples from 23 profiles derived from two parent materials in Nigeria. The laboratory analyses included texture, plasticity and shrinkage characteristics, and a range of soil moisture constants including saturation point and moisture retention at various suctions. Simple and multiple correlation coefficients and regression analyses were conducted to investigate the possibilities of obtaining estimates of soil moisture retention from the textural analysis. Clay and sand contents are correlated with various soil moisture constants. The textural analysis may therefore be used to estimate moisture holding capacity at different suctions for these and similar soils with a predominantly uniform clay mineralogy, dominated by kaolinite and sesquioxides. Moisture retention curves indicate that the “field capacity” for most of these soils is better estimated at 60 or 100 cm of water suction rather than at 0.3 bar. A plot of the pF curves indicated only slight differences between moisture retention at 2 or 3 bar suction and at 15 bar suction.     

Wasserhaushalt mineralischer Deponiebasisabdichtungen unter dem Einfluß von Temperaturgradienten

Moisture flow in mineral landfill liners under temperature gradients In order to assess the risk of desiccation and cracking of the mineral bottom liner (without plastic liner) of a seven years old warm landfill, water contents were measured and soil hydraulic parameters determined in the lab. No cracks were visible, and a desiccation could not be proven due to the high spatial heterogeneity of the liner. Studies with a newly developed numerical model of coupled moisture and heat transport show that mineral liners might only crack if a plastic liner or very dry waste obstruct the temperature induced vapor transport from the waste to the mineral liner. Whether desiccation occurs under these conditions depends on the distance to groundwater and on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions of the mineral liner and the subsurface. Simulations with unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions that have been determined by different methods indicate that a new standard method to determine the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of dense clayey substrates is necessary.     

不同盆栽基质水分特征曲线的对比分析与模拟

现有关于盆栽控水模拟土壤干旱条件的试验中多采用含水率作为水分胁迫阈值,然而由于基质配比不同导致含水率相同的基质的水分状况也不尽相同,这导致各研究间结果难以对比和参考。为快速获取盆栽基质水分特征曲线,建立基质水分特征曲线预测模型。该研究以盆栽控水试验常用的泥炭土、蛭石和珍珠岩为基质材料,测定了不同配比基质的水分特征曲线,通过不同方法（多元回归模型、人工神经网络）建立了其预测模型。结果表明,人工神经网络模型对基质水分特征曲线的预测精度高于多元回归;相较于人工神经网络,多元回归模型的稳定性更高。综合考虑模型的精度和稳定性,多元回归模型是预测作物盆栽基质水分特征曲线的最佳模型。该模型为基质水分特征曲线快速获取以及相关作物干旱胁迫研究间的对比提供了方法和依据。     

基于土壤水分特征曲线的北京市废弃关停矿山修复效果研究

通过测定和分析北京市废弃关停矿山4个矿区3种立地类型的土壤水分特征曲线及土壤物理指标表明,经验方程θ=aS-b对北京市废弃关停矿山的土壤水分特征曲线有良好的模拟性,土壤有效水的上限(田间持水量)为0.01 MPa土壤水吸力所对应的土壤湿度,易有效水和难有效水的土壤水吸力界点以0.1 MPa为宜。从a值和ab值比较北京市废弃关停矿山土壤的持水性能和供水性能为:未被干扰区域>修复区域>被破坏区域。     

Influence of soil ESP and electrolyte concentration of permeating water on hydraulic properties of a Vertisol

The effect of soil ESP on soil moisture retention and volume change of montmorillonitic type clay soil (vertisol) in the 10–58 ESP range showed increase in moisture retention with soil ESP in 10-bar suction range. Soil moisture suction (h) – water content (θ)relationship of the form h = h_o(θ/θ_s)^?b, where ‘h_o’is air entry suction and ‘b’ is a constant, was obtained at all ESP levels. Soil bulk density at low moisture contents increased considerably with soil ESP due to dispersion and decreased linearly with increase in soil water content because of mineral swelling. The soil water diffusivity and conductivity in the 0.15–0.35 g/g moisture content range followed an exponential increase with soil moisture content recording a sharp decrease at soil ESP 10. The effect of high exchangeable sodium, however, was mitigated, to a large extent, by the increase in electrolyte concentration of permeating water to 5 mmhos/cm or greater. Decrease in water transmission parameters ascribed to exchangeable Na⁺ in the drier moisture regime was accounted for by dispersion of soil particles at low ESP. Whereas adsorbed Na⁺ – induced swelling was regarded as the major factor modifying soil water relations at relatively high ESP under wet moisture regime. Soil ESP of 10 may be treated as critical for swelling clay soil from soil and water – management view point.     

生物炭对东北黑土持水特性的影响

为探究生物炭对东北黑土持水特性的影响,系统研究3种添加比例(2%、5%、10%)、3种粒径(0.25、0.5、1 mm)的杨木炭和竹炭对3种质地东北黑土(壤土、砂壤土、砂土)田间持水量和含水率的影响规律,构建添加生物炭黑土的水分特征曲线,并采用Van-Genuchten和Broods-Corey模型进行拟合。结果表明:生物炭能显著提高不同质地东北黑土的持水能力,黑土的田间持水量与生物炭的添加比例呈显著正相关,而与生物炭的粒径呈负相关,0.5 mm和1 mm粒径的生物炭对黑土田间持水量的影响差异不显著,杨木炭显著优于竹炭,0.25 mm、10%添加比例的杨木炭对东北黑土持水能力的提高效果最优,壤土、砂壤土、砂土3种质地黑土的田间持水量和饱和含水率分别可提高64.97%、66.42%、69.39%和47.60%、38.93%、31.18%;Van-Genuchten模型能更精确的模拟添加生物炭黑土的水分特征曲线,最佳离心时间为100 min,三次函数曲线能够较好的拟合添加生物炭黑土的体积含水率与离心吸力之间的多元动态关系,为生物炭对各种质地东北黑土水分运动规律的深入研究提供理论依据。     

东北主要类型旱田土壤持水特性研究

土壤持水特性是对土壤水分有效性的一种反映,不同土壤持水特性存在差异。为了解东北地区主要旱田耕地土壤的持水特性,本研究通过定点采样方法,在不同地区选择了典型的黑土、草甸土、白浆土、碱土、褐土5类旱田耕地土壤,通过压力膜法得出不同水柱压力下土壤水分实测值,并通过Van Genuchten和Garden模型进行模型拟合,相关性极显著,通过Van Genuchten绘制土壤水分特征曲线,从曲线看出,不同类型土壤持水特性存在差异,0～10 cm土层各土壤水分特征曲线差异大、曲线分散,草甸土、白浆土、碱土含水量在各压力下均处于较高水平,褐土最低,黑土居中; 10～20 cm土层土壤水分特征曲线在低吸力阶段差异仍较大,高吸力阶段差异小,褐土含水量最低,草甸土、白浆土、碱土趋于一致,黑土居中; 20～30 cm土层差异减小,褐土、碱土、黑土趋于一致;通过Garden模型计算土壤比水容量,不同水吸力下,褐土比水容量最高,其次是黑土,草甸土、白浆土和碱土比水容量较低,说明褐土和黑土释水能力强;土壤饱和含水量与土壤容重显著负相关,土壤有效持水库容与土壤大颗粒、土壤0. 02 mm的颗粒呈极显著负相关,与0. 02～2 mm的颗粒含量呈显著正相关;草甸土、碱土、白浆土饱和持水库容高,但有效库容低,与褐土、黑土相反。因此,提高土壤持水能力要根据土壤的物质特性提出对应措施。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同退耕模式的土壤水文性质影响对比

为系统评价黄土丘陵沟壑区在"退耕还林(草)"工程实施后不同退耕模式下的土壤水分涵养功能,选取0-200 cm土层的蓄水量、土壤含水量分层比、土壤水吸力和土壤含水量年际变化率作为土壤层水分蓄存、渗透、保持和稳定性的表征指标,分别对比了不同退耕模式下的土壤水文性质.结果表明:(1)各退耕模式下土壤蓄水量差异显著,撂荒模式的...     

紫色土埂坎根-土复合体土水特性与抗剪强度

研究根-土复合体土-水特征曲线与抗剪强度的关系,可为紫色土埂坎根-土复合体强化机理的揭示与埂坎稳定性的维持提供科学依据。选取三峡库区典型紫色土坡耕地埂坎草本植物根—土复合体为研究对象,结合Hyprop2土壤水分特征曲线测量仪、滤纸法与直剪试验,拟合土-水特征曲线,揭示基质吸力对根-土复合体抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:(1)根-土复合体土-水特征曲线明显分为边界效应区、过渡区与非饱和残余区,3种常用模型(B-C、VG、F-X)中F-X模型拟合该曲线效果最好,根-土复合体饱和含水率、进气吸力、残余区含水率以及相同体积含水率下的基质吸力均高于素土。(2)随着体积含水率降低,根-土复合体黏聚力先增大后减小,试验范围内黏聚力最大值51.25 kPa出现在体积含水率约23%时,内摩擦角则线性增大。相同体积含水率下,根-土复合体黏聚力较素土最大增加50%,内摩擦角提升不大。(3)基质吸力对根-土复合体抗剪强度的增强作用具有阶段性特征,各阶段临界吸力值与土-水特征曲线一致,过渡区(基质吸力为3~500 kPa)土体抗剪强度提高明显,进入非饱和残余区后(基质吸力>500 kPa)由于黏聚力下降,土体抗剪强度增速减慢,根-土复合体抗剪强度随基质吸力增大而提升的幅度大于素土。通过建立埂坎根-土复合体土-水特征曲线和抗剪强度的关系,可估测实际工况下的埂坎土体抗剪强度,进而为坡耕地埂坎的建设、维护管理以及坡耕地侵蚀阻控提供理论依据。     

非饱和土壤水分运动参数空间变异特性的统计分析

非饱和土壤水分运动参数的空间变异规律是大区域参数估计的基础。分析秦王川灌区土壤物理性质及水分运动参数空间变异的统计规律。特征曲线与导水率标定系数具有对数正态分布,且与干容重和物理性粘粒含量P_0.01呈直线相关。F检验结果,相关达到显著水平。     

黄土区两种植物篱不同部位土壤持水特征对比

[目的]研究植物篱不同部位土壤持水性能的分异特征,指导植物篱系统的设计与经营管理。[方法]在测定柠条、山杏两种典型植物篱土壤水分物理参数的基础上,利用van Genuchten模型比较分析植物篱系统带内、带间的土壤水分特征曲线及其参数。[结果](1)两种植物篱在土壤总孔隙度、水稳性团聚体含量、渗透系数等方面均高于耕地(对照),其中柠条植物篱带内土壤总孔隙度(66.36%)、水稳性微团聚体含量(35.50%)和有机质含量(44.1g/kg)比带间分别高7.34%,1.95%和25.64%。山杏植物篱的这3项指标带内比带间分别高11.93%,29.33%和21.48%。(2)柠条、山杏植物篱带内土壤脱湿过程中凋萎系数分别是耕地的7倍和3.25倍,田间持水量分别是耕地的1.46和1.25倍,柠条植物篱土壤保水优势更明显。(3)在相同的土壤水吸力下,土壤吸湿与脱湿过程中带内土壤的水分含量均明显高于带间,带内土壤的持水性更高,这与带内较高的黏粒含量相一致;柠条带内土壤水分含量高于山杏带内,二者均高于耕地。[结论]植物篱的二相结构能明显促进带内黏粒、微团聚体和养分的富集(有机质),进而提高带内土壤的持水性能和饱和渗透性能。     

上海地区土壤持水特性研究

土壤水的研究,从Henri Darcy(1856)提出达西定律算起,已有一百多年历史.经历了由经验到理论、由静态到动态、由定性到定量、由宏观到微观逐步深入发展的过程^[1].1877年Briggs L.J.提出毛管假说,将土壤孔隙组成的孔道看成是一些大小不同的毛细管,认为表面张力是土壤保持水分的主要原因.     

室内基于土壤水分再分布过程推求紫色土导水参数

选择三峡库区3种不同质地的紫色土,室内通过土壤水分再分布试验,探讨基于土壤水分再分布过程推求导水参数对于紫色土的适用性.结果显示,结合土壤水分垂直和水平再分布过程推求的紫色土水分扩散率与实测值具有很好的一致性,但推求的非饱和导水率偏差较大.然而,选用单一的土壤水分再分布过程结合实测水分特征曲线推求的紫色土非饱和导水率与实测值具有良好的一致性.湿润锋湿度与湿润剖面平均湿度不同函数关系对推求非饱和导水率和水分扩散率差异不明显.此外,基于土壤水分再分布过程推求导水参数方法比较适合低湿土壤的非饱和导水参数推求.     

秸秆不同还田方式对土壤低吸力段持水能力及蒸发特性的影响

利用张力计测定蒸发过程中低吸力段土壤水分特征曲线,对比研究了秸秆在经过粉碎、氨化及与无机土壤改良剂混合三种措施处理后对土壤饱和含水量、低吸力段土壤持水及供水能力和早期干旱过程中土壤脱水速度的影响。结果显示:粉碎秸秆施入土壤后提高了土壤饱和含水量、持水及供水能力,而长秸秆对土壤饱和含水量、持水及供水能力的影响较小;粉碎并氨化的秸秆对土壤饱和含水量、持水及供水能力的提高作用更为显著。粉碎秸秆及长秸秆处理均易造成早期干旱过程中脱水速度过快,氨化后或当秸秆与无机土壤改良剂混合施入土壤时,土壤低吸力段脱水速度明显减慢,利于土壤有效水的保存。该结果为提出新的能最大效率发挥秸秆改良土壤作用的秸秆还田方式提供了一定的理论基础。     

AIR AND WATER PERMEABILITY OF COMPACTED UNSATURATED COHESIVE SOIL

The air and water permeabilities of unsaturated cohesive soils have been measured in a modified triaxial cell permeameter which maintains separate continuity of both the air and water phases during permeation. Three different cohesive soils have been tested and the results interpreted in terms of the cluster concept of soil structure, which recognizes the existence of both macro- and micro-pores. Both air and water permeability are shown to be dominated by the geometry and degree of saturation of the intercluster macro-pores. Compression of the soil always reduces the air permeability but can increase the water permeability by increasing the membrane flow around the clusters. The relations between soil suction, occlusion of the air channels, and compaction water content have also been studied.     

Influence of water content and soil properties on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of some red and black soils

The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was determined in the laboratory for some red and black soils, following water movement into a horizontal column of homogenous soil of uniform packing. A highly significant positive relationship was found between moisture content and hydraulic conductivity values in all the soils studied. Correlation coefficients calculated for the relationships between soil constituents/properties and the change in hydraulic conductivity per unit change in moisture content (regression coefficient between hydraulic conductivity and moisture content) have shown positive relationship to sand and negative relationships to silt, silt + clay, clay, carbonates, aggregates > 0.25 mm and saturated hydraulic conductivity. It is concluded that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity decreases rapidly with decrease in moisture content and this decrease depends on the soil constituents/properties and differences between soil types are clear.     

广西岩溶区不同植被类型土壤水分特征及影响因素

[目的]了解岩溶区不同植被覆盖下的土壤水分特征曲线及其影响因素,为岩溶山区土壤水分运动的定量分析提供理论依据。[方法]通过野外调查与室内分析,研究广西平果果化典型岩溶峰丛洼地荒地、草地、灌丛、林灌4种不同植被覆盖下的土壤水分特征曲线。[结果]van Genuchten模型、Brooks—Corey模型和Gardner 3种模型对土壤水分特征曲线的拟合效果都很好,相关系数均在0.93以上,且残差平方和都小于0.000 5,但van Genuchten模型的拟合效果最好;土壤持水能力与植被的正向演替、饱和含水量、非毛管孔隙度、粉粒含量显著负相关,与土壤容重、黏粒含量、毛管孔隙度、初始含水量和毛管含水量极显著正相关;不同植被类型,相同吸力下,表层和底层土壤的持水能力最强,中间土层的持水能力较差;不同土层深度,相同吸力下,荒地的持水能力最强,林灌的持水能力最差。[结论]同一吸力下的土壤持水能力呈现出随植被的正向演替而不断降低的趋势;研究区影响土壤水分特征曲线的主导因素是非毛管孔隙度。     

Bestimmung von hydraulischen Parametern für die Wasserhaushaltsuntersuchungen im natürlich gelagerten Boden. Ein Vergleich von Feld- und Laboratoriumsmethoden

Determination of hydraulic parameters to estimate water movement and water storage in undisturbed soil. A comparison of field and laboratory methods. The soil moisture characteristics and the unsaturated conductivity were measured under field and laboratory conditions. In an undisturbed soil monolith in continous connection with the underlying loess-soil-layer 60 tensiometer and a neutronprobe-accestube were used respectively to determine the matric potential and water content changes during a transient drainage experiment. Within the matric potential range of 0 to approximately ?50 to ?100 mbar the soil moisture characteristics determined in the laboratory and in the field are substantially different. When the matric potential is more negative than ?100 mbar the slope of these curves and hence the specific moisture capacities are relatively well comparable. The field-measured conductivity functions differ considerably from those values which were either measured under lab-conditions or computed from the soil moisture characteristics data. The conductivities are expressed as a function of the matric potential which is possibly the major reason for these remarkable differences. However, the changes in water content in this dense silty clay loam are too small to express the unsaturated conductivity as a function of the absolute water content. The most serious problems in extrapolating the results of the less time consuming laborcalculation methods to field conditions arise in that range of matric potentials where water movement is significant.