流域生态补偿标准核算方法研究进展

研究梳理目前的流域生态补偿标准核算方法.基于流域水环境质量的优劣,将目前的流域生态补偿标准核算方法划分为生态保护补偿与流域污染补偿.流域生态补偿标准核算方法主要包括支付意愿法、总成本核算法、生态系统服务价值法和水资源价值法,其中流域污染补偿核算方法同时考虑到了流域内水质与水量的保护.此外还分析了各流域生态补偿标准核算方...     

我国生态补偿的机制及实践分析

生态补偿是环境保护与管理领域研究的热点和难点。本文综合分析了生态补偿特征、经济和法律机制，从局地、流域和跨流域生态系统三个层次分析了我国生芯补偿实践发展进程，提出了我国目前开展生态补偿所需解决的几个关键问题。     

流域水环境保护管理存在的问题及对策探讨

对现如今我国水环境的规划、污染物的控制以及水环境质量管理标准进行了探讨,分析了目前流域水环境保护管理存在的问题,提出了解决对策。     

流域生态补偿模式分析及优化对策探讨

指出了我国对流域生态补偿已有不少研究和探索,在实施流域生态补偿的实践中探索出了不同的补偿模式。对不同的流域生态补偿模式进行了具体研究,探讨了我国流域生态补偿模式中存在的问题,以期为更好地实施流域生态补偿提供理论依据和决策支持。     

海南省生态补偿现状分析与对策

基于海南省热带雨林生态功能区和森林、流域、海洋、耕地等领域的生态补偿实践情况,研究海南省生态补偿制度存在的问题。研究发现,海南实施生态补偿政策自2008年11月6日出台首个生态补偿政策文件《建立完善中部山区生态补偿机制试行办法》至2018年底,补偿领域逐步拓宽,补偿规模不断扩大,生态系统服务功能提升明显,取得了良好的生态保护成效。但也存在生态补偿制度体系不完善、基础支撑体系不足、资金渠道单一、与其他相关政策联动响应不足等问题。提出了海南生态补偿机制需注重与国家、省发展战略、政策的协调发展,把海南省作为一个整体来构建基于生态系统服务功能生态补偿模式,同时强化生态补偿基础支撑研究和绩效考核,建立多元化、市场化生态补偿机制的对策。     

基于水源涵养服务视角的汀江（韩江）流域森林横向生态补偿标准

【目的】森林生态效益补偿是应对环境恶化、平衡区域发展的重要举措,厘清生态补偿标准是实施森林横向生态补偿的基础。结合森林生态系统服务流转理论,基于森林生态受益方向,从水源涵养生态服务视角开展森林横向生态补偿标准研究,为完善跨省流域森林生态补偿机制提供科学依据。【方法】以汀江（韩江）流域为例,综合运用当量因子法、水足迹法和引力模型,研究案例流域森林水源涵养服务溢出价值及其空间转移,确定受益主体与受偿主体相匹配的森林水源涵养效益补偿标准。【结果】1）汀江（韩江）流域上游地区龙岩市、漳州市和三明市的森林水源涵养服务外溢价值分别为80 448.89万元、5 857.33万元和13 038.28万元,广东省拟应向福建省合计支付水源涵养生态补偿资金99 344.50万元;2）三明市、漳州市和龙岩市提供的森林水源涵养服务价值辐射面积最广的地区均是梅州市,梅州市应承担主要的生态补偿资金;3）龙岩市可获得的水源涵养横向生态补偿资金最多,占补偿资金总额的80.98%,梅州市拟应支付的森林水源涵养生态补偿金额最多,占生态补偿总额的88.89%。【结论】流域上游存在森林水源涵养服务价值外溢,对下游具有不同的辐射...     

农户流域补偿浅析——一个从刘易斯拐点进行思考的角度

随着可持续发展理念的深入与推广,开展对流域生态服务提供区的生态补偿成为必然,其中不乏对补偿重点的探讨。本文以刘易斯拐点作为出发点,对农户流域补偿的侧重进行浅析,并寻求实现生态服务持续提供的良性机制。     

云南省森林生态效益补偿机制现状及完善对策

云南省由于森林类型的多样性、生态效益的广泛性、管理体制的分割性以及政府财政资金的制约,使目前的森林生态效益补偿具有局部性、临时性、过渡性的特点．对现行的森林生态效益补偿现状及政策措施存在的问题进行分析,探讨适合云南省的森林生态效益补偿机制,提出了改进和加大财政转移支付结构与力度,实施差异性的区域发展政策,实行森林生态效益分类补偿,建立市场补偿机制,建立生态环境友好型的税费制度等对策．     

浅谈建立河北省野生动物毁农伤农的补偿机制

该文主要从野生动物毁农伤农的类型、建立补偿机制的必要性、建立依据及存在问题进行了分析并提出了解决补偿资金来源的对策。     

建立流域服务市场的可行性评估

文中讨论了为建立流域服务市场进行可行性评估的主要内容和方法, 以期为国家或地方决定是否采取流域服务市场作为保护流域的方法, 以及采取何种形式提供参考。     

Current Status and Progress of Market for Forest Environmental Services

Market for environmental services (MES), which is also called as payments for environmental services (PES), is the innovation for incentive mechanism that establishes the relations between suppliers and beneficiary of environmental services mainly through correct price signals (Landell-Mills et al. 2002). As early as the era of Plato, people began realizing that they must live off on the environment. The alleging of environmental services to humans, however, appeared for the first time in t…     

森林环境服务市场研究现状与展望

在分析国内外森林环境服务市场产生的原因及意义的基础上，概述了森林环境服务市场的研究进展，并对4种森林环境服务市场的实践情况进行了回顾；通过分析目前在森林环境服务市场创建过程中面临的主要问题，对森林环境服务市场研究趋势进行了展望。     

黄土高原清水河流域土地类型利用变化及生态系统服务价值分析

为探讨人为干预下黄土高原清水河流域土地利用类型变化及其对生态系统服务的影响,以清水河流域1959,1986和2007年3个时期的土地利用类型为对象,对该流域的生态系统服务价值进行了研究,结果表明:三个时期清水河流域总面积的97%以上为林地、草地和农田;从1959—2007年土地利用表现为林地面积的增加,草地和农田面积的减少;3种生态系统的综合服务价值除废物处理和食物生产外,其他各项服务价值从1959—2007年均表现为递增,增幅由大到小依次为气体调节>原材料>水源涵养>生物多样性保护>土壤形成和保护>气候调节和娱乐文化。由此可见,在追求总生态服务价值的基础上,在该流域不能只追求林地面积的增加,在进行生态环境建设时应充分考虑当地的水资源和经济发展的需要。     

Guiding Principles for Small-Scale Forestry in a Watershed of the Venezuelan Andes: Constraints and Opportunities

In the Venezuelan Andes, some small-scale forest plantations have become an important resource basis for forest management. In this paper, the forestry management progress in the Mucujún river watershed is analyzed. Constraints and opportunities for sustainable management within national policies, local regulations, environmental features and social benefits are also examined. Plantation assessment, and biophysical, legal and socioeconomics information, are used for guiding small-scale forestry practices in this watershed, with emphasis on the main principles of landscape management. These plantations have become an important part of the socio-ecological landscapes with potential for wood production—in the context of low intensity and low environmental impact environmental services and amenity—because of the two protected areas within the watershed. Current forest stand conditions, however, reflect that management requires improvement. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that improvement of local livelihoods may be achieved with a small-scale forestry approach, taking properly into account the basic criteria of social involvement and management of planted forests, while maintaining ecosystem services including biodiversity and water supply.     

Managing watershed services of tropical forests and plantations: Can meta-analyses help?

The watershed services provided by tropical natural and planted forests are critical to human well-being. An increasing number of valuation studies and experiences with payment for ecosystem services have dealt with the role of ecosystems in regulating the flow of water. However, several studies and experiences have been based on misconceptions about the role of forests and plantations in the hydrological cycle, despite the publication of many reviews by hydrologists. The objective of this paper is to evaluate whether meta-analyses applied to studies comparing water flows in tropical watersheds under natural or planted forests and non-forest lands can provide useful results for valuing watershed ecosystem services and making decisions. The meta-analyses show significantly lower total flows or base flows under planted forests than non-forest land uses. Meta-analyses conducted with subsamples of the data also show lower total flow and higher base flow under natural forests than non-forest land uses. However, the available studies were restricted to humid climates and particular forest types (Pinus and Eucalyptus planted forests and lowland natural forests). The small number of available studies with sufficient original data is a major constraint in the application of meta-analyses. This represents a major technical challenge for valuation studies or payment for ecosystem services, especially in countries where financial resources for implementing field research are scarce.     

森林水文服务市场化研究现状与趋势

森林所提供的各种生态服务中, 水文服务是最有价值的一种。随着人类需求的增加, 森林的水文服务变得愈加稀缺。作为森林保护的一种经济激励手段, 森林水文服务市场化的实践在许多国家已经开展, 并取得了一定的经验。文中综述了国内外在森林水文服务市场方面的实践及其研究成果, 并提出了建立森林水文服务市场进一步探索的重点。     

SECTION 4:INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS

Abstract

Reforestation of degraded lands is occurring on a limited basis in portions of the Panama Canal Watershed (PCW). In theory, markets for ecosystem services could encourage more extensive reforestation and ensure that reforestation efforts provide more than just timber. The most relevant ecosystem markets for the PCW are carbon sequestration, watershed services, and four biodiversity markets-bioprospecting, certification of biodiversity friendly products, ecotourism, and existence value. This paper examines the possibility for a land owner or land manager to participate in two or more of these markets. Two land use scenarios-native forest plantation and small-holder agroforestry-emerge as likely candidates for participation in multiple ecosystem service markets. These scenarios are examined to determine whether the strength of incentives to provide a bundle of timber and ecosystem services is sufficient to encourage expansion of these land uses with the Panama Canal Watershed.     

从缺口理论看流域补偿

两缺口模型是20世纪60年代由美国经济学家H·B钱纳里等提出的,用以分析发展中国家投资大于储蓄和进口大于出口的一种经济模型。通过从产业结构的角度对流域补偿进行分析,可以找到流域补偿侧重。欠发达地区对发达地区进行提供生态服务,发达地区对欠发达地区提发展机会,资本的合理流动与利用可以取得"两缺口"模式的优势,取得良好的社会经济效益。