磨盘柿与甜柿杂交低结籽率的组织学研究

 通过对西村早生、禅寺丸和花御所3种甜柿自交及与磨盘柿杂交的花粉管荧光观察,磨盘柿胚囊发育的石蜡切片观察,研究了磨盘柿受精率低的原因。结果如下：①磨盘柿与3种甜柿杂交,发育种子比例（发育种子数/胚珠数）明显低于甜柿自交,且父本花粉不同,磨盘柿的结子率有较大差异;②磨盘柿柱头上附着花粉量少,发芽率低,花柱中花粉管数量少,到达基部的条数少。甜柿柱头附着的花粉量大、发芽率高,花柱中花粉管数量大,大部分可以到达子房;③磨盘柿中存在多种异常胚囊,直接或间接的影响受精的顺利进行。较低的受精比率以及大量异常胚囊的存在是导致磨盘柿结籽率低的原因。     

沙田柚自交和异交亲和性观察

用荧光显微镜和扫描电镜对沙田柚（Ｃｉｔｒｕｓｇｒａｎｄｉｓｖａｒ．ｓｈａｔｉｎｙｕＨｏｒｔ．）自交和异交亲和性进行了观察。沙田柚自、异交授粉后，花粉管通过柱头乳突细胞间隙进入柱头，先是在柱头区沿细胞间隙生长，长到花柱区后，一直沿花柱道内缘通道细胞长入子房。当花粉管伸长到花柱１／４～１／２时，自异交的花粉管生长速度和管壁胼胝质积累出现差异，自交花粉管在花柱１／２左右处停止生长，异交花粉管正常进入胚囊受精。花柱切面自交授粉管能萌发，但不能进入花柱道。花柱切面异交授粉和胎座授粉，花粉管均能进入胚囊，进行受精。柱头分泌液和柱头匀浆提取液进行花粉离体萌发，花粉能正常萌发和生长。实验结果表明，沙田柚自交不亲和识别和阻抑部位在花柱，属配子体不亲和型。     

MCPB-ethyl疏花对富士苹果授粉受精及胚珠发育的影响

通过在花期用MCPB-ethyl处理,对富士苹果花粉的发芽、花粉管的伸长以及胚珠的发育等进行了形态方面的观察和探讨,以阐明MCPB-ethyl的疏花机制。结果表明,MCPB-ethyl对花粉的发芽及花粉管的伸长没有影响,整个受精过程与对照相同,没有发现异常。但受精后胚乳核只进行了数次分裂便停止生长,此后珠皮、珠心细胞迅速解体。根据以上结果,认为MCPB-ethyl的疏花效果不是通过影响花粉的发芽或花粉管的伸长阻碍受精所致,而是使胚和胚珠的发育停止,形成离层导致了落花。     

日光温室条件下甜樱桃授粉受精期间环境因子对花粉行为的影响

以甜樱桃(Prunus avium L.)红灯为试材,采用荧光显微技术研究了日光温室和露地条件下甜樱桃花粉行为的差异,并观察记载了授粉受精期间日光温室和露地环境因子的变化情况。结果表明,环境因子影响了甜樱桃的花粉行为,日光温室内花粉萌发和花粉管伸长速率明显落后于露地。日光温室条件下,授粉后6h花粉萌发,120h花粉管进入子房;而露地条件下,授粉后3h花粉萌发,72h花粉管进入子房。其中,气温是影响日光温室甜樱桃授粉受精进程延缓的主要环境因子。     

同源四倍体西瓜的胚胎发育研究

通过石蜡切片、压片等方法观察研究同源四倍体西瓜授粉、受精和胚胎发育过程发现：（１）同源四倍体西瓜花粉萌发率低，花粉管在生长过程中出现畸形现象，生长速度缓慢，授粉后１２小时到达花柱基部，比对照二倍体西瓜慢３小时；（２）四倍体西瓜的正常发育成熟胚囊为标准８核胚囊，自交受精过程正常，但有花粉管进入的胚囊数少，仅３５．０％（对照为９７．５％）；（３）四倍体西瓜自交部分胚胎在发育过程中球形胚阶段败育，只有少     

杏树花期喷水减轻晚霜危害

杏树花期喷水减轻晚霜危害于１９９３年４月４日对初花期的青黄杏喷清水，至水滴下滴为止，４月９日晚霜后调查，喷清水的座果率极显著地高于未喷水者，主要原因是喷水后促进了花粉管的伸长，缩短了受精时间，增加了晚霜来临前受精子房的数量，这项措施简单易行。孙焕顷，...     

四倍体西瓜低稔性胚胎发育研究

试验以二倍体自交为主要对照,四倍体与二倍体正反交为辅助对照,研究了四倍体西瓜自交低稔性的胚胎发育,通过镜检观察表明,１．四倍体西瓜自交花粉萌发率低,花粉管在柱头与花主中生长出现异常现象,在花柱中生长缓慢,授娄后１２ｈ到达花柱基部。２．四倍体驻有少数结构不正常胚囊,但所占比率低于１０％,不是稔性低的主要原因。３．四倍体自交双受精过程正常,但花粉管进入的胚囊数少,受精率仅３５．８％,４．四倍体自交只有     

同源四倍体西瓜的胚胎发育研究

通过石蜡切片、压片等方法观察研究同源四倍体西瓜授粉、受精和胚胎发育过程发现：（１）同源四倍体西瓜花粉萌发率低，花粉管在生长过程中出现畸形现象，生长速度缓慢，授粉后１２小时到达花柱基部，比对照二倍体西瓜慢３小时；（２）四倍体西瓜的正常发育成熟胚囊为标准８核胚囊，自交受精过程正常，但有花粉管进入的胚囊数少，仅３５．０％（对照为９７．５％）：（３）四倍体西瓜自交部分胚胎在发育过程中球形胚阶段败育，只有少部分能发育到成熟，形成有活力的种胚。以上三方面是造成同源四倍体西瓜低稔性的主要胚胎学原因。     

君子兰（Clivia miniata Regel）的贮藏花粉时间与受精过程

 利用花粉低温冷藏技术与常规石蜡制片技术研究了大花君子兰的贮藏花粉寿命以及受精过程，为其杂交育种提供基础资料。结果如下：新鲜花粉结籽率为35%；-21℃贮藏70 d的花粉结籽率为22%；贮藏140 d的花粉结籽率为4%；贮藏180 d的花粉结籽率为0。两个精细胞具有二型性。成熟胚囊里次生核位于反足细胞端。胚珠发育不同步，胚珠没有受精与胚珠败育成为结籽率低的内部原因。君子兰受精过程经历时间为：人工异花授粉2 h左右花粉萌发；花粉管在花柱中生长26 h左右；花粉管在子房腔内生长12 h左右；授粉后42～50 h雌雄性细胞融合；授粉后44～46 h初生胚乳核分裂；授粉后的第6～7 d，合子进行分裂，合子休眠期为4～5 d。     

矮生菜豆的种子败育和果荚脱落

通过对开花前后大量子房的切片观察发现，造成果荚脱落的原因是子房未受粉和正常受粉子房中多数种子的发育。其中造成种子败育的原因是：1.胚囊发育不正常；2.正常胚囊未受精；3.单受精；4.胚和胚乳的败育。     

Effect of pistil age and pollen parent on pollen tube growth and fruit production of pistachio

Female pistachio (Pistacia vera) trees were hand pollinated with pollen from three different male genotypes 0,1,2,3 and 4 d after anthesis. Results were measured by mature fruit set and by fluorescence microscopy of pollen germination and tube growth in the pistil. Maximum pollen tube growth and fruit set of split nuts was achieved following pollination within two days of anthesis. Three day old pistils supported pollen tube growth, but fruit set was low. Four day old pistils supported little pollen tube growth or fruit set. Significant differences were also apparent between pollen parents, with low pollen tube growth and fruit set following interspecific pollination with P. atlantica pollen. All pollen tubes were observed to penetrate chalazogamously, and parthenocarpic production of blank fruits occurred in both unpollinated and pollinated treatments. The results indicate that for optimum fruit production of pistachio, pollen transfer must be achieved within 2 d of anthesis and pollination by P. atlantica should be avoided.     

Pollen tube growth in macadamia

Pollen tube growth in macadamia was studied by fluorescence microscopy. The cultivars ‘Kakea’, ‘Keauhou’, ‘Hinde’ and ‘Renown’ showed some self-incompatibility, with pollen tube growth arrested in the style. Inhibited tubes had swollen tips and appeared to discharge their contents through a sub-terminal pore. Cross-pollination resulted in a single pollen tube reaching the ovary in from 0 to 48% of the pistils observed. The pollen tube took up to 7 days to reach the ovary. Random samples of open-pollinated flowers were taken from 5 cultivars: ‘Kakea’, ‘Keauhou’, ‘Hinde’, ‘Renown’ and ‘Nutty Glen’. The pistils had fewer ovaries with a pollen tube than those which were hand-pollinated.     

Reduced pollen tube growth and the presence of callose in the pistil of the male floral stage of the avocado

Pollen tube growth was studied in the pistil of the male floral stage of the avocado. Self-pollination of the male stage occurred but pollen tubes did not reach the ovary. When female and male stages were hand pollinated, fewer pollen tubes were present in the pistil of the male than in the female stage. A tube reached the ovary in only 1 of 110 male stage pistils, as compared with all female stage pistils observed. Flowers pollinated in the female stage were retained on the plant for longer than flowers pollinated in the male stage.Aniline blue-positive and resorcin blue-positive material (callose) was not present in the pistil of flowers in the female stage but occurred in 46% of the aniline blue-stained and 30% of the resorcin blue-stained pistils in the male floral stage. By 42 h after first opening, callose was present in every pistil observed, in association with the cell walls of the stigmatic papillae, the transmitting tissue, the vascular tissue or the cortex and epidermis or a combination of these tissues. Callose occurred earlier in pollinated than in unpollinated pistils, particularly in the transmitting tissue.It is suggested that reduced pollen tube growth in the pistil of the male floral stage of the avocado is associated with the presence of callose.     

不同发育阶段甜樱桃花授粉后花粉萌发和花粉管生长的差异

选用自交不亲和性程度不同的2个甜樱桃品种莫利和拉宾斯为试材,分别在开花前、开花当天和开花后进行莫利自花、拉宾斯自花和莫利×拉宾斯异花授粉,并于授粉后12、24、48、72、96h切取花柱,用FAA固定,荧光染色后压片观察。结果表明,3个组合的花粉萌发率都以开花当天授粉的最佳,拉宾斯自交和莫利×拉宾斯的花粉管生长状况也以开花当天授粉的最佳,但莫利自交的花粉管生长状况却以花前第4天最佳,花后第4天次之,而当天授粉的最差。因此认为,甜樱桃自交不亲和程度与其雌蕊的发育状态密切相关,蕾期授粉和延迟授粉都能够在一定程度上克服甜樱桃的自交不亲和性,但蕾期授粉的作用更加明显。     

杏不同品种花粉量及花粉萌发特性的研究

以17个鲜食杏品种、4个仁用杏品种和4个杏李杂交品种为试材,对单个花药花粉量、花粉萌发率、花粉管长度进行测定,并观察统计了这25个杏品种的完全花比例,为杏主栽品种选择适宜授粉树。结果表明:不同杏品种间单个花药花粉量、花粉萌发率、花粉管长度和完全花比率差异显著;不同果实类型(鲜食、仁用和杏李杂交)间花粉量和完全花比例差异显著,花粉萌发率和花粉管长度则没有果实类型间的显著差异。花粉量与花粉萌发率和完全花比率之间无显著相关性,而与花粉管长度显著相关(r=0.417,P0.05);花粉萌发率与花粉管长度极显著正相关(r=0.691,P0.01),与完全花比率负相关但不显著。聚类分析发现,花粉量较多且花粉管生长状况较好的杏品种有"串枝红"、"沙金红"、"金太阳"和"胡安娜",适宜作为授粉树;花粉粒较少和花粉管生长状况较弱的有"恐龙蛋"、"味帝"和"苏联4号",而它们的完全花比例都很高,需要配置授粉树。     

精胺对梨花粉原位萌发及花粉管生长的影响

为进一步研究活体条件下精胺对梨花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响,以幸水、新雪、长-二十世纪为材料,采用荧光显微镜观测了不同浓度精胺处理的花粉萌发及花粉管生长情况。试验结果表明:较低浓度的精胺能促进花粉萌发,而超过一定浓度时则表现抑制作用,适宜于花粉萌发的精胺浓度是0-0.025mmol/L。精胺对花粉管生长的促进作用因品种而异,0-0.05mmol/L,精胺促进幸水、新雪花粉管生长的作用主要表现在花柱中上部;而到达基部的花粉管仍较少,与对照间差异不显著。在0-0.025mmol/L的适宜浓度下,精胺可促进长-二十世纪花粉管生长并到达花柱基部。不同浓度的精胺对幸水、新雪坐果影响不大;而适宜浓度的精胺可促进长-二十世纪坐果。     

Effect of temperature on pollen germination and pollen tube growth of four cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Summary

The effect of a constant (10, 15, 20 or 25°C) or a diurnal maximum/minimum (15/5, 20/10, 25/15 or 30/20°C) incubation temperature on in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth in the pistils of two poly-embryonic (‘Kensington’ and ‘Nam Dok Mai’), and two mono-embryonic (‘Irwin’ and ‘Sensation’) mango cultivars was studied. In in vitro experiments where pollen was incubated in a liquid germination medium for 24 h in darkness, little difference was found between pollen germination of mono- and poly-embryonic cultivars. Averaged over the four cultivars, 53.9% of pollen germinated at 10°C, this increased to 76.2% when the incubation temperature was increased to 15°C, thereafter up to 25°C the percentage germination remained stable but germination decreased slightly to 68.2% at 30°C. Similarly, there was no difference in percent germination between cultivars when pollen was incubated under diurnal temperature regimes. Mean pollen germination of all four cultivars was 52.3% at 15/5°C and pollen germination increased by 10% when the temperature was raised to 30/20°C. When self-pollinated flowers were incubated for 24 h on a semi-solid agar medium at 10°C, pollen tube growth of the four cultivars was retarded and no pollen tubes reached the ovaries. As the temperature was increased from 15 to 25°C, the mean number of pollen tubes in ovaries increased from 0.04 to 0.25. At 30°C, the mean number of pollen tubes that entered ovaries decreased to 0.04. After incubation under diurnal temperature regimes, the mean number of pollen tubes in ovaries of all four cultivars at 15/5°C was 0.23 and increased to 0.42 when the temperature increased to 30/20°C. At each incubation temperature, there were significant differences in pollen tube growth between cultivars, but there were no differences between the temperature response of pollen from mono- and poly-embryonic cultivars.     

钙对盐胁迫下西瓜光合特性和果实品质的影响

 采用营养液水培方式,以小型西瓜（Citrullus lanatus Mansfeld）品种‘秀丽’为试材,研究了营养液增补Ca²⁺对盐胁迫（100 mmol · L^-1 NaCl）下西瓜幼苗光合特性,叶绿素荧光,花粉萌发,果实品质的影响。结果表明,当营养液中Ca2+浓度由4 mmol · L^-1升高到6 mmol · L^-1时：①显著提高盐胁迫植株叶片的气孔导度（G_s）、胞间二氧化碳浓度（C_i）、净光合速率（P_n）、PSⅡ的最大光化学量子产量（F_v/F_m）、PSⅡ的实际光化学效率（ΦPSII）、相对电子传递速率（rETR）、光化学猝灭系数（q_P）和非光化学猝灭系数（q_N）,降低气孔限制值（L_s）和光抑制（1–q_P/q_N）;②显著提高盐胁迫果实质量及果实中抗坏血酸、可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸的含量,降低有机酸的含量;同时降低果实中Na+含量,提高果实中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Fe、Cu、Mn含量;③明显促进盐胁迫花粉萌发和花粉管伸长。表明Ca²⁺可有效降低盐胁迫对光合作用的气孔限制,缓解盐胁迫对光合器官的伤害,使叶片保持较高的光合性能;促进盐胁迫下西瓜的生殖生长,有利于果实的生长发育及矿质营养平衡,进而改善果实品质。因此,Ca²⁺可通过调节光合代谢和生殖代谢来提高西瓜植株的耐盐性。     

梨不同花龄自花与异花授粉的花柱内花粉管生长及坐果率的比较

对自交不亲和强度不同的梨品种丰水和菊水的不同花龄花进行自花授粉和丰水×菊水异花授粉后,用荧光显微镜观察花粉萌发及生长特性。结果表明,开花当天及以后的自花和异花授粉花粉在柱头上均有较高的萌发率;自花和异花花粉管在花柱内的生长速度及停止生长的位置不同,丰水自花授粉后花粉管生长的短且慢,菊水自花花粉管生长的长且快,而异花授粉的花粉管生长最快。自花授粉后,不同花龄对花粉管生长影响表现为:开花4d前的蕾期授粉以及开花4d后的延迟授粉,花粉管生长长度显著的长。开花6d前的各种授粉组合,花粉管生长均较差。这与田间授粉坐果率的高低基本一致,即整体表现为各个花龄的授粉都以异花授粉坐果率最高,其次为菊水自花授粉,丰水自花授粉坐果率最低。另外,自花授粉中,蕾期授粉和延迟授粉(开花2d后除外)坐果率都有提高,而异花授粉中蕾期授粉和延迟授粉的坐果率却有所下降。     

美味猕猴桃‘徐香’与长果猕猴桃远缘杂交亲和性的解剖学研究

 以美味猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis var. diliciosa）‘徐香’与长果猕猴桃（A. longicarpa）进行远缘杂交,利用荧光显微镜观察了花粉管行为,常规石蜡切片法观察了受精及胚发育过程的差异,统计了杂交当代种子数量和坐果率。结果表明：种间杂交长果猕猴桃的花粉粒能在美味猕猴桃‘徐香’柱头的乳突细胞表面萌发、生长,但生长速度比对照缓慢;花粉管在花柱中生长时出现波纹状弯曲、停止生长、胼胝质沿管壁不规则沉积等现象;受精过程延迟;胚胎发育出现异常;坐果率较低。种子总数明显少于种内杂交和种内自然授粉的数量,但正常种子的质量与后者大致相同。